• 가정간호학회지
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• 제4권
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• pp.5-22
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• 1997

The purpose of the study was to development an information delivery system for the home nursing service, to demonstrate and to evaluate the efficiency of it. The period of research conduct was from September 1996 to August 31, 1997. At the 1st stage to achieve the purpose, Firstly Assessment tool for the patients with cerebral vascular disease who have the first priority of HNS among the patients with various health problems at home was developed through literature review. Secondly, after identification of patient nursing problem by the home care nurse with the assessment tool, the patient's classification system developed by Park (1988) that was 128 nursing activities under 6 categories was used to identify the home care nurse's activities of the patient with CAV at home. The research team had several workshops with 5 clinical nurse experts to refine it. At last 110 nursing activities under 11 categories for the patients with CVA were derived. At the second stage, algorithms were developed to connect 110 nursing activities with the patient nursing problems identified by assessment tool. The computerizing process of the algorithms is as follows: These algorithms are realized with the computer program by use of the software engineering technique. The development is made by the prototyping method, which is the requirement analysis of the software specifications. The basic features of the usability, compatibility, adaptability and maintainability are taken into consideration. Particular emphasis is given to the efficient construction of the database. To enhance the database efficiency and to establish the structural cohesion, the data field is categorized with the weight of relevance to the particular disease. This approach permits the easy adaptability when numerous diseases are applied in the future. In paralleled with this, the expandability and maintainability is stressed through out the program development, which leads to the modular concept. However since the disease to be applied is increased in number as the project progress and since they are interrelated and coupled each other, the expand ability as well as maintainability should be considered with a big priority. Furthermore, since the system is to be synthesized with other medical systems in the future, these properties are very important. The prototype developed in this project is to be evaluated through the stage of system testing. There are various evaluation metrics such as cohesion, coupling and adaptability so on. But unfortunately, direct measurement of these metrics are very difficult, and accordingly, analytical and quantitative evaluations are almost impossible. Therefore, instead of the analytical evaluation, the experimental evaluation is to be applied through the test run by various users. This system testing will provide the viewpoint analysis of the user's level, and the detail and additional requirement specifications arising from user's real situation will be feedback into the system modeling. Also. the degree of freedom of the input and output will be improved, and the hardware limitation will be investigated. Upon the refining, the prototype system will be used as a design template. and will be used to develop the more extensive system. In detail. the relevant modules will be developed for the various diseases, and the module will be integrated by the macroscopic design process focusing on the inter modularity, generality of the database. and compatibility with other systems. The Home care Evaluation System is comprised of three main modules of : (1) General information on a patient, (2) General health status of a patient, and (3) Cerebrovascular disease patient. The general health status module has five sub modules of physical measurement, vitality, nursing, pharmaceutical description and emotional/cognition ability. The CVA patient module is divided into ten sub modules such as subjective sense, consciousness, memory and language pattern so on. The typical sub modules are described in appendix 3.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.545-556
