• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.435-440
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• 2013

Previous studies, including our own, have demonstrated that the intratesticular injection of hypertonic saline (20%) decreased serum testosterone level which was similar to the surgical castration in the rat, showing the state of chemical castration. In the present study, we further verify the efficacy of this less invasive method as an alternative of surgical orchidectomy in the andrological field. Sterilized 20% saline was directly injected into the adult male rats (750 ${\mu}l$ per testis). The tested rats were divided into 3 groups including intact group (intact), orchidectomy group (ORX) and saline injection group (SAL) after bilateral orchidectomy was performed at the same day of injection. All rats were sacrificed at 4 weeks after injection. The reproductive organs (testes, epididymis, seminal vesicles and prostates) were collected and used for DNA and protein pattern analyses. Also, patho-histological studies on the testes were performed. In contrast to the intact group, similar DNA damages of testis and seminal vesicle were appeared in ORX group and SAL group. The DNA degradations seemed to be the results of necrosis rather than apoptosis. In the protein pattern analysis, all the testing tissues exerted similar patterns in the ORX group and the SAL group compared to the those of intact group. Patho-histological studies revealed that severe degenerative changes in testicular seminiferous tubules and massive infiltration of immune cells in SAL group. The present study confirmed that direct injection of hypertonic saline into the testis caused the equivalent biochemical changes in the accessory sex organs as shown in the orchidectomized animals. These results suggest that hypertonic saline injection model could be a useful castration model which can substitute for surgical castration when its safety is secured through further study in the future.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.124-137
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to identify the need for sex education in middle school students Research subjects were 194 students who attended at I seminary in B city. The period of data collection was from July to August, 2001. Research instrument was composed of 61 structured items 17 items related to demographics and sex, 44 items related to the need of sex education. Data were collected through the self-report method by the researcher and one trained assistant. The instrument developed by the researchers was employed to measure the need of sex education and it's Cronbach's $\alpha$ = 0.9349 in this research. Data were analyzed by frequency, percentage factor analysis and t-test using SPSS WIN Program. The findings of this study are summarized as follows : 1. The highest score among characteristics of sex was 'less interest about sex(42.6%)', 39.0% of subjects got information about sex from friends or elders. 52.3% of subjects consulted friends or elders about sex problems. The number of sex education lessons was 1-2 times in school during last semester (61.0%). Education by the school nurse was 35.9% to students. 43.1% of subjects announced moderate satisfaction on sex education. 2. The mean score of the need for sex education was $2.88{\pm}0.47$ (lowest value 1, highest 4). The most wanted sex education factor was 'chastity and sexual responsibility($3.33{\pm}0.67$)' and followed by 'family and marriage ($3.26{\pm}0.62$)' and 'considerations of sex($3.07{\pm}0.69$)'. Meanwhile, the lowest wanted sex education factor is 'physiological characteristics of male ($2.47{\pm}0.72$)', followed by 'sexual behavior ($2.49{\pm}0.75$)'. The most wanted sex education item was 'the meaning of family ($3.54{\pm}0.75$)' and followed by 'the cautions to prevention from sexual abuse ($3.49{\pm}0.78$)' and sexual activity and responsibility($3.43{\pm}0.77$)'. Meanwhile, the lowest wanted sex education item is 'masturbation ($2.16{\pm}0.97$)', followed by 'circumcision($2.32{\pm}0.97$)'. 3. There is no significant difference between boys and girls in mean score about the need for sex education(t=-.715, p=.476). Sex education factor that girl-students wanted was 'physiological characteristics of female'. Sex education factor that boy-students wanted was 'family and marriage'. Sex education items that girl-students wanted were 'cautions during menstruation', the relation of ovulation and pregnancy', caution to prevention from sexual abuse' and sexual behavior and responsibility'. Sex education items that boy-students wanted were 'the meaning of family', 'the importance of marriage', 'male's sex organs', 'a wet dream', 'the method to resolve sexual curiosity', 'sexual intercourse' and 'the connection with the other sex'. In conclusion, the mean score of the need for sex education is medium. The route to attain knowledge about sex and sexual problem is through consulting friends and elders. Therefore, it is necessary to give sex education that is suitable to the subject's needs and methods. Also, it is necessary to give differently strong point about sex education between female and male students.

