• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제13권7호
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• pp.62-69
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• 2013

TV드라마의 여성상에 변화가 감지되었던 2005년을 기준으로 멜로장르 TV드라마에 등장하는 남성 주인공의 변화상을 알아보기 위해 1992년부터 2012년까지 시청률 상위에 위치한 멜로드라마 74편의 남성 주인공의 변화를 분석하였다. 그 결과 2005년 이후 남성 주인공의 남성상 유형의 변화는 유의미하게 나타났다. 구체적으로 변화한 유목은 첫째, 남자 주인공의 연령은 30대 이상이 증가하였다. 둘째, 미혼 남성이 증가하였다. 셋째, 여성을 남성과 동등하게 보거나 여성과 남성의 역할구분을 두지 않는 남성상이 증가하였다. 넷째, 자신의 몸을 치장하는 남성상이 증가하였다. 다섯째, 문제 발생 시 타인을 의존하는 남성상이 증가하였다. 여섯째, 타인과의 관계에서 수동적 남성상이 증가하였다. 남성의 직업과 경제적 수준, 성격과 성의식에는 변화가 없었다. 이는 2005년 이후 선행연구에서 보여 지던 남성상에 대한 고정관념이 많은 부분 사라졌으며 현재의 남성상은 보다 양성화된 형태로 나타나고 있음을 보여주는 연구 결과이다.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.387-410
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to approach to the internal meanings included in the Happening and the culture of hippies, by analysing the basic mental conditions in the process of the Happening. And this study was composed of the concept and the development of Happening, the characteristics of the hippies that related in the midst of the happening's background, and the formativeness between these factors and hippies'fashion. Since the happening a genre of fine arts expression attended the New School for social research in New York in 1954, Allan Kaprow direct-influenced by John Cage used the word 'Hapening'first, practicing '18 Happenings in 6 parts'at the Rueben gallery in 1959. Kaprow's 18 Happenings was one of the earliest opportunities for a wider public to attend the live events that several artists had performed more privately for various friends. Despite the very different sensibilities and structures of artist's works, artists were all thrown together by the press under the general heading of 'Happening', following Kaprow's 18 Happenings. Being considered as the root of the Happening 'Expression of Sound'of John Cage was the discovery of the exisiting thing- the Happening. Most artists were to be deeply influenced by Cage's theories and attitudes-that is, his sympathy for Zen Buddihism and oriental philosophy-and by reports of the Black Mountain events. These events would directly reflect contemporary painting and stemmed from the Futurists, Dadaists and Surrealists. And Happening's development background was based on the culture of hippies. Swinging London had been under the sway of psychedelic drugs and utopian visions of 'hippie'wave sweeping in from Califonia. This wave, which affected solid middle-class youth first and formost, began in Haight Ashbury in San Francisco. Without dwelling on the hippie movement here, it is worth nothing that it resulted from the convergence of several undercurrents : consciousness-expending drugs, the anti-Vietnam war developments, the impact of English pop groups on American music and the rise of protest songs, and finally the beatnik tradition of non-conformism. Hippie culture and its pursuit of love, peace and psychedelia was the antitheses of 1960s main street fashion. The media gave everyone with long hair the label of 'hippie', but it was always a very loose collage of attitudes and styles. The rejection of sexual taboos was conveyed by the hippie's refusal to wear. Although the bold exposure of body raised controversies because it went against the existing moral values, it has a significant implications. Psychedelics brought mind-expansion and the possibillity that modern technology (light show, synthesized electronic sounds), new fabrics or colors, and LSD could be utilized to provide an escape route from the dreariness of modern life. During the 1960s, traditional costumes, many of which had never been seen outside their native regions, became sought after and adopted in the West, initially by the young, who wanted to demonstrate their solidarity with cultures uncontaminated by mass industry. The most ardent proponents of such folk costumes were the hippies. Hippies dress was sometimes decribed as 'anti-fashion', produced by a patchwork of ragged cast-offs and flamboyant accessories, of outmoded Western dress and time-honored ethnic garments all combined, modified and permutated into variety of personal statements. 'Flower Power'became a reality. From the results of this study, we can see the expanding trend of the influence and the concept of the sew art genre 'Happening'in the formativeness as well as the fine arts field.

