• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.55-76
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• 2013

This study aims to analyze the main features of Mongolian arbitration system compared with Korean Arbitration Law which was revised under the UNCITRAL Arbitration Model Law. On the basis of this comparative study, certain differences are suggested: First, the environment of Mongolian arbitration is still insufficient in terms of its operation and usage at the international level. Second, the Mongol National Arbitration Court has established Ad-hoc Arbitration Rules and has promoted Ad-hoc Arbitration although it is an institutional arbitration organization. Third, the arbitration objects are defined as the types of tangible and intangible assets in Mongolia which are different from those of the Korean Arbitration Law. Accordingly, court and officer disputes, family disputes, labor-management relations, and criminal matters are covered by the arbitration objects. Fourth, Mongol Arbitration Law specifies the following persons disqualified for arbitrator appointment: the member of the Constitutional Court, judge, procurator, inquiry officer, investigator, court decision enforcement officer, attorney, or notary who has previously rendered legal service to any party of the disputes, and any officials who are prohibited by laws to be engaged in positions above the scope of their duties. Fifth, the arbitrator selection and appointment criteria should be documented, and the arbitrator should have the ability to resolve the disputes independently and fairly and achieve concord from both parties. Sixth, if there is no agreement between the parties, the arbitration language should be Mongolian, and the arbitral tribunal has no power to decide on it. Seventh, despite the agreement for a documentary hearing between the parties, there should be provided opportunities for an oral hearing if either of the parties requires it. Eighth, if the parties do not understand the language of the arbitration, the parties can directly ask the translation service. They should also keep secrets in the process of arbitration. Ninth, the cancellation of arbitral award is allowed by the application of the parties, not by the authority of the court. Except for the nine differences above, the Mongolian arbitration system is similar to that of the Korean Arbitration Law. This paper serves to contribute to the furtherance in trade relationship between Mongolia and Korea after the rapid and efficient resolution of disputes.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.25-32
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• 2019

The core of the block chain technology is solving the problem of agreement on double payment, and the PoW, PoS and DPoS algorithms used for this have been studied. PoW in-process proofs are consensus systems that require feasible efforts to prevent minor or malicious use of computing capabilities, such as sending spam e-mail or initiating denial of service (DoS) attacks. The proof of the PoS is made to solve the Nothing at stake problem as well as the energy waste of the proof of work (PoW) algorithm, and the decision of the sum of each node is decided according to the amount of money, not the calculation ability. DPoS is that a small number of authorized users maintain a trade consensus through a distributed network, whereas DPS provides consent authority to a small number of representatives, whereas PoS has consent authority to all users. If PoS is direct democracy, DPoS is indirect democracy. This study aims to contribute to the continuous development of the related field through the study of the algorithm of the block chain agreement.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.21-30
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• 1989

The U.S. response to increased international competition was examined in the present study in order to have more comprehensive understanding of the U.S. textile and clothing market. The method employed to conduct the study was the analysis of the written materials, interview with professionals, and the survey of the actual situations of the U.S. textile and apparel industries. The results are summarized as follows; 1. Official U.S. textile and apparel trade policy has been quite has been quite protective since 1950's. The protective trend has been embodied in Japan Cotton Textile Export Control (reciprocal trade agreement signed by the U.S. and Japan in 1957), Short Term Arrangement Regarding International Trade in Cotton Textiles, Long Term Cotton Textile Arrangement (1962∼1973), and Multi-fiber Arrangement (1974∼). Other governmental programs designed to improve the competitiveness of the U.S. textile and apparel industries include Long-term Textile and Apparel Products Export-expansion Program, and 807 Trade to take labor cost advantage. 2. Along with the quite protective governmental trade policy, the corporate responses have been made such as new sourcing mixes, investment in technology, specialization in the textile and apparel industries, and recent strategies pursued by retailer's. The apparel industry was subject to pressure from imports that increased at moderate levels, and the U.S. textile and apparel industries have made extensive efforts to adjust to the increasing competition from abroad. The textile and apparel industries have taken steps to increase labor productivity through automation, to speed management to create and introduce new products and new methods, and have lowered indirect overhead costs. Several industrywide promotion campaigns have attempted to establish a greater public awareness of international competition and to develop a preference for apparel produced in the United States. 3. Regarding these response of the U.S. and other situations of world textile and apparel trade market, much of the sense of crisis that pervades Korean textile and apparel industries has to do with the problem of adjusting government and corporate policy. Textile and apparel industry of Korea faces on going pressure to reduce costs, improve quality, increase service, develop new markets, diversify, and differentiate itself from its foreign competitors. The strategies that have been adopted in the past have generally worked in the past, but the time has come to adopt strategies that reflect present conditions. If this is not done, then we stand to lose large segments of these industries, which once lost will not easily be regenerated.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.207-232
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• 2013

