• Toxicological Research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.163-172
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• 2000

Recently, there is a worldwide concern that a great number of man-made chemicals have a hormone-like action both in humans and in animals. DECD is developing screening programs using validated test systems to determine whether certain substances may have an effect in humans. In the present study. the establishment oj repeated-dose toxicity test method was tried. Flutamide. an anti-androgenic agent. was administered by gavage to Sprague-Dawley rats for 28 days at dose levels of 0. 0.5. 3 and 18 mg/kg body weight (10-15 rats/sex/group) to examine the effects on general findings. especially reproductive and endocrine parameters. Clinical signs. body weights, food consumption, and sexual cycle were checked and measured. For the gross and microscopic examinations. 10 rats/sex/group were sacrificed at the end of dosing period and the remaining animals of control and high dose groups (5 each) were sacrificed after 14 days recovery. Examinations for hematology and clinical chemistry were carried out at necropsy. There were no treatment-related changes in clinical signs. body weights, food consumption. gross necropsy. hematology and clinical chemistry at all doses of both sexes. The period and regularity of sexual cycle were not adversely affected at all doses by the test agent. At 18 mg/kg. both decreased weights of prostate, seminal vesicle and epididymis in males and increased weights of spleen and thymus in females were observed. In addition, decreased number of spermatids and sperms. increased serum testosterone concentration and increased incidence (100%) of interstitial cell hyperplasia were seen in males. At 18 mg/kg of the recovery group. decreased prostate weight. reduced sperm count and increased incidence (20%) of interstitial cell hyperplasia in males and increased thymus weight in females were observed. At 3 mg/kg. reduced sperm count was found. There were no adverse effects on parameters examined at 0.5 mg/kg of both sexes. The results suggested that the potential target organs of flutamide may be accessory sexual glands including testes for males and spleen and thymus for females. Taken together. this test method was found to be a useful screening test system for endocrine disrupting chemicals.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.247-252
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• 2012

Structure on the feeding organs in two Korean ricefishes, Oryzias latipes and O. sinensis, was examined in the jaws and the teeth. In the jaw, O. latipes has a dent on the dorsal edge of distal arm of premaxilla (vs. straight in O. sinensis) and a alveolar arm of premaxilla running in straight line with distal arm of premaxilla (vs. ventra line in O. sinensis). O. latipes has also a dent on the posterior edge of dentary which is connected to coronoid process of dentary (vs. straight in O. sinensis). Large teeth developing only in the male, which is sexual dimorphism, developed into outside direction of the mandible in O. latipes (vs. dorsal direction in O. sinensis). In the teeth forms, O. latipes has two types (conical type and arrowhead type), whereas O. sinensis has only one type (conical type). Through this study, we confirmed that two Korean ricefishes show distinctive characteristics in the structure of the feeding organs.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.29-44
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to provide substantial foundation to establish effective sex education plan for female college students. For this purpose, we compared female college students with health related majors and the ones with non-health related majors in knowledge in sex, attitude toward sex, and sexual experience. We took the form of self-recording to survey 269 single female college students. The result is as follows. For knowledge in sex, including reproductive organs, contraception, delivery, sexual disease, and sexual intercourse, students with health-related majors(20.59) gained higher scores than students with non-health related majors(16.82). Scores for attitude toward sex indicated 2.43 for the health related majors and 2.35 for the non-health related majors. Attitude toward pre-marital sex, sex admissibility, and abortion showed especially distinct result between the two groups. Whether a student has ever engaged in sexual intercourse served as a significant variable to determine knowledge in sex overall, and the indexes such as sexual pleasure, chasteness, marital values, and attitude towards sex indicated significant differences. The result may be interpreted that the students with sexual experience tend to show more open attitude toward sex. The result indicated that contraception, pregnancy, and delivery were the parts that the participants most wanted to be educated on. Knowledge in sex is both positively correlated with attitude toward sex and sexual behavior. Also, the result indicates that knowledge in sex, both subjective and objective, significantly affects sexual behavior.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.189-200
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• 2003