• 복식
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• 제36권
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• pp.239-262
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• 1998

The pursuit of freedom by the individual--desire to be liberated from all forms of restrictions-- is one of the defining character-istic of the modern society. As costume is, in part, a product of the spirit of the times, it was only natural that this desire for freedom would find its expression in modern costume as well. Among various forms of restrictions, differentiaton by sex has placed one of the most significant binding influences on individual behavior. From early times, the dichotomous division by sex was incorporated into the disign of costume, and the traditional differestriction of costume by sex imposed a significant restriction on the background,“the modern androhynous look”was born as a by-product of the sexual liberation movement in the second half of the 20th century, based on the concept of the individual as a complete human being rather than as a member exclusively of either the male or the female sex. This paper seeks to examine the androgynous look within a coherent theoretical frame-work, and explore new design possibilities by analyzing and understanding the visual characteristics of the androgynous look. In addition, this paper seeks to define the functional aspects of the androgynous look based on the premise that costume is an embodiment of the spirit of the times. As for research methodology, both theoretical and historical methods are employed. Through a theoretical examination of historical documents, the meaning of the androgynous look is explored from various angles, and order to examine its place in modern fashion, an-drogynous styles are categorized and system atically analyzed. The main findings of the paper can be summarized as follows : 1. Androgyny is a compound word consisting of“andro-”(meaning man) and“gyn-”(meaning woman). In modern times, this word has been associated with the socio-cultural aspect of gender rather than the physical or physiological aspect with the pshchological characteristics of the male and female sexes. Androgynous styles also appear in fashion and general arts such as drama, film, dance, and music. In fashion, the androgynous look, represented by the visual superimposition of “masculine”and “faminine”elements, has emerged as a major element of the 20th-century costume, and has gained broad acceptance among those free spirits wishing to be liberated from the conventional conceptions of male clothing, and the unisex look. 3. The androgynous look in modern fashion reflects the spirit of the 20th century society and culture, and performs various functions as follows : expression of fun, change in gender roles, expression of the inner consciousness, and pursuit of the ideal human type.

• 한국연극학
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• 제40호
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• pp.207-237
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• 2010

Concentrating on the birth, life, and death of the Living Theatre, almost half a century avant-garde group, the primary purpose of this study at large is to explore its counter-cultural philosophy. While taking a chronological form adapting the biological order, the paper focuses on the troupe's productions: , , , , and . Through out these productions the philosophy of the Living Theatre seemed to included communal, anti-intellectual, politically radical, generally Utopian, and proselytizers for sexual freedom. The history of the Living Theatre interestingly parallels the history of the Beck's theatre in occupation and shut down. The first New York theatre was closed by fire inspectors for instance. The second theatre was declared unsafe, and locked up by the Building Department. The third theatre was seized by the IRS, consequently shut down. In 1984, after more than 25years from the third building, the Living Theatre settled once again on East Third Street in Manhattan. The theatre was however evacuated by the New York City Fire Department in 1993 and once more took to the road. With these struggles, the Becks' profound aspiration of the counter-cultural insurgency came to harden as strong as 'iron' in some ways. With the outstanding components of counter-cultural philosophy and style, the Living Theatre, in the course of the transformation, absorbed and then reflected virtually every phase for the Living Theatre were vehicles for more than just aesthetics. The group seemed to propagandize its beliefs rather performing productions. Accordingly, both on and off-stage action of the Living Theatre caused great controversy either through political activism of individual members or through the unconventional collective life style. No avant-garde theatre company was more emblematic of the rebellious spirit of the sixties than the Living Theatre. Like the first great transformation, the Becks' encounter, their personal values and the form of theatre they created had blended 'so inextricably that the vitality of each was dependent on the other.' The Becks always urged unity and harmony at all levels of human life, but not at any price. The anticapitalist ideal inspired the Becks to promote a politically motivated campaign throughout their productions. They believed the revolution is desirable but in the state of non-violence and the expansion of human consciousness. Julian Beck's gravestone identifies his as pet, painter, actor, and anarchist. The Living Theatre was a 'small umbrella' under which the Becks and its members could breath and unfold their dream on stage or in the street.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.399-404
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• 2022