• 한국학교ㆍ지역보건교육학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.95-106
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to be of use for the preparation of more desirable sex education system at elementary school, by making content analysis of the current textbooks related to sex education and surveying what opinions the persons concerned had about it. The purpose of this study were as follows; Elementary school textbooks were analyzed to find out what kind of sex education was included in them. And questionnaires on how to improve school sex education content were prepared, by which 207 male and female teachers were surveyed in the city of Paju and Koyang, Kyonggi province. The conclusions were as follows; 1. Content Analysis of Textbook Sex Education The content related to sex education was relatively much included in textbooks of the right life, morality and physical education. Although morality was a subject to be instructed for the third-grade students or older, elementary school students virtually received sex education from the first grade, as the right life and the joyful life were a subject for the lower-grade students, and this met the goal of sex education or the need of the times. However, sex education content leaned heavily toward family, family life or parental love. There was no mutual complement among subjects, and no link among grades, either. 2. Teacher Opinion on Sex Education Content for Each Grade When the subjects were asked about if sex education content was appropriate for each grade, they answered 20 items should be more emphasized and 6 items might be left out. And there were 6 items regarded by them as one that should be rearranged in consideration of grade. 3. The Ideal Opinion of Sex Education Content The following model could be recommended for elementary school sex education, which was designed to meet the objectives of school sex education as much as possible and to offer a systematic link among grades, based on the findings by textbook analysis and Questionnaire survey, and on elementary school sex education materials recommended by the Ministry of Education: The content selected for the first grade of elementary school was my body, cleanness of genitals, male-female cooperation, and family cooperation. For the second grade, the selected content was male-female physical difference, male female psychological difference, parental and I(origin of a birth). For the third grade, the selected things were important a body(cleanness of genitals), birth of a life, and male-female comprehension and cooperation. For the fourth grade, the selected things were physical development, management of genitals, physiology and management of menstruation, propagation and growth of organism, concern for the other sex, comprehension of and cooperation with the other sex, and prevention of sexual violence. Four the fifth grade, the selected things were secondary sex characteristic, physiology and management of menstruation, operation for phimosis, understanding of seminal emission, structure and function of the genital organs, birth and growth of a baby, television/sex information, and mass communications/sex information. For the sixth grade, the selected things were secondary sex characteristic, understanding of seminal emission, male-female cooperation, male and female role, male-female manners, mass communications/sex information, family and family life. Finally, what should be taught in sex education must be studied constantly, as it should be revised or supplemented periodically, according to student's sexual maturity or social, cultural changes.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.89-93
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• 1999

The purpose of this study finds out the effect of red ginseng extract(1.0 g/kg) on bis(tributyltin)oxide(TBTO)(10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) which poisons against some organs like thyroid gland, liver, kidney, testis, ovary. Serum immunity and sex hormone activity of rats are examined by gastric tubing for 3 weeks. The weights of each in treated group were increased, especially liver in females and those of testis in males were signignificantly increased at 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg (P<0.05, P<0.01). In group treated with TBTO(10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) for females, the serum IgG level was significantly reduced in comparison with control group(P<0.05). The group of females which were poisonned by TBTO and rGe was significantly recovered in TBTO 10 mg/kg + rGe 1.0 g/kg and TBTO 20 mg/kg + rGe 1.0 g/kg. In case of sex hormone activity of each sex, the estradiol activity of females and testosterone activity of males were signignificantly decreased rather than the control group. And control group by bis(tributyltin) oxide and red ginseng extract is just increased estiradiol activity.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.591-596
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• 1993

The smear preparations of the semen from Korean native bull and the tissue preparations of the organs from male and female mice were performed by fluorescent staining method. More than 600 spermatozoa per straw from two semen straw groups and more than 300 cells per mouse organ from two mice per sex were observed and then the ratio of spermatozoa bearing B-body and the cells bearing F-body were assessed, respectively. 1. The ratios of spermatozoa bearing B-body in semen of Korean native bull were $37.3{\pm}3.1%$. 2. The ratios of cells bearing F-body in the organs of mice were $63.5{\pm}4.5%$ in male tissues and $7.5{\pm}3.2%$ in female tissues. 3. The organs with higher appearance frequency of F-body were ordered as brain, kidney, stomach, lung, testis, liver, small intestine, spleen and pancreas in male mice and pancreas, small intestine, liver, brain, kidney, lung, spleen and stomach in female mice.