The purpose of this comparative study is to find out women and their spouses' sexual life and the factors affecting on their sexual life after women's hysterectomy. The data were the 110 questionaires which were collected from the participants, the 55 women who had undergone a hysterectomy due to gynecologic disease or benign tumor of genital organs and their spouses from January 1, 1999 to January 30, 2002 in one general hospital located in Seoul, Korea. Questionnaires were mailed to couples, who agreed to participate on the study and self reported questionnaires returned in the pre-stamped envelopes. And personal visits were made for those couples who did not respond. Tools for Sexual life and characteristics of sexual activities were reconstituted by the author based on Kim(1996) and Chang(1988)'s tools and were reviewed by a nurse specialist. Data analysis was done by SPSS 10.0 program using frequency, percentage, mean, S.D. Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test, oneway ANOVA and multiple regression. The results of this study are as follows; 1. Of all female subjects, 80% had experienced hysterectomy below the age of 50. 2. 72.8% of female subjects and 67.3% of male subjects did not receive any sexual education & counseling before and after the surgery. More than 60% of both female and male subjects answered that it was necessary to have a sexual counseling. And 40% wanted to receive sexual counseling from a professional sexual counselor. 3. More than half of couples started their first coitus within 4 weeks after the surgery. And 88.9% of females and 85.2% of males answered that they were experiencing orgasms with their sexual relationship. 4. Influencing factors on the satisfaction level of sexual life were couple's intimacy and sexual discomfort in women and couple's intimacy and sexual knowledge in spouses. These factors explained the 33% and 24% of total variance respectively. In conclusion, the result suggests that it is necessary for couples to receive a professional sexual education and counseling to improve couples' quality of life. It is also necessary for institutions to use prepared nurses by receiving sexual counseling and education program as a professional sexual counselors or educators so as to provide individualized sexual education and counseling for their clients.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.292-297
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• 2007

To explain the relationship between plant size and seed production, change of sexual organs, relationship between each organs of Convallaria keiskei population, which is located in Gwiyeo-2-ri, Namjong-myeon, Gwangju-si, Gyeonggi-do these were studied from April to August 2002. This study was carried out two ways. One way was to set up the permanent quadrat to explain the change of sexual organs. The other was to carry the collected sample to the laboratory and analysis it to explain the relationship between each organs and energy division of seed production. In the Convallaria keiskei population, the average number of leaf which blooming shoot in the permanent quadrat was 2 and I could find the late leaf size was larger. It was found that, per shoot, the average number of flower was 7.9, fruit was 5.4 and seed was 16.1. Each properties in the sexual organ, underground part size and leaf size, had correlation of 1% or within 5%. The flowering time of the Convallaria keiskei was from April 26 to May 11. Therefore, it can be estimated that the blooming period was $8{\sim}9$ days in just one flower. Among that flowers bloom at the beginning May, 80% fruit at the end of May, and 68% fruit at the end of August. The dry weight of seed had more correlation dry weight of underground part than leaf area.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.49-67
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• 2014

Subject : The Association between Extraordinary Organs(奇恒之腑) and Eight Extra Meridians(奇經 八脈). Objectives : This study research some special aspects of Extraordinary Organs and Eight Extra Meridians which differentiated from ordinary Organs and Meridians, and the association between Extraordinary Organs and Eight Extra Meridians. Methods : First, researched classification standard and physiological characteristics of Extraordinary Organs through studying various chapters of HuangdiNeijing. Second, researched The Association between Extraordinary Organs and Eight Extra Meridians through studying on the origin of Eight Extra Meridians in HuangdiNeijing. Third, from accompanying researching the subject of Cheon-gye(天癸) and human body shape, draw synthetic hypothesis on the relationship among ordinary Meridians and Organs, muscles and skins of body shape, Extraordinary Organs and Eight Extra Meridians. Results & Conclusions : The following conclusions could be drawn. 1. Extraordinary Organs afford background for shaping human body. This is same as the properties of the earth which afford background for shaping all creations. The physiological characteristics of Extraordinary Organs is intermediation and regulation between Ki(氣) of Five Viscera & six Bowels and shape of muscles & skins in human body. 2. The origin of Eight Extra Meridians could be found in HuangdiNeijing. The collateral Meridians of the Uterus and Epiglottis Meridian are specifically formulated to supplying for the Uterus or Epiglottis. From this we can draw The Association between Extraordinary Organs and Eight Extra Meridians, that is Eight Extra Meridians are specifically formulated to supplying for Extraordinary Organs. 3. The Cheon-gye(天癸) is doing significant function in Eight Extra Meridians supplying for Extraordinary Organs. Cheon-gye concerned to growth, secondary sexual characters, generative function, aging process. Theses are all concerned with the changing of human body shape. Cheon-gye urge to change the body shape with following the human life cycle. 4. Human body has vertical symmetry because preserve its shape from the gravitational force. Eight Extra Meridians place at the middle or flank axis of human body, thus do physiological function that assistant human body have vertical symmetry shape. The purpose of shaping vertical symmetry is securing space what the inner Twelve Regular Meridians and Five Viscera & six Bowels create there own physical changes. On the other hand the inner changes need deviation between left and right because of mobility and circulation of force. But human body change the shape in the process of growth, reproduction, aging. Eight Extra Meridians play role at time of these processing, thus they deeply concerned to human's life cycle and reproduction. 5. Eight Extra Meridians and Extraordinary Organs were named 'Extra' because of some special aspects which differentiated from ordinary Meridians and Organs. All they play role to have vertical symmetry shape of human body and maintain the shape, thus they deeply concerned to the change of human life cycle. These shaping maintaining and the change of human life cycle are very special aspects of human body. So they needed to differently cognize separate to the ordinary changes of Five Viscera & six Bowels and Twelve Meridians at inner space.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.83-91
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• 2016