셀린 시아마는 동시대를 대표하는 여성감독이다. 그녀는 꾸준히 여성에 관한 주제로 작품을 만들고 있으며, '여성서사'를 개척해왔다고 할 수 있다. 특히 성장기 소녀의 성적 정체성 형성을 둘러싼 복잡성과 또래 문화가 개인들에게 미치는 영향들을 다루는 데 있어 독보적인 시각을 보여주고 있다. <타오르는 여인의 초상>에서 감독은 가부장이 부재하는 해방된 공간에서 '아가씨', '화가', '하녀' 간의 여성 연대를 보여주면서, 여성주의적 고전 해석과 여성 역사 기록에 대한 자기반영적인 의식을 보여준다. 이 영화는 '그림 그리기'라는 설정을 토대로 시각예술 전반의 역사를 통해 구축된 시선의 젠더화, 응시와 대상화, 본다는 것과 권력의 문제 등을 탐사한다. 영화 속에서 엘로이즈와 마리안느의 초상화 작업은 '보는 자로서의 남성 화가와 남성의 시선을 경유하여 자신을 응시하는 여성 모델'이라는 공식을 해체하고 응시를 주고받음의 상호작용 과정으로 전화시킨다. 응시를 주고받는 과정은 엘로이즈의 몸에 마리안느의 얼굴이 겹쳐지는 누드화로 인장된다. 이는 서구의 회화 역사에서 보기 방식의 양식화를 통해 남성 관객 위치를 이미지 안에 새겨 넣는 지배적 형식으로서의 누드화를 레즈비언의 에로틱한 시선으로 일순간에 전복시킨다.

• 미술이론과 현장
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• 제8호
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• pp.59-87
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• 2009

This thesis started from the attempt to make it clear that 80's American artist Keith Haring(1958-1990) had conducted social intervention of criticism, resistance, and participation through his works, and so pursued public value. Haring of graffiti fame left popular and familiar cartoon style pictures on the street wall, the billboards, the posters and so on. Popular and playful works was explained as his unique characteristics, but Haring's creative way at the field has more value than just being grasped as artist's personal characteristics. Haring's work pieces became everyday art by joining with people's life, and are working as a social speaking place. So I think that these Haring's art works possess characteristics of 'the public sphere'. 'The Public Sphere' means that is independent and free from the government or partisan economic forces, so that is not connected with the interested relations, and that is the sphere of rational argumentation without 'disguise' or 'fabrication', and that is the sphere where general public can participate in and is inspected by them. The public sphere between the sphere of public authority such a nation and a market and the private sphere of free individual, it is mutually connected with them and works as the space forming public opinion. Private individuals communicate with this public sphere and perform a role of direct and indirect check, balance, and social criticism way off from power. Openness that should include the voice of not only leading power but also the socially weak such as citizens, women, homosexuals, minority races, and so on, and alienated class, is an index of the public characteristics. The public sphere is not working just with speech and mass media. Many artists as well as Haring open their mouth and act through an art at the center of society, and create another public sphere by an art. I understood that the real participatory and practical characteristics on the Haring's work is a phenomenon and current of a part of the art world including Haring. Such current started from 1960s is the in-depth effort to be connected with the life more closely, to communicate with people, and to improve problems of life. And it has pursued public value on the different way from the nation or public power. Artists have intervened in the society with strategic and positive ways in order to raise pushed-out value and sinked rights as the public agenda, and labored to accept the value of variety and difference at the society. The aspect of such social intervention is the notable features, findable on the Haring's works and process. Haring's works include art historical meanings and are expressed with familiar and plastic language, so they were able to communicate with various classes. And he secured various customers at the field and the street. This communicative and public approach factor raised the possibility much for his works to work as the public sphere. Haring presented critical and resistant speech toward society with his works based on this factor. He asserted his position and justice of gender identity as a sexual minority. And his such work continued to movement for alienated class and social week over his own rights. His speech and message on the wall painting, poster, T-shirts, billboard of the subway, and so on worked as a spectacle and pressed concern with social issues and consciousness shift. And he's been trying to protect and care people who is injured by HIV and drug and to realize social justice through social week protection. Haring's works planned to meet many people as much as possible performed its role of intervening in society through criticism, resistance, speech, and participation, and controlling and checking social issues. These things considered, Haring's works show his consciousness about public attributes of art, and obviously include public value seeking. And also we can find the meaning of such his work as that an art is working as the public sphere and shows the possibility to discuss and practice public issues.