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• 1994

Medical insurance and health care delivery system enabled Korean people to get the necessary medical service, but it caused increased needs for medical service, and resulted in the occurence of some problems such as a lack of manpower and medical facilities. In order to solve these problems, many countries, which already had medical insurance system had developed home care system and it has been regarded effective both in reducing costs and in increasing the rates of turnover of bed. Recently, Korea has included home nursing care in its health care delivery system, and some models of the hospital based home nursing care had been tried and its effects had been evaluated. So, author tried to run a home nursing care for the Cesarean section mothers and evaluate Its effects both in the mother's health and costs. This study was designed as a Quasi-experimental study. Subjects were thirty mothers who got Cesarean section operation in hospital in Seoul. Experimental group consisted of 15 volunteers, and control group were selected by means of matching technique. Data were gathered from February 1st to March 26th by two assistants who were trained by author. Experimental group were discharged on the 4th day after their operation, and got nursing care and assessment about their home three times on the 5th, 6th, and 7th day. Control group stayed in the hospital until 7th day as usual and were checked on the same day as above mentioned To evaluate the state of physiological recovery, vital signs, H.O.F, presence of edema in the legs, bathing, appetite, sleep, presence of pain or discomfort in the breasts, amount of lochia, color of lochia, defecation urination. To compare incidence of complication in experimental group with that in control group, specific assessment was done such variables as smell of lochia, presence of inflammation of operation wound, dizziness, and presence of immobilization in the extremities. The activities of daily living were checked Satisfaction of nursing were checked To calculate costs, author asked subjects to specify expenditure including hospital charge, traffic enpenses, and food expenses. The results were as fellows. 1. On effectiveness of home nursing careThere were n significant differences between experimental and control group in incidence of abnormal symptoms and any complication. The number of taking a bath [POD #5 P=0.001, #6 P=0.0003, #7 P=0.001] and the degree of appetite [POD #5 P=0.03, #6 P=0.02, #7 P=0.013] were significantly higher in experimental group than in control group. Contrary to author's expectation, the degree of the activities of daily living in experimental group was not higher than that of control group. All of the experimental group said they were satisfied with the home nursing care. 2. Cost analysis 1) Hospital charge of experimental group was lower than that of control group. ［P=0.009］ By taking home nursing care, average period of hospitalization was shortened to 3.1 days, and family members could save 22.8 hours. Total amount of money saved by early discharge was 3,443,093 Won. It is estimated that total amount of money saved by early discharge in a year will be 40,398,956 Won. 2) Home nursing care charge of 15 mothers was 1,781,633 Won. It is estimated that total amount of money Saved by it in a year Will be 20,904,493 Won. It was lower altogether than hospital charge of the three days which is 5th, 6th, 7th day of operation. The average cost of single home visit was calculated 10,940 Won. It took 87 minutes per round and it costed 1,017.3 Won. The average hour of home care was 39.0 minutes. 