Objectives : The Levator Ani Muscles Training(LAMT) is one of the well known very effective prevention and treatment method of some specific diseases in the anal organs, digestion system, urinary organs and genital organs, which means LAMT could be considered as an independent exercise. Methods : Chinese databases were searched and found one good source named CNKI(China National Knowledge Infrastructure) where there were downloaded 154 articles, out of which were finally selected 82 used for the introduction of the historical background, health-effectiveness, working mechanism, training methods, etc. Results : LAMT as an independent exercise, is considered very effective for the prevention of diseases in the anal organs, e.g. hemorrhoids, anal fissure, rectal prolapse; urinary organs, e.g. urinary incontinence, frequent micturition; digestion system, e.g. visceroptosis, diarrhea, chronic enteritis; genital organs, e.g. prostatitis, impotence, premature ejaculation, feminine vaginal relaxation, sexual indifference, etc. It is also told LAMT is effective for coronary heart disease, hyperyension and varicose veins of lower extremity to a certain degree. LAMT is also very similar to the Kegel exercise in couple of aspects. They are equally effective for the urinary incontinence and impotence. Conclusions : LAMT as an independent exercise has developed and become more and more health-effective, especially through the combination with the Qigong exercise, and thus many training methods have been introduced. There are not many scientific research and development with very limited accomplishments even in China. It is strongly required to strengthen the research and development activities so that LAMT will become one of the very effective natural healing soonest possible.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.79-87
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• 2009

Due to its well-known function in parturition and milk ejection, oxytocin (OT) has been considered as a 'female neurohypophyseal hormone'. Recent studies, however, clearly indicate that OT has some local roles in male reproduction via both central and peripheral routes. In experimental rodents, OT is released within distinct brain regions in response to social stimuli, and the brain OT receptor (OTR) mediated actions were strongly involved in the regulation of a variety of male behaviors such as mating-associated behaviors. In particular, OT and/or OTR knockout mice provide important clues about the molecular regulatory mechanism of the socio-sexual behaviors. Several lines of evidence also show that OT is synthesized within rodents testis, epididymis and prostate, and the presence of OTRs in these organs. In rodent testes, OT might have a role in the modulation of steroidogenesis via stimulation of the conversion of testosterone (T) to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by 5alpha-reductase. Similar effects of OT on this androgen conversion were observed in epididymis and prostate suggesting the OT's modulatory role, such as contractility induction, in these androgen-dependent organs. In this context, further investigations on the OT's role in male CNS and reproductive organs are likely to provide better understanding on the complex socio-sexual behaviors and a platform for development of therapeutics to treat some psychological and/or andrological problems.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.183-189
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• 2006

The fine structural characteristics of the antennal sensory organs of a female millipede, Orthomorphella pekuensis, were observed with field emission scanning electron microscopy. On the surface of the antenna, four basic types of sensory receptor with the function of either mechanical or olfactory reception are identified in this female millipede. Of these, chaetiform sensilla (CS) and trichoid sensilla (TS) are related to mechanical reception, and four large apical cone sensilla (AS) and three subtypes of basiconic sensilla ($BS_1,\;BS_2,\;BS_3$) are likely to function in olfactory reception, as these receptors have porous structure commonly. Although this millipede also possess a number of primary or secondary sexual characters to improve the efficiency of reproduction, we could not observe their prominent sexually dimorphic characters in the antennal sensilla with the exception of minor structural and numerical differences.

• Proceedings of the Korea Environmental Mutagen Society Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.169-169
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• 2002