• 공연문화연구
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• 제38호
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• pp.193-224
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• 2019

무당굿놀이는 연극적·극문학사적 차원에서 주목을 받았다. 전통사회에서 전문적 공연집단인 광대나 기생을 부를 수 있었던 상층 계층과는 달리 대다수의 일반 서민들은 굿을 통해 공연 욕구를 충족할 수 있었다. 전통사회의 무당들은 굿의 놀이적 요소와 외부의 놀이들을 굿 속에 끌어들여 서민을 위한 공연거리를 마련했다. 무당굿놀이는 종교적 맥락을 떠나 하나의 연극적 공연물로서 기능한 것이다. 무당굿놀이를 통해서 의례에서 놀이로 전개되는 과정을 알 수 있다. 입춘굿놀이·세경놀이·소놀이굿·방아놀이 등의 무당굿놀이는 농경을 기반으로 한 사회에서 풍농을 기원하는 놀이적 의례이고, 거리굿이나 뒷전은 잡귀잡신(雜鬼雜神), 즉 무사귀신과 무주고혼을 위로하고 돌려보내는 굿이다. 잡귀잡신들이 인간들에게 질병이나 재앙을 가져온다고 의식했기 때문에 신격이 낮은 잡신에 대한 굿놀이를 생성한 것이다. 무당굿놀이는 유교식 여제(厲祭)와 불교 수륙재(水陸齋)와도 일맥상통한다. 여제의 대상인 여귀(厲鬼)는 저승으로 가지 못하고 이승을 떠도는 잡귀들로, 미혼 남녀의 귀신이나 자손이 없는 귀신 등 여러 가지 사정으로 인해 제사를 받을 수 없는 무사귀신을 말한다. 조선시대에는 국가와 민간에서 여제를 지냄으로써 마을의 역질(疫疾)이나 재난을 막아내고자 했다. 불교 수륙재도 여제와 동일한 목적에서 거행되었다. 여제와 수륙재에서 잡귀잡신들을 호명하며 제사지내는 것에 비해 무당굿놀이에서 잡귀잡신으로 분장하여 형상화한 것이 더욱 강한 인상을 준다. 가면극을 비롯한 대부분의 전통연희는 무형문화재 지정 이후 전승력이 약화되고 박제화되는 경향이 있다. 그러나 현장성과 전승력이 살아있는 무당굿놀이는 연행될 때마다 변모되며 새로운 의미를 부여받는다. 무당이 사회적 변화에 대응하고 현장의 상황에 따라 잘 적응하기 때문이다. 무당굿놀이에는 샤머니즘의 요소를 바탕으로 신의 모방과 성적 결합 등 풍요·재액·놀이적 의미가 내포되어있다. 무당굿놀이는 단순히 주술적 모방을 넘어서 사회적 주제를 포함한 놀이로 분화하고 있어서 향후 무당굿놀이의 의미와 지향점을 주목해야 할 것이다.