• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.44-50
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• 2003

The iron status and its relations with nutrient intake, coffee drinking, and cigarette smoking were evaluated through the blood analysis and 3-day dietary recalls in 102 apparently healthy Korean adults (48 males, 54 menstruating females) aged 20-49 years and living in Daejeon City. Mean values of hemoglobin (Hb) in males and females were 15.5g/dL and 13.2g/dL, mean corpscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) 36.0% and 36.8 %, serum iron (SI) 135 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dL and 97 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dL, transferrin saturation (TS) 39.4% and 29.2%, and serum ferritin (Ft) 88.1 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L and 23.4 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L, respectively. For males the prevalences of abnormal values of iron status indicators were 4.2% in Hb, 2.1% in TS, and 4.2% in Ft, and for females 16.7% in Hb, 25.9% in TS, and 35.2% in Ft. Among females 9.3% had abnormal Ft, TS, and Hb, which was considered as iron-defeciency anemia, and 14.8% had abnormal Ft and TS. As a whole, the impaired iron status prevalences were estimated to be 2.1 - 4.2% for males and 9.3 - 35.2% for females. Mean daily intakes of iron and heme-iron were 13.7mg and 1.51mg in males, and 12.3mg and 1.45mg in females. Ft was positively correlated with dietary energy, protein, iron, and vitamin A, Hb with energy and iron, and MCHC with iron and heme iron. Vitamin A also tended to show positive correlations with Hb, SI, and TS. Coffee drinkers taking 3 cups per day or more had higher levels of Hb, MCHC, and Ft in males and MCHC in females, compared to non-coffee drinkers. Higher levels of Hb and MCHC were found in male smokers than in non-smokers. Coffee drinkers took more energy and vitamin A in males and MPF protein in females than non-coffee drinkers. From the above results, it was suggested that the iron status of men was much better than that of women, and the intakes of energy, iron, heme iron, and especially vitamin A were positively associated with the iron status. Cigarette smoking elevated Hb and MCHC, but the effect of coffee drinking on iron staus was not clear. (J Community Nutrition 5(1) : 44∼50, 2003)

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.498-505
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• 2023

Objective: This study was conducted to determine the optimal dose of novel iron amino acid complexes (Fe-Lys-Glu) by measuring laying performance, egg quality, egg iron (Fe) concentrations, and blood biochemical parameters in laying hens. Methods: A total of 1,260 18-week-old healthy Beijing White laying hens were randomly divided into 7 groups with 12 replicates of 15 birds each. After a 2-wk acclimation to the basal diet, hens were fed diets supplemented with 0 (negative control, the analyzed innate iron content was 75.06 mg/kg), 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 mg Fe/kg as Fe-Lys-Glu or 45 mg Fe/kg from FeSO₄ (positive control) for 24 wk. Results: Results showed that compared with the negative and positive control groups, dietary supplementation with 30 to 75 mg Fe/kg from Fe-Lys-Glu significantly (linear and quadratic, p<0.05) increased the laying rate (LR) and average daily egg weight (ADEW); hens administered 45 to 75 mg Fe/kg as Fe-Lys-Glu showed a remarkable (linear, p<0.05) decrease in feed conversion ratio. There were no significant differences among all groups in egg quality. The iron concentrations in egg yolk and serum were elevated by increasing Fe-Lys-Glu levels, and the highest iron content was found in 75 mg Fe/kg group. In addition, hens fed 45 mg Fe/kg from Fe-Lys-Glu had (linear and quadratic, p<0.05) higher yolk Fe contents than that with the same dosage of FeSO₄ supplementation. The red blood cell (RBC) count and hemoglobin content (linear and quadratic, p<0.05) increased obviously in the groups fed with 30 to 75 mg Fe/kg as Fe-Lys-Glu in comparison with the control group. Fe-Lys-Glu supplementation also (linear and quadratic, p<0.05) enhanced the activity of copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) in serum, as a result, the serum malonaldehyde content (linear and quadratic, p<0.05) decreased in hens received 60 to 75 mg Fe/kg as Fe-Lys-Glu. Conclusion: Supplementation Fe-Lys-Glu in laying hens could substitute for FeSO₄ and the optimal additive levels of Fe-Lys-Glu are 45 mg Fe/kg in layers diets based on the quadratic regression analysis of LR, ADEW, RBC, and Cu/Zn-SOD.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제36권7호
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• pp.729-735
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• 2003

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of iron supplement for 4 weeks on iron status, immunity, and antioxidant status of national female soccer players (n = 25). This study was performed at summer hard training period right before competition. A single blind design was used to divide the subjects into iron-supplement (IS) or placebo group (P). Iron-supplement group was supplemented with iron (40 mg/d) for 4 weeks. The mean age of the subjects was 23.3 $\pm$ 2.5 years old. Mean height and body weight of the subjects were 164.4 $\pm$ 5.7 em and 57.4 $\pm$ 4.6 kg, respectively. The mean carrier as soccer player was 11.0 $\pm$ 2.6 years and mean training time was 7.0 $\pm$ 1.3 hr/day. The mean hemoglobin, hematocrit, total iron binding capacity and ferritin concentrations before iron supplementation were not different between two groups. After 4 weeks of summer training and iron supplementation, serum ferritin level was significantly increased only in IS group after supplementation. Mean corpuscular volume and total iron binding capacity were significantly decreased in both groups. Meanwhile, hemoglobin and red blood cell count were significantly lowered only in placebo group. The IgM concentration increased significantly in both groups, but IgG concentration had increasing tendency only in IS group (p < 0.064). Therefore, iron supplementation during hard training period may be helpful to improve work capacity of the athletes by improving ferritin status and humoral immune responses.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권10호
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• pp.1203-1210
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• 1997

