• 에너지공학
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.505-511
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• 1999

One of the major challenges confronting a multiservice electric utility is the establishment of the right prices, for its services. The key objectives of particular pricing schemes are reasonableness of company earnings. Economic efficiency, the responsiveness of supply and of the allocation of sources to the desires of consumers, and maintenance of some degree of competition. This paper proposes a value-based pricing mechanism amenable to the current deregulation situation in electricity market allowing service differentiation. The proposed pricing mechanism can be implemented ina nodal auction model, and can also be applied to direct load control.

• 한국도서관정보학회지
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• 제20권
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• pp.383-411
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• 1993

Information and information services are recently recognized as a commodity and libraries and information centers are also considered as a company. Under this circumstance, libraries and information centers encounter the problems how they can effectively achieve the objectives of service institutions and objectives of resource management as companies. Pricing policy for information services must be something to satisfy these two very different objectives. This paper discusses the following issues to develop pricing model for information services, 1) the needs of pricing for information services, 2) the major elements impacting to pricing of information services including the objectives of pricing, cost and demand of information services, and information value, 3) the pros and cons of pricing method using concepts of average cost, price differentiation, and marginal cost, respectively.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.319-329
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• 2007

This paper presents a price-based quality-of-service (QoS) control framework for two-class network services, in which circuit-switched and packet-switched services are defined as "premium service class" and "best-effort service class," respectively. Given the service model, a customer may decide to use the other class as a perfect or an imperfect substitute when he or she perceives the higher utility of the class. Given the framework, fixed-point problems are solved numerically to investigate how static pricing can be used to control the demand and the QoS of each class. The rationale behind this is as follows: For a network service provider to determine the optimal prices that maximize its total revenue, the interactions between the QoS-dependent demand and the demand-dependent QoS should be thoroughly analyzed. To test the robustness of the proposed model, simulations were performed with gradually increasing customer demands or network workloads. The simulation results show that even with substantial demands or workloads, self-adjustment mechanism of the model works and it is feasible to obtain fixed points in equilibrium. This paper also presents a numerical example of guaranteeing the QoS statistically in the short term-that is, through the implementation of pricing strategies.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.528-535
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• 2003

The purposes of this study were: 1) to investigate the operational and financial characteristics of contract-managed high school food services in Seoul, 2) to analyze the financial performance of high school food services 3) to develop guidelines for meal pricing and facilities investment costs. From Oct to Nov 2001, questionnaires were mailed to 249 high schools that were managed by contract food service companies. A 40.2％ response rate was recorded. The results of this study were as follows: 1. Student enrollment in high schools run by contract-managed food services was 1,518, with a 68.5％ participation rate in the school lunch program. The average meal price was 2,141 won. 2. Based on the income statement analysis, average total sales were 410,440,504 won and average net profit was 16,098,558 won. 3. The optimum food cost per meal was 1,200-1,300 won per meal, calculating using the methods of conversion factor, RDA (Recommended Daily Allowance), and nutrient exchange unit. 4. Guidelines for meal pricing were developed using the modified actual pricing method based on facilities investment cost, number of meals and food cost. The ratio of labor cost, general management expenses and ordinary profit were adopted from the schools with liability. The food cost, depreciation and interest cost were calculated based on unit meal. 5. The guideline for facilities investment was developed based on the number of meals, meal price and food cost. The guideline included the maximum facilities investment cost paid by the contract food service management company. (Korean J Nutrition 36(5): 528∼535, 2003)

• 무역상무연구
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• 제34권
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• pp.157-185
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• 2007

The purpose of this thesis is to contribute to the activation of e-contract service for one stop e-trade by analyzing the problems and its solutions in e-contract service at home and abroad. In order to achieve the purpose of this thesis, case studies are done on e-contract service providers such as CECTRUST service of NTT DATA in Japan and HanCM.com of Haansoft in Korea and user companies such as Taisei Corporation using CECTRUST service and Hyundai Card using HanCM.com. The problems in the e-contract service are the lack of e-contract service providers, rare publicity of e-contract service, limited use of e-contract service at only home, higher pricing for e-contract service, short time management of e-contract documents by service providers, no application of newly developed security technology to e-contract service, unsatisfaction of requirements of e-contract service provider as trusted third party, absence of lower pricing e-contract service by service provider, authorizing key error in electronic signature under recognized authentication system in case of fail in renewal of digital certificate and reproduction of digital certificate. The solutions of these problems are the upbringing of e-contract service providers, broad publicity of e-contract service, development of e-contract service on a global basis, establishment of lower pricing for e-contract service, long time management of e-contract documents by service providers, application of newly developed security technology such as bio technology to e-contract service, satisfaction of requirements of e-contract service provider as trusted third party by designation of recognized e-document repository, development of lower e-contract service by way of application service provider(ASP), introduction of time stamping of e-contract document and signature key value. The limitation of this thesis is that the problems and its solutions could not meet with the broad recognition as they are conferred by intuition because of few e-contract service provider.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.1973-1991
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• 2018