3) It is expected that early discharge can bring forth the increase of hospital income. On the condition that the rate of running bed is 100%, the expected increase of hospital income will be 202,374, 026 Won in a year. Suggestions for further study and nursing practice are as follows : 1. For the welfare of patients and the increased rates of running bed, home nursing care system should be included in the hospital nursing care system. 2. Studies to test effect of home nursing care on the patients with other diseases are needed. 3. Establishment of law on the practice of home nursing care is strongly recommended.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.285-300
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• 1998

1. The number of average milking cows, clinical forms of mastitis, mastitis-developing cows, and cows killed by mastitis a year were 25.7, 1.8(7%), 6.3(26%), and 2.7(10.1%)heads, respectively. The annual grade changes of standard plate counts(SPC) and somatic cell counts(SCC) showed the grade 1A of SPC diminished sharply from April to August, we think it was due to the lack of proper management in farming season and the grade 3 of SCC indirectly influenced increased in huge during August. 2. The average number of parturitions of farms was 2.3, but 50% of below 1 parturition were 22 farms(31%), 50% of above 3 parturitions were 16(23%) out of 71 farms. According to grades of the number of parturitions of milking cows per each farm, the farms' grades recording 3 parturitions and 50% were little bit excellent. 3. The actual situation research of foremilking CMT revealed 35 out of 74 farmer didn't do CMT Among them(35 out of 74 farmers), 80% did not test thanks to the troublesome process of the CMT. SCC grade 3, among farms who did foremilking CMT once or twice a month and who did not were 29% and 40% respectively and SPC grade 1A were 55% and 9%, respectively. 4. The research of actual situation on milking management let us know 29 farms(39%) did not do lastmilking, 37 farms(49%) usually did overmilking, and 34 farms(46%) did milking for 4 or 5 minutes. Grades according to average requiring times of milking showed SCC grade 1 of farms milking within 7 minutes was 11% and SPC grade 1A was 34%, on the other side, farms milking more than 7 minutes were 0% in SCC grade 1 and 13% in SPC grade 1A. Grades according to the starting time of milking after rubbing teats showed SPC grade 1A of farms starting milking at about 1 minute and over 2 minutes were 50% and 20%, respectively. 5. The research of actual situation on hygienic milking management uncovered 65 farms(88%) were using one towel which was used in washing teats and udders to wash more than 3 to 4 cows, and 53 farms(72%) were using one dried towel to dry udders not for each cow but for more than 3 to 4 cows after washing. Also, on milking turns disclosed 30 farms(40%) were milking cows in the order of incoming without isolation of a dominant group. According to grades of towels used in washing teats and udders, farms using a towel for each cow were 56% and a towel for over 3 cows were 31% in SPC grade 1A. According to using-or-not grades of dried towels after washing udders, farms using a towel for each cow were 79% and a towel for over 3 cows were 21% in SPC grade 1A. 6. Farms doing teat-dipping before milking were 7(10%), not doing teat-dipping after milking, or doing sometimes were 9(12%), and doing right after milking were 57(77%). And farms doing teat-dipping after dry cows and before delivery were 21(28a ). Farms using bethadine as an antiseptic solution were 70(95%), 40 farms(59%) diluted it with water as weak as 5 to 10 times, and on drying cows 64 farms(87%) slowly did it more than 2 days. Grade 1A of SPC of farms doing teat-dipping at every milking was 38%, farms doing occasionally or not was 33%, and farms doing it right after milking was 37% and doing after milking more than 5 cows was 20%. Grade 1A of SPC among farms diluting bethadine 5 times and diluting 5 to 10 times with water were 36% and 33%, respectively, and Grade 3 of SCC were 35% and 32%, respectively. 