• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.99-111
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between sex role stereotypes and delinquency, and determine if it is mediated by stigma. The data was taken from the fourth wave of the 2010 Korea Youth Panel Survey(KYPS), which was administered by the Korea Youth Policy Institute. The major findings are as follows: First, sex role stereotypes were found to increase stigma and delinquency. Second, the relationship between sex role stereotypes and delinquency is mediated by stigma. Third, the results revealed that there was a significant gender difference in mediating models. As for the female participants, stigma had a mediating effect in the relationship between sex role stereotyping and delinquency. In contrast, for the male participants, the mediating effect of stigma was found to be insignificant. Based on these results, this research suggested that delinquency prevention programs need improvement considering gender difference and sex role stereotypes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.152-163
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• 2000

This study intends to analyze the sex role stereotype that could be effective variable for conduction clothing behavior and clothing image preference, to find out the relationship between sex role stereotype and out/inner wear clothing behavior and clothing image preference of women, and to provide useful information for establishing marketing strategies of out/inner wear market. A total of 628 samples were selected from adult female in Seoul. Questionnaire was used as major method of gathering data. They were analyzed by SAS package. Main result of this study were follows: 1. In the relationship between clothing behavior and clothing image preference and demographic variables, four clothing-behaviores of out wear, and comfort and aesthetics of inner wear showed significant differences according to all of the demographic variables. 2. In the relationship between sex role stereotype and clothing behavior and clothing image preference, four types of sex role stereotype were showed significant differences in comfort, modesty, aesthetics and masculine-feminine image of out wear, and masculine-feminine image of inner wear. 3. In the consistency between out wear clothing behavior and clothing image preference, and inner wear clothing behavior and clothing image preference according to sex role stereotype, all cases except one showed no significant consistency.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.39 no.12
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• pp.225-238
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• 2001

This study investigated the relationships of care-oriented morality and justice-oriented morality to gender and sex role identity in young adults. The subjects of this study were 42 males and 46 females, the age of 30 to 39 years old. Care-oriented morality was assessed by the Ethic of Care Interview(ECI) and justice-oriented morality was assessed by the Korean Defining Issues Test(DIT) while sex role identity was assessed by the Korean Sex Role Inventory(KSRI). Care-oriented morality of most of the subjects was on level 2. The P(%) score of justice-oriented morality of most of the subjects was found to be pretty high. Sex differences were found both in the levels of care-oriented morality and justice-oriented morality. That is, women were higherthan men both in care-oriented morality and justice-oriented morality. However, no significant difference in sex role identity types was found both in the levels of care-oriented morality and justice-oriented morality.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.37-44
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• 1983

The purpose of this study was to investgate the relationship between two aspects of sex role and two aspects of clothing behavior. For Sex Role: Sex role attitude was measured by Smith, Ferree, and Miller's Feminism Scale, and sex role personality was measured by Bem's Sex Role Inventory. For Clothing Behavior: a unisex clothing behavior questionnaire was developed for this study, and general clothing behavior was assessed with Lee; Kahng; Kim; and Kim's questionnaires dealing with fashion and modesty. The questionnaires were administered to a sample of male and female college students attending universities in Seoul. The data for 349 respondents were analyzed by correlation, analysis of variance and t-tests. The results were: 1) Liberal attitudes toward sex role were positively related to unisex clothing behavior for female college students. 2) The androgynous female group exhibited significantly higher 'interest in unisex clothing behavior' attitude than non-androgynous female students. 3) Feminine personality in men was positively related to a positive attitude toward unisex clothing. Masculinine personality in women was positively related to unisex clothing behavior that is they were more likely to be interested in, to wear, and to agree to others wearing unisex clothing. 4) Liberal attitudes toward sex role were not related to modesty in clothing. 5) Scores of women on positive attiudes toward liberal sex roles, unisex clothing behavior, fashion, and modesty were significantly higher than these of men.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.199-211
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• 2017