Multimedia applications over wireless networks have been evolving to augmented reality or virtual reality services. However, a rich data size compared to conventional multimedia services causes bandwidth bottlenecks over wireless networks, which is one of the main reasons why those applications are not used widely. To overcome this limitation, bandwidth aggregation techniques, which exploit a multi-path transmission, have been considered to maximize link utilization. Currently, most of the conventional researches have been focusing on the user end problems to improve the quality of service (QoS) through optimal load distribution. In this paper, we address the joint pricing and load distribution problem for multi-homing in heterogeneous wireless access networks (ANs), considering the interests of both the users and the service providers. Specifically, we consider profit from resource allocation and cost of power consumption expenditure for operation as an utility of each service provider. Here, users decide how much to request the resource and how to split the resource over heterogeneous wireless ANs to minimize their cost while supporting the required QoS. Then, service providers compete with each other by setting the price to maximize their utilities over user reactions. We study the behaviors of users and service providers by analyzing their hierarchical decision-making process as a multileader-, multifollower Stackelberg game. We show that both the user and service provider strategies are closed form solutions. Finally, we discuss how the proposed scheme is well converged to equilibrium points.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2002년도 추계학술대회 논문집 전력기술부문
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• pp.378-380
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• 2002

It is required to develop a rational transmission pricing methodology to ensure the fair participation of the player in the market. Because of economic efficiency, marginal pricing method has been studied to be applied to transmission pricing methodology. In application of marginal pricing method to transmission pricing, revenue reconciliation must be needed to recover Transco's revenue requirements. This paper presents a reconciliation method based on line's value to transmission service user.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.49-54
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• 2009

One of the major challenges confronting a multiservice electric utility is the establishment of the right prices for its services. The key objectives of particular pricing schemes are reasonableness of company earnings, economic efficiency, the responsiveness of supply and of the allocation of sources to the desires of consumers, and maintenance of some degree of competition. This paper proposes a value-based pricing mechanism amenable to the current deregulation situation in electricity market allowing service differentiation. The proposed pricing mechanism can be implemented in a nodal auction model, and can also be applied to direct load control.

• 한국관광식음료학회지:관광식음료경영연구
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• 제9권
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• pp.213-242
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• 1998

Even in the best of economic environments, restaurants menu pricing is a serious concern to those in the food service industry. During times of rapid inflation, closer government regulation of compensation practices, and limited gains in worker productivity, the decisions regarding the proper charge for menu items become increasingly important. In addition to many operational and managerial factors, an important ingredient in the food service enterprise's success is its ability to meet the market by providing the value expected. The contribution-margin approach to pricing described above is familiar to cost accountants, who will also recognize that it admits of much elaboration before it can become a tool for day-to-day decisions. But the system probably has the greatest promise for multi-unit companies, where the cost benefit ratio of additional refinements improves in proportion to the number of operations. For example, the analysis required to specify the demand function better becomes less expensive if the findings can be applied to the pricing structure of numerous units. In any of its many adaptations, the essence of the integrated menu pricing system remains its ability to bring together the relevant revenues and costs with the operator's sense of the market and competitive environment to suggest prices that maximize profits.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:정보통신
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.103-112
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• 2006

인터넷 트래픽 관리를 위한 IETF 차별화 서비스에서는 우선순위 방식의 가격정책이 널리 채택되고 있으며, 이러한 우선순위 방식의 서비스에서 최적가격을 정하기 위해 균형분석을 이용한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 그러나 '사용자들의 유틸리티 함수를 정확히 알고 있다'는 균형분석의 가정의 타당성에 대한 비판 또한 끊이지 않는다. 따라서 이 논문은 최적가격을 정하는 문제에 있어서, 현존하는 이론적인 연구의 기본 가정과 사용자 유틸리티 함수를 알 수 없는 현실적인 네트워크 환경과의 차이를 좁힐 수 있는 해결책을 제시하고자 한다. 기본 아이디어는 네트워크 서비스 제공자가 서비스 레벨의 가격을 조정하여 사용자들의 레벨 선택 결정을 바꾸도록 유도하고 그를 통해 더 정확한 유틸리티 정보를 알아내도록 하자는 것이다. 이 연구의 공헌은 크게 두 가지로 볼 수 있다. 첫째, 사용자 유틸리티 함수를 추정해나가는 일반적인 원리를 제시하였다 둘째, 유틸리티 함수에 대한 정보를 최대한으로 끌어낼 수 있도록 하는 가격을 정하는 방법을 개발하였다. 우리는 실험을 통해 제안된 추정법의 효과적인 성능을 보여준다.