7. Studies on nonlactating period medical treatment, as the cows were on dry, 54 farms treated with their own hands.73 farms(98%) had bovine mastitis treated for themselves. And on applying medicines against mastitis, 55 farmers chose them on the basis of their own experience, 42 farms(57%) were treated more than 3 days. 41 farms(55%) dumped away the mastitis infected milk separately, 24 farms(32%) were feeding and milking at the same time. 8. Fifty-six farms(76%) always washed and disinfected milking machines after milking. Farms using the milking machines at low, or variable vacuum pressures, or at the vacuum pressure, set at the moment of its installation were 31(42%), and farms that did not know pulsation ratio were 27(37%). Farms changing liners when they were torn 8(11%), 58 farms(78%) said they checked milking system when there were wrong with them, 31 farms(42%) changed milking hoses when they found out problems, and 42 farms(57%) cleaned vacuum and milking systems when they felt dirty. The SPC grade 1A of farms washing and sterilizing milking machines was 38% and farms only washing was 28%.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.29-38
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• 2011

우리나라 대부분의 소매업태가 성장 또는 성숙단계에 머물고 있는 현재, 어떤 혁신적인 소매업태가 새로 출현하고 발전해 갈 것인가? 그리고 그 혁신적인 소매업태가 출현하고 발전해 갈 성장동력은 무엇인가? 본 연구는 이러한 문제인식에 근거하여 소매업태의 차별화경쟁과 소비자선택과의 상호행동을 연동하여 논의할 수 있는 소비자선택모델을 구축하여 혁신적인 소매업태의 출현과 발전과정을 분석하는 것이다. 본 연구에서의 분석결과는 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있다. 첫째, 소매시장에서 새로운 진공지대가 발생하면 그곳에 저가격·저서비스 또는 고가격·고서비스의 혁신적인 소매업태가 출현한다. 둘째, 진공지대에서 신규업태의 수가 많아지면 신규업태간의 수평적 경쟁이 야기되고, 이를 통해 각 신규업태는 격올림을 전개한다. 셋째, 신규업태가 격올림을 전개하면 신규업태와 기존업태간의 이업태간 경쟁이 야기되고, 이 경쟁에서 기존업태와 신규업태간의 동화과정이 전개된다. 넷째, 각 소매업태는 기존의 유통기술 프론티어를 돌파하기 위해 유통혁신을 추진하게 되고, 다른 소매업태는 그 혁신자를 추종한다. 위에서 언급한 분석결과를 근거로 하여 본 연구에서는 세가지 시사점을 제언할 수 있다. 첫째, 본 연구는 소매업태가 차별화전략을 추진할 때 사용되는 점포 속성에 대한 소비자의 의사결정과정구도에 대응하면서 최종적으로는 시장점유율의 변화와도 연동하여 논의할 수 있는 소비자선택모델을 구축하였다는 점이다. 둘째, 본 연구는 이러한 소비자선택모델을 토대로 혁신적인 소매업태의 출현과 발전과정에 대한 분석을 보다 정교한 논리 구조에 입각해서 설명하였다는 점이다. 셋째, 본 연구에서의 논의한 소매업태의 발전과정은 시장에서 경쟁우위를 획득하기 위해서 소매업태가 소매믹스를 어떻게 전개할 것인지에 대한 소매업자의 경영관리 측면에서의 해법을 제시하였다는 점이다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.81-88
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• 1981

1980년(年) 8월(月)부터 1981년(年) 7월(月)까지 만(滿) 1년간(年間) 대구지방(大邱地方)의 15개(個) 섬유업체(纖維業體)의 산업재해(産業災害)의 전향성(前向性) 조사성적(調査成績)을 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 년간(年間) 재해(災害) 발생률(發生率)은 3.3%이며, 남자(男子) 6.7%, 여자(女子) 2%로써 남자(男子)에서 다발(多發)하였고 업체규모(業體規模)가 클수록 그율(率)은 낮은 경향(傾向)을 나타내었다. 2. 상해자(傷害者)들의 연령별(年齡別) 분포(分布)는 19재(才)미만군이 49.3%로 제일 높았으나, 연령별(年齡別) 특수(特殊) 발생률(發生率)은 30재(才) 이상군(以上群)이 4.7%이며, 19세미만군은 4.3%이였다. 3. 근속년수별(勤續年數別) 발생빈도(發生頻度)는 근무경력 1년이하(年以下)인 자(者)가 57.1%로 근속년수가 짧을수록 재해발생율이 높았다. 4. 작업개시후(作業開始後) 수상시간(受傷時間) 관찰(觀察)에서 작업개시후(作業開始後) 3시간이 18.1%로서 가장 높았다. 5. 요일별(曜日別) 재해(災害) 발생빈도(發生頻度)는 월요일(月曜日)이 20.3%로 가장 높았으며 목요일(木曜日)까지 점차 감소(減少)하다가 다시 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 6. 계절별(季節別) 발생빈도(發生頻度)는 동계(冬季)가 27.7%로 제일 높았고 월별(月別)은 1월(月)과 8월(月)이 각각(各各) 14% 및 11.8%로 높게 나타났다. 7. 재해원인별(災害原因別) 발생빈도(發生頻度)는 기계(機械)에 의(依)한 것이 39.2%로 가장 높았고, 다음이 충돌(衝突) 17.8%, 추락(墜落) 16.3%, 낙하물(落下物) 14.3% 및 수공구(手工具)의 순위(順位)였다. 8. 상해부위(傷害部位)는 상지부(上肢部)가 66.9%를 차지하였고, 수지부(手肢部)가 전체(全體)의 43.9%로 제일 빈도(頻度)가 많았다. 9. 상해종류(傷害種類)는 개방창(開放創) 35.7%로 제일 높았고, 다음이 표재성손상(表在性損傷) 좌상(挫傷) 35.1%, 염좌(捻挫) 탈구(脫臼) 골절(骨折) 15.7%의 순위(順位)였다. 10. 치료기간별(治療期間別) 분포(分布)는 $1{\sim}2$주(週)가 35.2%로 제일 높았고, 70.1%는 1개월이내(個月以內)에 치유(治癒)되었으며, 업체규모(業體規模)가 클수록 치료기간(治療期間)이 연장(延長)되는 경향(傾向)을 나타내었다.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.263-272
