• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.143-152
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• 2017

As weathering processes, micro-cavities are formed on the surface of rocks, and in particular, the porous structure is increased in feldspar. Adsorption and antibacterial tests were carried out to clarify the environmental function of porous feldspar porphyry. Almost all the heavy metals were adsorbed in the feldspar filter and the adsorption rate could be controlled by changing the filter length. The shake flask method of fabric coated with 5% and 7% feldspar powder showed very high antibacterial activity of 98% and 99.9%, respectively. The cation exchange capacity at a particle size of $10{\mu}m$ was 114.63 meq/100g probably due to the porous structure. The potential value of porous feldspar porphyry as a resource is sufficient based on the results of the experiment.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.473-478
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• 2007

Antibiotic composite was synthesized by coprecipitation of silver nitrate into hydroxyapatite. Adsorbed amount of silver ion was examined by the variation of concentration of silver nitrate, temperature, pressure and curing time. Optimum condition for silver-hydroxyapatite adsorption could be achieved. Physical and chemical characteristic properties of synthesized silver-hydroxyapatite were tested by ICP-MS, SEM-EDAX, DSC and XRD. Antibiotic properties for gram positive staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) and gram negative escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) were tested by shake flake method.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.459-464
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• 2004

The objective of this study is to improve cephalosporin C (CPC) production byoptimization of medium and culture conditions. A statistical method was introduced to optimize the main culture medium. The main medium for CPC production was optimized using a statistical method. Glucose and corn steep liquor (CSL) were found to be the most effective factors for CPC production. Glucose and CSL were optimized to 2.84 and $6.68\%$, respectively. CPC produc­tion was improved $50\%$ by feeding of $5\%$ rice oil at day 3rd and 5th day during the shake flask culture of C acremonium M25. The effect of agitation speeds on CPC production in a 2.5-L bio­reactor was also investigated with fed-batch mode. The maximum cell mass (54.5 g/L) was obtained at 600 rpm. However, the maximum CPC production (0.98 g/L) was obtained at 500 rpm. At this condition, the maximum CPC production was improved about $132\%$ compared to the re­sult with batch flask culture.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.935-941
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• 1998

New type of chitosan deriertives was synthesised by graft copolymerization of mono(2-methacryloyl oxyethyl) acid phosphate into chitosan. The reaction conditions showing the highest percentage of grafting were an initiator concentration of $3.5{\times}10^{-3}M$, monomer concentration of 0.19 M, and reaction temperature of $40^{\circ}C$, while rate of grafting showed same value after elapsing 4hours of reaction time. The antifungal activity of chitosan depending on content of free amine and kind of monomer was examined against Candida albicans, Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton uiolaceum by shake flask method. The pH value of buffer solution to show the highest antifungal activity was 5.75, and the selectivity of mold strain was observed.

• Proceedings of the SOHE Conference
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• 1997.12a
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• pp.33-37
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• 1997

Cotton fabric was treated with chitosan solution by pad-dry(-cure) method to impart antimicrobial properties. Four chitosans of different degree of deacetylation(DAC: 65~95％) with similar molecular weight(ca. 50, 000) and one chitosan oligomer(MW 1, 800, DAC 86％) were used. Antimicribial activity against Staphylococcus aureus was evaluated by the Shake Flask Method. Treated fabrics were laundered up to 20 times according to AATCC Test Method 60-1986 and antimicrobial activity of laundered fabrics was evaluated. The antimicrobial activity was increased with the concentration and DAC of chitosan used. And the cured samples showed better durability to laundering than not-cured samples. Crosslinker and binder decreased the antimicrobial activity of fabrics treated with chitosan oligomer and were not effective to improve the durability to washing.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.50-56
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• 1998

Nonwoven fabric was treated with chitosan solution to impart antimicrobial activities by pad-dry method. Antimicrobial activity was measured by Shake Flask Method. Two chitosans of different molecular weight(Mw) with similar degree of deacetylation(DDA) were used : ca. 1,800(chitosan oligomer : DDA 84%) and 180,000(DDA 86%). Chitosan oligomer displayed high antimicrobial activity against P. vulgaris at 0.01%, S. aureus and E. coli at 0.05% treatment concentration, shelving above 90% of reduction rate. Chitosan of Mw 180,000 was effective against S. aureus, E. coil and P. vulgaris at 0.05% treatment concentration, showing almost 100% reduction rate. While chitosan of Mw 180,000 shelved reduction rate above 75% against K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa at 0.5% treatment concentration, chitosan oligomer was not effective against them. Fabrics become stiffer and less air permeable as treatment concentration increases. Liquid strike-through time of the sample treated with 0.5% chitosan oligomer solution (3.0 sec) was comparable with a hydrophilic finished sample commercially available(2.6 sec).