• 과학교육연구지
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.148-164
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• 2018

본 연구는 중학교 3학년 남학생들을 대상으로 성교육 프로그램을 개발 적용하여 그 효과성을 살펴보았다. 성교육 프로그램은 중학교 3학년 과학 '생식과 발생' 단원과 연계하여 생식기관의 구조와 기능, 수정과 생명의 소중함, 낙태, 사람의 발생 과정, 성병과 에이즈, 성적 행동에 있어 자기결정의 중요성과 그 책임을 주제로 총 7차시로 개발되었다. 총 90명의 학생들이 참여하였으며, 실험집단에게는 성교육 프로그램을 적용하였고 통제집단에게는 교과서의 탐구와 읽기자료를 활용하여 강의를 통한 전통적 수업을 실시하였다. 연구결과, 사후검사에서 실험집단 학생들은 통제집단에 비해 성지식에 대한 점수가 통계적으로 유의미하게 높았다. 특히 실험집단 학생들은 성지식 검사도구의 하위 영역 중 임신 및 출산, 성건강 영역에서 통제집단에 비해 높은 점수를 나타냈다. 반면, 수업처치 후 사후검사에서 실험집단과 통제집단의 성태도에는 차이가 없었다. 그럼에도 불구하고 실험집단 학생들은 성태도 하위 영역 중 '자기결정과 선택', '이성과 사랑'에서 통제집단에 비해 높은 점수를 나타냈다. 또한, 피어슨 상관관계 조사 결과, 성태도는 성지식과 정적 상관관계를 나타냈으며, 성태도와 가장 강한 상관관계를 나타낸 것은 '자기결정과 선택'이었다. 중학교 과학의 생식과 발생 단원과 연계한 성교육 프로그램을 통해 중학생들이 올바른 성지식과 성태도를 함양할 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.157-162
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• 2013

Methoxychlor (MXC) was developed to be a replacement for the banned pesticide DDT. HPTE [2,2-bis (p-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane], which is an in vivo metabolite of MXC, has strong oestrogenic and anti-androgenic effects. MXC and HPTE are thought to produce potentially adverse effects by acting through oestrogen and androgen receptors. Of the two, HPTE binds to sex-steroid receptors with greater affinity, and it inhibits testosterone biosynthesis in Leydig cells by inhibiting cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme activity and cholesterol utilisation. In a previous study, MXC was shown to induce Leydig cell apoptosis by decreasing testosterone concentrations. I focused on the effects of MXC on male mice that resulted from interactions with sex-steroid hormone receptors. Sex-steroid hormones affect other organs including the kidney and liver. Accordingly, I hypothesised that MXC can act through sex-steroid receptors to produce adverse effects on the testis, kidney and liver, and I designed our experiments to confirm the different effects of MXC exposure on the male reproductive system, kidney and liver. In these experiments, I used pre-pubescent ICR mice; the puberty period in ICR mice is from postnatal day (PND) 45 to PND60. I treated the experimental group with 0, 100, 200, 400 mg MXC/kg b.w. delivered by an intra-peritoneal injection with sesame oil used as vehicle for 4 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the mice were sacrificed under anaesthesia. The testes and accessory reproductive organs were collected, weighed and prepared for histological investigation. I performed a chemiluminescence immune assay to observe the serum levels of testosterone, LH and FSH. Blood biochemical determination was also performed to check for other effects. There were no significant differences in our histological observations or relative organ weights. Serum testosterone levels were decreased in a dose-dependent manner; a greater dose resulted in the production of less testosterone. Compared to the control group, testosterone concentrations differed in the 200 and 400 mg/kg dosage groups. In conclusion, I observed markedly negative effects of MXC exposure on testosterone concentrations in pre-pubescent male mice. From our biochemical determinations, I observed some changes that indicate renal and hepatic failure. Together, these data suggest that MXC produces adverse effects on the reproductive system, kidney and liver.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.265-272
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• 2011