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• 2013

Consistent information on the chemical composition and its seasonal variation of goat udder half milk is limited in Korea. The objective of this study was to analyze the seasonal variation of the chemical composition of goat milk to take establish various parameters into consideration on the pricing of the goat milk. Variations in chemical composition, somatic cell count (SCC) and bacterial count of 1,038 udder half milk samples from 650 heads raised in 7 farms of Jeonnam province were determined by season. Fat, protein, lactose, non-fat solids, milk urea nitrogen (MUN), pH, SCC and bacterial counts were also analyzed. The average composition of the milk was: fat $3.80{\pm}1.36%$, protein $3.23{\pm}0.80%$, lactose $4.39{\pm}0.54%$, total solids $12.18{\pm}1.80%$, non-fat solids $8.38{\pm}0.80%$, and milk urea nitrogen $28.44{\pm}5.00mg/dL$. The average pH was $6.81{\pm}0.24$. The average of SCC and bacterial counts were $2.54{\pm}4.60{\times}10^6cells/mL$ and $1.25{\pm}3.76{\times}10^5CFU/mL$, respectively. Chemical composition, pH, SCC and bacterial counts of dairy goat milk varied widely during the lactation period and by season. The fat concentration was the lowest in spring ($3.39{\pm}1.53%$) and the highest in autumn and winter ($3.98{\pm}1.30%$ and $3.98{\pm}1.48%$). Protein concentration was the lowest during summer ($2.92{\pm}0.48%$) and the highest in winter ($2.92{\pm}0.48%$). Lactose concentration was the lowest in autumn ($4.24{\pm}0.41%$) and the highest in spring ($4.58{\pm}0.35%$). The lowest total solid value was obtained in the spring season ($11.75{\pm}1.80%$) which was then increased in winter ($12.85{\pm}1.96%$). Non-fat solid concentration was the lowest in summer ($8.07{\pm}0.64%$) and the highest in autumn ($8.94{\pm}0.82%$). MUN concentration was the highest in summer ($8.07{\pm}0.64%$), and the pH concentration was the highest in spring at $6.93{\pm}0.27%$. Seasonal variation of SCC and bacterial count were the lowest in spring ($0.94{\pm}1.54{\times}10^6cells/mL$ and $0.22{\pm}0.61{\times}10^5CFU/mL$, respectively) and was the highest in winter ($3.95{\pm}7.14{\times}10^6cells/mL$ and $2.23{\pm}5.54{\times}10^4CFU/mL$, respectively).

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.235-245
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• 2000

This study was peformed to elucidate the effects of antler, red ginseng, safflower seed, ipriflavone and estrogen on ovariectomized rats. The rats were fed with Ca and P deficient diet for five weeks to induce osteoporosis. After this period, these animals were fed with normal for and treated every other day with antler(600mg/kg, PO), red ginseng(200mg/kg, PO), safflower(200mg/kg, PO), ipriflavone(80mg/kg, PO) and estrogene(400$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg, IM) for S weeks. During the treatment, the rats were examined for body, organ, femur and femur ash weights. And electron-microscopical examinations were also performed on femora. The results are summarized as follows : 1. The body weights of the antler, red ginseng, safflower, ipriflavone and estrogen-treated groups after five weeks of treatment, were 303.0$\pm$3.0g, 273.3$\pm$4.4g, 288.3$\pm$5.1g, 300.5$\pm$5.2g, 320.5$\pm$4.2g, respectively. They, except the red ginseng-treated group, were significantly higher than 278.4$\pm$2.7g of normal control group(P<0.05). And the body weight of non-treatment group was 29it.2$\pm$5.5g which was higher than that of control group, too. 2. The weights of left femur after five weeks of treatment were showed 0.83$\pm$0.2g by antler, 0.89$\pm$0.2g by red ginseng, 0.87$\pm$0.2g by safflower 0.83$\pm$0.1g by ipriflavone and 0.78$\pm$0.1g by estrogen-treated group. They were a little lower than 0.97$\pm$0.1g of normal control group. Non-treatment group showed 0.83$\pm$0.1g which was lower than that of control group but not significant. 