The notable findings are as follow: First, men show higher level of perceiving open marriage, sex-role, acceptance of extra-marital relationship and intention of extra-marital sex than that of women. Second, the effects of men's perception of sex-role and open marriage, and the acceptance of extra-marital relationship have direct effects on their intention of extra-marital sex. The acceptance of extra-marital relationship shows the mediation effect on the path between that of open marriage and extra-marital sex among men. However, men's perception of sex-role does not affect the acceptance of extra-marital relationship. Lastly, women's perception of sex-role and open marriage, and the acceptance of extra-marital relationship directly influence the intention of extra-marital sex each, including the mediating effect of accepting extra-marital relationship between that of open marriage and extra-marital sex which are similar to the men's trend. Women's perception of sex-role show the direct effect on the acceptance of extra-marital relationship unlike man's trend. Therefore, the fact demonstrates that the effect of perceiving of sex-role on the intention of extra-marital sex is different according to gender. Some practical and political implications are discussed based on the study's findings.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.91-112
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• 1991

The impact of gender, sex-role identity and cultural background on self - control behaviors was studied with the use of reports from 410 college students(201 Koreans and 209 Americans), who were administered both the Bem Sex Role Inventory and the Missouri Self Control Instrument. Gender, sex - role identity and cultural background significantly affected self - control and satisfaction. Regardless of cultural background, males showed a higher level of self - control and satisfaction than females. Androgenous students from both nations used a higher level of expressed/yielded self - control and more satisfied than the students with other sex - role identities. There were some differences in self - control between the Korean and American students. For the American students, the level of expressed self - control was the critical factor in explaining self - control behavior, whereas the level of yielded self - control was the critical factor for the Korean students. This was explained as a phenomenon of culture - bound relationships. Regardless of sex and sex - role identity, the level of satisfaction of Korean students was significantly lower than that of American students. The present results suggested that Korean students have some sort of conflict between self - control and satisfaction. The conflict can probably be attributed to the recent influx of western culture emphasizing goal - oriented control.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.135-145
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• 1999

Little is known about the relationship between fathers and their preadolescent children in Korea or about variations in fathering by SES and sex role orientation. The purpose of this exploratory research was to examine variation in contemporary Korean fathering (e.g., warmth of fathering, frequency of father involvement, and task share of father involvement) and its influence on children's sex role development. One hundred and twenty-nine fathers, mothers, and their 11-13-year-old children completed standardized survey questionnaires addressing their childrearing practices, parental role involvement, spousal support, and sex role orientations. Data were analyzed using MANOVAs, t-test, correlational analyses, and multiple regression analyses. Mothers reported more warmth in parenting than did fathers. Regardless of sex of child middle class fathers reported more warmth than lower class fathers and lower frequency of task share than lower class fathers. Regardless of SES, fathers with working wives reported higher levels of task share of involvement relative to their spouse. Fathers who were more frequently involved with their children tended to receive greater support from their wives for paternal involvement. There were no differences in parenting by sex of child nor was fathering associated with children's sex role orientation. Girls' femininity was related to fathers' masculinity. SES, maternal support, fathers' femininity, parents' education level, and maternal work status had predictive ability for the ecological view that fathering is a dynamic process predicted by personal characteristics as well as contextual factors.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.468-478
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• 2003

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify the relationship among sexual contact, sex role identification, and self esteem in Korean girls' high school students. Methods: The data were collected from 522 girls, who were stratified samples from a target population of 63,375 11th grade students from 200 regular high schools and 70 vocational high schools in Seoul, Korea from June 22 to July 18, 2002. Data were processed with the SAS program. Results: It was found that 42.51% of girls haven't experienced any sexual contact at all. The highest frequency in the final level of sexual contact was 'kiss', which was 22.03%. The 'androgyny' type among sex role identities of girls was most common, 32.57%, being followed by the 'undifferentiated' type 31.61%, the 'masculinity' type 18.97%, and the 'femininity' type 16.86, in that order. The sexual contacts such as 'holding hands', 'arms around', 'embracing', and 'kiss' were significantly different depending on sex role identity types. The score for self-esteem was significantly different depending on sex role identity types. The score for self- esteem was not significantly different depending on the final level of sexual contact. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, sex education programs should be developed in order to delay the sexual contacts of girls.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.133-144
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• 1997