FTA(Free Trade Agreement) of South Korea and European Union(EU) took effect from July 1, 2011. Korea signed a contract FTA with the European Union by first among Asian country, and Korea EU FTA is evaluated that it is wide, comprehensive and high level FTA. Therefore, Korea EU FTA will become FTA that dimension is high, and FTA fermentation with the European Union may activate the Korean economy through extension of export. By the way, in Korea EU FTA, the stipulations on import and export clearance system is different compared with other FTA. Therefore, exporter and importers should compare thoroughly on essential factor of origin standard and preferential tariff which is set in FTA Agreement. In this study, I analyzed 'conditions of direct transport' that is prescribed in article 13 of Korea EU FTA. Particular, I analyzed recently example of appeal for review that decision is made in the Korea Customs Service(KCS). Laying stress on counter measure of business, conclusion in this study is as following. First, companies must understand correctly a single consignment and a single transport document under Korea EU FTA. Second, companies must not analyze wrong 'conditions of direct transport'. Third, when simplicity transshipment or temporary custody is consisted, companies must secure documentary evidence as soon as possible. Fourth, in case goods pass third country, companies must understand uprightly 'a single consignment'. Finally, companies should keep in mind to truth that European Union and EFTA are different FTA.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.27
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• pp.161-195
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• 2011

As crimes have increased to an extent that the police cannot cope with, there have been continuous discussions for the introduction of Private Investigation (hereafter PI) in Korea. However, attempts to legislate for the introduction of PI have failed every time PI bills for the introduction of PI were proposed. This was fundamentally because arguments both for and against the introduction of PI were sharply divided depending on the priorities. However, regardless of those clash of views, an apparent need for the legislation of PI service has arisen. As Korea opens its service market to other countries through GATS and FTAs, currently existing domestic PI law has been found to be inconsistent with international agreements such as GATS and KOREA-US(KORUS) FTA. This paper found that the Act on Usage and Protection of Credit Information which regulates PI service is inconsistent with the Article 12.4(a)(i) and (iii) of KORUS FTA and the Article 7.11 and the Article 7.13 of KOREA-EU FTA. If Korea does not modify the existing laws and establish new laws in relation to PI, such inconsistencies could lead to international trade disputes which could amount to billions of dollars. In this regard, the passage of the PI bill is necessary.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.12 no.8
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• pp.17-29
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• 2014

Purpose - The use of corporate social activities to implement the concept of corporate social responsibility enhances brand equity and attitude, and strengthens economic competitiveness. In areas such as mobile communications, companies take the responsibility of protecting customers and enhance the quality of the mobile communication service, helping to make an effort to obey the regulations of the public trade order and fair trade agreement, enabling a healthy society through communication with elderly living alone or youths without parents, and enhancing marketing strategies. Research design, data, and methodology - To test the hypothesis, a survey was conducted. The surveyed population includes people who use the big three mobile communication services. The survey was conducted from October 4th to October 14th, 2013. A total of 500 survey questionnaires were circulated and 483 were collected; out of these, 32 were excluded due to missing or incomprehensible information. The data was analyzed with SPSS 18.0 via frequency analysis, trust analysis, search factor analysis, relationship analysis, confirmation factor analysis using AMOS 18.0, and structural equation model analysis. Results - Research on corporate social responsibility has been frequently conducted recently. Companies are perceived as social constituents satisfying the social desires of people in addition to customer needs. Further, companies are returning profits to society to satisfy community needs, because there is greater emphasis on the social responsibilities of companies. Companies' social responsibilities should include marketing strategies and the identification of customer needs. This study shows that social service activities influence brand value, which influences customer attitudes; therefore, social service activities indirectly influence customer attitudes. In order to increase customers' purchasing intention, it is essential to improve brand image via social services and provide a distinctive quality of service. Conclusions - This research has used the purposive selection method in the empirical analysis to identify the effect of social services on brand value and customer attitude. Therefore, this study revealed that businesses, whose ultimate objective is to improve customers' purchasing intention, should promote their brand equity through corporate social responsibility activities and offer a distinct service quality. Limitations in the progress of research were found and future indications to overcome these limitations are suggested as follows. First, survey responders had a limited understanding of social responsibilities; therefore, this concept needs to be explained to people first. Second, the research was done on people who live in Daejeon; thus, it is not representative of the entire country. The research has to be repeated with people in other cities. Third, there is a limitation in the study because the purposive selection method was used on Daejeon customers. In the future, a more precise selection of the population is needed. Fourth, Daejeon has unique geographical and size characteristics. Thus, customers in Seoul and other areas may display different characteristics and research on them may reveal different findings. Therefore, again, this study has to be repeated in other areas.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.217-243
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• 2023