It is well known that adipose tissue or body fat has been proved as a crucial component of brain-peripheral axis which can modulate the activities of reproductive hormonal axis in female mammals including rodents and human. Concerning the male reproduction, however, the role of adipose tissue has not been thoroughly studied. The present study was carried out to elucidate the effect of a high-fat (HF) diet on the reproductive system of postpubertal male rats. The HF diet (45% energy from fat, HF group) was applied to male rats from week 8 after birth for 4 weeks. The blood glucose levels, body and tissue weights were measured. Histological studies were performed to assess the structural alterations in the reproductive tissues. To determine the transcriptional changes of reproductive hormone-related genes in hypothalamus and pituitary, total RNAs were extracted and applied to the semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Body weights (p<0.01) and blood glucose levels (p<0.01) of HF group were significantly higher than those of control animals. Similarly, the weights of epididymis (p<0.05), prostate (p<0.01), seminal vesicle (p<0.01) in HF group were higher than control levels. The weights of testis were not changed. The weights of kidney (p<0.001) and spleen (p<0.01) were significantly higher than control levels while the adrenal and pancreas weights were not changed. There were only slight alterations in the microstructures of accessory sex organs; the shape of luminal epithelial cells in epididymis from HF group were relatively thicker and bigger than those from control animals. In the semi-quantitative RT-PCR studies, the mRNA levels of hypothalamic GnRH (p<0.05) in HF group were significantly higher than those from the control animals. The mRNA levels of kisspeptin in HF group tend to be higher than control levels, the difference was not significant. Unlike the hypothalamic GnRH expression, the mRNA levels of pituitary $LH{\beta}$ and $FSH{\beta}$ were significantly decreased in HF group (p<0.05). The present study indicated that the 4-weeks feeding HF diet during the postpubertal period can alter the hypothalamus-pituitary (H-P) neuroendocrine reproductive system These results suggest that the increased body fat and the altered leptin input might disturb the H-P reproductive hormonal activities in male rats, and the changed activities seem to be responsible for the changes of tissue weights in accessory sex organs.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제24권10호
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• pp.330-339
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• 2021

Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) is a marine bivalve mollusk widely distributed in coastal areas, and have been long widely used in industrial resources. Several studies demonstrated that fermented oyster (FO) extract attribute to bone health, but whether administration of FO play as an endocrine disruptor has not been studied. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the effect of FO on the endocrine system in vitro and in vivo. As the results of the competitive estrogen receptor (ER) and androgen receptor (AR) binding affinities, FO was not combined with ER-α, ER-β, and AR. However, 17β-estradiol and testosterone, used as positive control, were interacted with ER and AR, respectively. Meanwhile, oral administration of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg of FO doesn't have any harmful effect on the body weight, androgen-dependent sex accessory organs, estrogen-dependent-sex accessory organs, kidney, and liver in immature rats. In addition, FO supplementation has no effect on the serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone, and 17β-estradiol. However, the relative weight of androgen- and estrogen-dependent organs were significantly increased by subcutaneously injection of 4.0 mg/kg of testosterone propionate (TP) and by orally administration of 1.0 ㎍ of 17α-ethynyl estradiol (EE) in immature male and female rats, respectively. Furthermore, TP and EE administration markedly decreased the serum LH and FSH levels, which are similar those of mature Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat. Furthermore, the testosterone and 17β-estradiol levels were significantly enhanced in TP and EE-treated immature rats. Taken together, our findings showed that FO does not interact with ER and AR, suggesting consequentially FO does not play as a ligand for ER and AR. Furthermore, oral administration of FO did not act as an endocrine disruptor including androgenic activity, estrogenic activity, and abnormal levels of sex hormone, indicating FO may ensure the safety on endocrine system to develop dietary supplement for bone health.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.138-147
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• 1996

DWP401, a recombinant human epidermal growth factor, was subcutaneously administered to ICR mice at the dose levels of 0, 0.04, 0.2 and 1.0 mg/kg/day (15rats/sex/group) in order to evaluate the subchronic toxicity. General observations, examinations for food and water consumption, ophthalmoscopy and urinalysis were carried out during the study. For the complete gross and microscopic examinations, 10 mice/ sex/group were sacrificed at the ends of the dosing period, and the remaining animals were sacrificed with a 5 week recovery period. Examinations for hematology and blood biochemistry were also carried out at the time of recovery period. Based on the results, it was thought that the target tissue or organs were mesothelial cell, injection site, spleen, adrenal gland, ovary and transitional epithelial cell of urinary tract, and no observed toxic level of DWP401 was 0.04 mg/kg while definite toxic dose level might be 0.2 mg/kg.