3. The weights of ashed left femora after five weeks of treatment were showed 0.36$\pm$0.01g by antler, 0.40$\pm$0.01g by red ginseng, 0.41$\pm$0.01g by safflower, 0.36$\pm$0.01g by ipriflavone and 0.35$\pm$0.01g by estrogen-treated group. Those results were significantly lower than 0.43$\pm$0.01g of normal control group. And non-treatment group showed 0.29$\pm$0.01g of femoral ash which was significantly lower than that showed by control group(p<0.05). 4. The femoral Ca contents of the antler, red ginseng, safflower, ipriflavone and estrogen-treated rats were 19.6$\pm$0.7%, 17.8$\pm$1.1%, 18.8$\pm$0.9%, 18.0$\pm$1.1%, 15.3$\pm$1.1%, respectively, after five weeks of treatment. The femoral Ca contents of antler and safflower-treated groups were higher than that of control group which showed 18.2$\pm$0.9% of Ca The non-treatment group, showing 15.3$\pm$0.7%, had significantly lower content of Ca than normal group(p<0.05). 5. The weights of liver, spleen, and kidney in the osteoporosis-induced rats during the treatment with antler, red ginseng, safflower, jpriflavone and estrogen showed not significant changes. 6. The connections among the trabeculae of control group were maintained well, showing no bone loss. However, the connections among the trabeculae of non-treatment group were thinner than those of control group and were almost disconnected and the lacunae were found to be broadened. Antler and safflower-treated group showed only slight changes. The recovery rates were prominent in antler, safflower, estrogen-treated groups but they were insignificant in red ginseng and ipriflavone-treated groups.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.247-254
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• 2000

This study was performed to elucidate the effects of antler, red ginseng, safflower seed, ipriflavone and estrogen on ovariectomized rats. The rats were fed with Ca and P deficient diet for five weeks to induce osteoporosis. After this period, these animals were fed with normal feed and treated every other day with antler(600 mg/kg, p.o), red ginseng(200 mg/kg, p.o), safflower(200 mg/kg, p.o), ipriflavone(80 mg/kg, p.o) and estrogene(400$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg, i.m) for 5 weeks. During the treatment, the rats were examined for serum concentrations of estradiol, calcitonin, Ca, p and alkaline phosphatase(ALP) activities. The results are summarized as follows 1. The levels of serum 17 $\beta$-estradiol after five weeks of treatment were showed 39.6$\pm$3.0 pg/ml by antler, 33.2$\pm$2.5pg/ml by red ginseng, 34.9$\pm$2.4pg/ml by safflower, 28.1$\pm$3.1 pg/ml by ipriflavone and 40.6$\pm$3.0pg/ml by estrogen-treated group. They were lower than 50.8$\pm$3.1pg/ml of normal control group which had not received ovariectomy. They, however, were significantly higher than 26.8$\pm$1.8pg/ml of ovariectomized non-treatment group(p<0.05). 2. The levels of serum calcitonin after five weeks of treatment were showed 0.60$\pm$0.02 ng/ml by antler, 0.55$\pm$0.04ng/ml by red ginseng, 0.59$\pm$0.02ng/ml by safflower, 0.56$\pm$0.04ng/ml by ipriflavone and 0.62$\pm$0.02ng/ml by estrogen-treated group. They were lower than 0.67$\pm$0.03pg/ml of normal control group. However, they were significantly higher than 0.45$\pm$0.05ng/ml of ovariectomized non-treatment group(p<0.05). 3. The levels of serum Ca of the rats after five weeks of treatment with antler, red ginseng, safflower, ipriflavone and estrogen were 23.51$\pm$2.19$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$, 25.22$\pm$3.44$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$, 23.20$\pm$0.02$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$, 24.76$\pm$3.57$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$, 23.07$\pm$3.66$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$, respectively. They were a bit higher than 21.43$\pm$2.22$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ of normal control group. And non-treatment group showed 26.12$\pm$0.29$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ which was significantly higher than that of control group(P<0.05). 