Clothing is considered as a means of self-projection in the childhood and children show clear preference on their own favorite clothing on which their latent identity is reflected. Changing sex-role identity, in particular, in the modern complex society specially affects the clothing behavior of children. The purpose of this study is to investigate the clothing behavior of children in conjunction with sen-role identity and home environment variables. This study will provide fundamental information on the clothing behavior in the childhood and be of help in selecting appropriate clothing in accordance with the variation of sex-role identity. Necessary information for this study was obtained through a questionaire. 'Bem sex-role identity inventory' was used to investigate the effect of sex-role identity and the clothing behavior was studied in conjunction with the factors of conformity, dependence, aesthetics and interest. The subjects of investigation are composed of three hundred male and female elementary school students in the 5th and 6th grades. For the statistical analysis of the collected data, percentage(%), mean value(M), standard deviation(SD) and Pearson's correlation coefficient were calculated and t-test, $x^2$-test, and Duncan's multiple range test were performed. The results form this study are as follows : 1. Sex-role identity shows a little difference according to gender, order of a birth and standard of living. This small difference is shown to be statistically insignificant. 2. In clothing behavior in connection with the sex-role identity, statistically significant trend was not found in typical sex-role identity group. However, clothing behavior in modernistic sex-role identity group exhibits statistically significant results in the factors of dependence, aesthetics and interest at the level of P<.001. 3. As concerns the clothing behavior in connection with gender, boy students show statistically more significant tendency in aesthetics and interest than girls do. However, boy students show statistically more significant tendency in aesthetics than girls do in connection with the standard of living. Although the clothing behavior associated with the level of parents education, mother's age and existence of mother's job shows a little difference in mean values, statistically significant trend was not detected. 4. Clothing behavior of the children shows a meaningful correlation between the factors. 5. Through 3-dimensional variables analysis, it is found that there is no mutual interaction between gender, sex-role identity and standard of living on the clothing behavior. The results from MCA supplementary analysis reveal that there is difference according to the gender, sex-role identity and standard of living.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.5-17
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• 2003

Purpose : The purpose of this study was 1) to classify university student's attitudes toward sex, 2) to confirm the effects of sexuality course on sex-role stereotypes and sexual attitude in university student s. Method : The subjects in this study were 212 K university students in Kangwon Province between 3/7/2001 $\sim$ 6/13/2001. The instruments used for this study were the general characteristics, sexual attitude and sex-role stereotypes. The data was analyzed by frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, paired t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients, Factor analysis and Cronbach's $\alpha$ using the SPSS program. Result : 1. University students' attitude toward sex are divided into three types. Type I are called open mined : 16, 33, 28, 10, 18, 2, 30, 25, 26, 27, 22, 19, 29, 21, 9, 5 items. Type II are supporters of virginal purity : 8, 6, 31, 17, 14, 33 items. Type III express love through sexual intercourse : 20, 24, 7, 3, 15, 32 items. 2. There was a significant difference in the appearance and occupational characteristics of sex-role stereotypes before and after the sexuality course (t=2.562, p<.05). 3. In Type III, there was a significant difference in sexual attitude before and after the sexuality course (t=3.576, p<.0001). 4. The data showed the relationships between type III of sexual attitude and sex-role stereotypes (r=-.3 15, p<.0001). 5. Sex-role stereotypes according to the demographic characteristics before sexuality course were significantly different by age, gender, experience of military service, experience of sex edu cat ion an d experience of sexual intercourse. Sex-role stereotypes according to the demographic characteristics after sexuality course were significantly different by gender and experience of sexual intercourse. 6. Sexual attitude according to the demographic characteristics before sexuality course were significantly different by maj or (type I), age, grade, experience of military service and experience of sexual intercourse (type II), age, grade, gender, experience of military service, experience of sex education and experience of sexual intercourse. Sexual attitude according to the demographic characteristics after sexuality course were significantly different by religion and major(type I), age and grade(type II), age, grade, gender, religion and experience of sexual intercourse. Conclusion : This study showed that a sexuality course was effect ive in changing the sex-role stereotypes and sexual attitude of university students.