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.101-111
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• 2017

The task of improving a fungal strain is highly time-consuming due to the requirement of a large number of flasks in order to obtain a library with enough diversity. In addition, fermentations (particularly those for fungal cells) are typically performed in high-volume (100-250 ml) shake-flasks. In this study, for large and rapid screening of itaconic acid (IA) high-yielding mutants of Aspergillus terreus, a miniaturized culture method was developed using 12-well and 24-well microtiter plates (MTPs, working volume = 1-2 ml). These miniaturized MTP fermentations were successful, only when highly filamentous forms were induced in the growth cultures. Under these conditions, loose-pelleted morphologies of optimum sizes (less than 0.5 mm in diameter) were casually induced in the MTP production cultures, which turned out to be the prerequisite for the active IA biosynthesis by the mutated strains in the miniaturized fermentations. Another crucial factor for successful MTP fermentation was to supply an optimal amount of dissolved oxygen into the fermentation broth through increasing the agitation speed (240 rpm) and reducing the working volume (1 ml) of each 24-well microtiter plate. Notably, almost identical fermentation physiologies resulted in the 250 ml shake-flasks, as well as in the 12-well and 24-well MTP cultures conducted under the respective optimum conditions, as expressed in terms of the distribution of IA productivity of each mutant. These results reveal that MTP cultures could be considered as viable alternatives for the labor-intensive shake-flask fermentations even for filamentous fungal cells, leading to the rapid development of IA high-yield mutant strains.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 1993

This study was to examine the anti-bacteria effect of chrome-tanned garment leathers by various processes to article from hide. Anti-bacterial test by halo test and shake flask method, and pH value measurment are carried out in this study. The results can be obtained as follows: 1. In the soaking process of chrome-tanned garment leathers, it needs more effective anti-bacterial treatment. 2. pH value of samples by various processes has affected to anti-bacteria effect. 3. Chrome used by the tanning and the neutralization process have been found to be the anti-bacteria activity. 4. The dyeing, the fatliquoring and the finishing process has required anti bacteria treatment.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.1183-1186
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• 2007

A shake-flask method was used to determine the n-octanol/water partition coefficients of sulfamethazine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamethoxydiazine, sulfamonomethoxine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfaquinoxaline and sulfachloropyrazine from (298.15 to 333.15) K. The results showed that the n-octanol/water partition coefficient of each sulfonamide decreased with the increase of temperature. Based on the fluid phase equilibrium theory, the thermodynamic relationship of n-octanol/water partition coefficient depending on the temperature is proposed, and the changes of enthalpy, entropy, and the Gibbs free energy function for sulfonamides partitioning in n-octanol/ water are determined, respectively. Sulfonamides molecules partitioning in n-octanol/water is mainly an enthalpy driving process, during which the order degrees of system increased. The temperature effect coefficient of n-octanol/water partition coefficient is discussed. The results show that its magnitude is the same as that of values in the literature.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.42-47
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• 2002

Antimicrobial activity of silk and cotton fabrics dyed with gromwell colorants was examined by shake flask method. The effects of bacterial reduction rate on dye uptake and mordanting were explored. The silk(K/S value 8) and cotton fabric (K/S value 4) dyed with gromwell colorants showed high bacterial reduction rate of 99 % and 88 %, respectively. Post-mordanted silk fabric increased at K/S value, also showed higher bacterial reduction rate than unmordanted. But the effects of antimicrobial activity on mordants showed respectively different results. Pre-mordanted cotton fabric except Sn mordant increased at K/S value, but it was not significant. Pre-mordanted cotton fabric showed significantly higher bacterial reduction rate than unmordanted. Therefore, it was considered that dye uptake of cotton fabric dyed with gromwell colorants and mordants were involved in the bacterial reduction rate. It was concluded that gromwell colorants had antimicrobial activity.