4. The serum P concentraions after five weeks of treatment were showed 12.11$\pm$2.14$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ by antler, 13.18$\pm$1.64u91m4 by red ginseng, 12.67 $\pm$2.31$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ by safflower, 12.38$\pm$2.07$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ by ipriflavone, 11.86$\pm$1.93$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ by estrogen-treated group. They were a bit higher than 11.29$\pm$1.23$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ of normal control group. And non-treatment group showed 13.42$\pm$1.87$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ which was higher than that of control group but not significant. 5. The levels of serum ALP after five weeks of treatment were showed 164.8$\pm$3.8IU/ml by antler, 277.7$\pm$4.8IU/ml by red ginseng, 288.5$\pm$4.5IU/ml by safflower, 214.7$\pm$5.7IU/ml by ipriflavone and 159.4$\pm$5.4IU/ml by estrogen-treated group. They were significantly higher than 144.1$\pm$3.5IU/ml of normal control group(p<0.05). However, they were significantly lower than 336.9 $\pm$12.7IU/ml of ovariectomized non-treatment group(p<0.05). Antler and safflower elevated serum estradiol and calcitonin, and decreased serum ALP significantly. Therefore they were thought to have therapeutic effect on osteoposis by making inhibitory effect on osteoclasts rather than activating osteoblasts.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.37-55
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• 1990

Every country in the world has been trying to expand the basic health right for the peoples as W.H.O has established the goal 'health for AU' by the year of 2000. Related to this goal, our government authority has establish the policy 'the insurance of health for all' into effect from July 198\). Recently hospitalshave been making a ceaseless effort for the plan for the rationalization of its management the academic World is making it a subject of discussion by doing the secure of manpower at a resonable level and the increase of productivity by the manpower. As a result of the efforts the study was established to secure the numbers of nursing manpower at a resonable level and use the unskilled persons at the utilizing field and seek the possible area of their activity for more efficient service through the investigation of ablity of simple nursing activities of regiestered nurses and nurse aides for rational function according to the educational levels and talents. The method of study was established by the registered nurses and nurse and nurse aides(R.N 229, N.A 226) who are working in 15 hospitals with over 200 beds. This surrey was conducted from Mar 29, 1989 to April 8, 1989. The method to test the degree of importance, difficulties, and the abillity of performance of a simple nursing activities was classified into 35 activities on the basis of references on this field. The degree of importance was composed from point l(Not so important) to 5(Very important). the degree of difficulties. was composed as follows; very easy - Point 1 very difficult and complicated - Point 5. and the ability of performance was composed from point 1 to 5. The materials gathered through the survey were analyzed with frequency, mean standard deviation, percentage. t-test, Anova, pearson's coefficient of correlation, stepwise multiple regression. factor analysis, discriminant analysis. The obtained results are summarized as follows: 1. The recognition values of the simple nursing activities of each group of registered nurse and nurse aides show; The degree of importance; 