This study revealed practical implications by analyzing the clauses and disputable issues of the Korea Service Contract. Korea introduced Servcie Contract in the container part since Hanjin Shipping's bankrupcy and distributed the standard form(2019). After that, the standard form was revised during the supply chain crisis(2022). In the standard form, there are clause that require agreement due to conflicting interests of shipper and carrier. Therefore, the main clauses of the standard form were analyzed to derive the practical meaning to the both parties. In addition, in the process of introducing the standard form, the most disputable issues, liquidated damages and minimum quality commitment, were deeply analyzed to explain how shipper and carriers' benefit and loss differ as the clause changes. In conclusion, both parties must set LD at a very reasonable level so that they do not proceed separately with penalty. In addition, 'evenly' is a much more important than quantity for carrier in the establishment of MQC, so extra box option for shipper even during the peak season is needed to accommodate with service contract.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.49-55
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• 2015

In the FTA environment, it is necessary to comply with the rules of origin in order to receive duty-free benefits. To do this, they have to precede the Harmonized System(HS) tariff classification of the goods and understand thoroughly the basic principles that constitute the tariff schedule of HS classification. For the correct classification, they should understand exactly the product name of "Heading" about the items, "Legal Note" in the relevant "Section" or "Chapter" as well as provisions of the commentary. Therefore, this paper proposes to develop a HS classification services based on the performance system of knowledge convergence of field terms commonly used in various industries. In result, our services can provide users the conveniences which users first selects one of seven decision elements of the classification and perform the classification easily and accurately.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.869-881
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• 2023

A genetic improvement program in Korea was implemented to improve the performance of Hanwoo cattle by generating livestock with genetically desirable economic characteristics. In particular, in response to external changes, such as the expansion of Free Trade Agreement (FTA), the livestock genetic improvement program has increased farm income by improving the productivity and quality of Hanwoo cattle. Using production cost data from Statistics Korea, the total input and output indices of Hanwoo feeding cattle from 2008 - 2021 were estimated and the growth and productivity changes were analyzed. The productivity change measures results were used to estimate the cumulative effects of the Hanwoo genetic improvement program on quality improvement, another purpose of the program, using a finite distributed lag model. The average annual increase in output (market weight) of Hanwoo was 0.9%. However, total input increased by 1.6%, resulting in a 0.6% decline in total factor productivity. In contrast, the Hanwoo genetic improvement program contributed significantly to the production of high quality beef, rather than contributing to improved productivity of the cattle. Hanwoo carcass weight, which is used as a performance indicator for the livestock genetic improvement program, has significantly improved and is projected to increase at a slower rate. The collective findings indicate the need for new performance indicators that can comprehensively indicate the performance of the genetic improvement of Hanwoo.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.78
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• pp.119-143
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• 2018

This research aims to review every important academic research on risk management in FTA and to suggest a future area for further research. This research area seems to focus on conceptual study or fact finding rather than on theory development or empirical research on causal relationship or theory testing. The National Assembly Digital Library analyzed the results of 3,576 researches on thesis and journals fromthe results of the FTA. Research on FTA is analyzed in four major themes. First, there have been previous studies on business performance such as FTA export performance and economic effect. Second, analyzed the effects of FTA in product and service. The products are classified into agricultural, marine products, manufacturing, textiles and clothing, medicinal pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and others. Services are classified into educational and cultural contents, service industry and financial industry. Third, research on the risk management of FTA Origin is broadly classified into the use of country of origin and the verification of origin, and the use of origin includes the study of rules of origin and systems of origin and management. Origin verification was divided into origin verification and origin risk management. Fourth, study on the conclusion area of the FTA, studies were conducted on areas such as Korea-US FTA, Korea-China FTA, Korea-EU FTA, Korea-Japan FTA, Korea-Chile FTA, and Korea-ASEAN FTA. Search results through the FTA, focused on analyzing the FTA area and concept research by research purpose. In addition, research methods are mainly focused on documentary survey, and research areas are concentrated on specific countries such as China and USA. This implies a necessity for a future development in that research area. Other areas for future research may include case research on actual failures in FTA, proactive risk management strategy, and integrated risk management for export companies. Risk management in FTA may help investment expansion, and that is why research on the issue matters.