4.04 and 4.26 The degree of difficulties; 2.72 and 2.94 The ability of performance; 2.07 and 2.38 The brief summary shows there are little differences between who two groups the simple nursing activities turned out to be easy and simple work. 2. Regardless of the degree of importance, and difficulties, the ability of performance the important in fluencing of the degree of the simple nursing activities between the registered nurses and nurse aides was the order of educational level, hospital career, working career in wards and ages of the registered nurses and ages and hospital creer of nurse aides. The result was that the simple nursing activities could easily be familiar through the training of their working environment and period of experience. 3. Among the 35 simple nursing activities the items capable of resonable entrusting to the nurse aides are 5 that is helping bed-bathing, 8itz Bath, using bed pan, care while delivering patient, accompaying patient when visitor's check. There wasn't and differences between RN and nurse aides in performing the above 5 items. In anywhere. so we can say obviosuly that this nursing activities should be performed under the nursing system of which chief of nurse are supposed to supervise nurse aides as a possible function to be entrusted. In view of the above mentioned results, therefore, this partial functional job of the simple nursing activities can able be entrusted to the nurse aides through the regular training course. In case of these functional activities could be entrusted under, the responsibility of registered nurse, we can able suggest to for that there are the following advantages: 1.. In the nursing activities-affairs, the qualified guarantee of the nursing services can be kept and increased or promotoed with accommodation of the required nursing service and roles being expanded presently. 2. In the productivity of the hospital manpower, therefore, we have comt to view and consider in favourly that when an automational administration times would be come in the near future time to hospital affairs as a reality, to utilize the existing nures aides is better rather than investing so as to develop the other source manpowers or seek its for the efficient business management in the operational strategy or its policy.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.431-438
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• 2010

본 연구는 치과위생사를 감정노동 종사자로 보고 감정노동의 중요성을 인식하여 치과위생사의 감정노동 정도를 확인하고, 일반적인 특성, 직무관련 특성, 건강관련 특성 및 중재요인(직무만족도, 사회적 지원), 반응요인(피로)이 치과위생사의 감정노동에 어느 정도 영향을 미치는지 파악하기 위해 시도되었다. 전남 북 지역의 치과병원에 근무하는 치과위생사를 대상으로 2010년 3월부터 2010년 7월까지 자기기입식 설문조사 방식으로 213부의 설문지를 수집하여 SPSS 12.0 프로그램을 이용하여 분석하였다. 1. 치과위생사의 감정노동의 수준은 중등도 이상의 감정노동 수준을 보이고 있었으며, 하위 요인 중 감정표현의 정도, 환자응대, 진심행위 등의 순으로 나타났다. 2. 제 특성에 따른 감정노동의 수준 및 분포는 24세 이하, 미혼, 치과위생사 경력이 2년 이하, 근무시간이 8~9시간, 비흡연자, 규칙적인 운동을 하지 않으며, 음주를 하고, 직무만족도가 낮고(직무불만족도가 높고), 사회적 지원이 낮다고 느끼는 치과위생사의 경우 감정노동의 수준이 높은 부류($Q_2$, High)에서 분포 및 수준이 높게 나타났다. 3. 치과위생사의 감정노동수준과 직무만족, 사회적지원, 피로 변수들 간의 상관관계를 분석한 결과 사이에는 유의한 상관관계를 보였으며 직무만족이 낮고(직무불만족이 높고), 사회적지원이 불충분하고, 피로를 많이 느낄수록 감정노동의 수준이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 4. 치과위생사의 감정노동 수준에 미치는 요인을 중회귀분석한 결과 "사회적 지원", "치과위생사 경력", "직무만족", "근무자 수", "나이", "방문 환자수", "결혼" 항목 순으로 유의하게 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었으며 설명력은 82.3%이었다. 이상의 결과를 기초로 치과위생사의 감정노동 수준 및 감정노동에 영향을 미치는 요인 분석을 실시한 결과 중등도 이상의 감정노동수준을 보이고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 감정노동 수준에 영향을 미치는 중요 요인은 "나이", "결혼", "치과위생사 경력" 등 개인적 요인과 "사회적 지원", "직무만족", "근무자 수", "방문 환자수" 등 병원 근무환경과 병원근무자들 사이의 인간적인 관계를 기초로 하는 변수들인 것으로 분석 되었다. 즉, 치과위생사의 직무수행에 따른 감정노동 수준을 저감시키기 위해서는 같이 근무하는 근무자들 사이의 원만한 관계 유지가 중요하며 업무여건을 개선하고 직무만족도를 높일 수 있도록 충분한 치과위생사의 수 확보 등의 대책을 수립해야 할 것으로 판단된다. 나아가 치과위생사의 감정노동의 중요성을 인식하고, 향후 치과위생사 및 병원조직의 감정노동에 대한 이해를 높이고 감정노동을 지속적으로 관리할 수 있는 프로그램 개발이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.