This study was performed from March to June 1994 in ANsung Medical Center. We investigated serum components of 78 diabetics in the center, in addition to the nutrient intake status and anthrophometric status of 60 diabetics among them. We separated the latter into 2 groups(ⅰ) less tan 5 years of diabetic duration and ⅱ) more than 6 years of diabetic duration) and analyzed the clinical characteristics of each group. The results are as follows : \circled1 The average ages of male and female subjects were 57.1 and 58.9 years, respectively. The average diabetic duration of male subjects was 4.8 years and that of female subjects was 5.9 . The major occupational field of both male and female subjects was agriculture(33.3%, 36.1%). 50% of male and 75% of female subject's monthly incomes were less than 600, 000 won and 75% of male and 94.4% of female subjects had weekly food expense less than 40, 000 won. The nutrient intake status of the subjects was lower than RDA on the whole. There was no big differences between 2 the male groups of different diabetic duration , but calorie, protein , fat carbohydrate, phosphorus, iron and Vit B$_1$intakes of the above 6 year female group were appearently higher than those of the under 5 year female group (p<0.05). There were different intake tendencies between male and female subjects . For females. the longer the diabetic duration, the less intakes of calorie, protein , fat carbohydrate, phosphorus, iron Vit B$_1$, Vit B$_2$, and niacin were observed. Furthermore, the longer the diabetic duration in females , the more intakes of energy and nutrients, except Vit C were observed. Fasting blood glucose levels were 155mg/dl and 164mg/dl and Postprandial glucose levels were 242mg/dl and 247mg/dl for males and females respectively. Hb of both males and females , and Ht of males met the lower limit of normal status, The serum TG level was higher than normal , so that they seemed to suffer from hyperlipidemia ; their high HbAIC status indicated that the management of diabetes mellitus was poor. The total protein level of female subject was higher when compared with that of males(p<0.05). All subjects blood pressure were higher than normal , and the longer the diabetic duration, the higher was the blood pressure. The serum HDL-cholesterol levels of the above 6 year group male subjects were lower(p<0.05) than those of the under 5 year male group subjects, and the former group's systolic and diastolic blood pressures were higher than those of the latter(p<0.05). Levels of serum total protein, albumin and TG of the above 6 year female group were lower than those of the under 5 year female group(p<0.05). As the diabetic duration was extended, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels showed a tendency to increase, while Hb, Ht, total protein, albumin, and A/G, which represent the nutrients state of iron and protein, were inclined to decrease. This result showed that serum lipid components went bad. To summarize the results, the longer the diabetic duration, the worse were the male subjects nutrient intake status, but those of the female subjects were good. With respect to serum components and serum lipid subjects Fe, protein, nutrition status and serum lipid component got worse as the diabetic duration was extended , implying the possibility of diabetes mellitus complication grows.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.83-87
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• 2004

To investigate the effects of dietary phytate reduction and zinc supplementation on biochemical iron parameters in elderly Korean women consuming inadequate iron, fifteen healthy women aged 64-75 years were recruited for a feeding study. A high-phytate diet (27.8 phytate:zinc molar ratio) was provided for 9 days, followed by a nine-day low-phytate diet(12.3) and a subsequent 28-day period of unregulated meals with zinc supplementation (22 mg/d as zinc gluconate). Serum iron increased significantly with the low-phytate diet (130.4 $\mu g$/L) but returned to the level observed during the high-phytate diet (113.0 $\mu g$ /L) period when subjects were taking zinc supplements (105.8 $\mu g$ /L). However, serum ferritin in the subjects decreased significantly with the low-phytate diet (73.8 $\mu g$ /L) as well as with zinc supplementation (57.2 $\mu g$ /L), compared to levels following consumption of the high-phytate diet (89.6 $\mu g$ /L). Transferrin receptor and transferrin saturation were unchanged with the treatments. In summary, zinc supplementation might result in deteriorated iron status in elderly Korean women who consume inadequate iron, while there was no significant effect from reducing dietary phytate.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.216-227
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• 1983

As an attempt to improve the nutritional status of Korean rural pre-school children, anthropometry, clinical examination, and hematological parameters(Hb, Ht, and serum albumin) are measured. Six kinds of diet supplemented with 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 20.0 mg Fe(as ferrous sulfate) were used for 10 weeks. Subjects were 349 pre- school children aged from 1 to 5 years old living in An-gam-my-on and Bong-dang-myon, Hwa-seung-goo, Kyong-gi-duo, and the supplementary diet was a product of the Model Nutritional Enterprise Factory in Wuen-sueng-goon, Gang-won- duo. The results obtained were as follows : 1) Physical development of subject children were within normal range during the feeding trial period of 9 weeks. 2) From the results of clinical examination, no children showed nutritional deficiency signs. 3) Iron free supplementary diet group( control group ) among other subject children also showed some improvement of hemoglobin level ana frequency of anemia. 4) The amount of iron fortified as supplemental diet was effective in 5.0-7.5 mg Fe per child per day, no further effect was observed by adding of more iron. 5) The values of hematocrit and serum albumin also improved by providing the supplementary diet.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.15-37
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• 1996

This thesis investigates 220 female students ranging from 19 to 26 years old attending universities in the Wonju area to determine the correlations between mental health and the density of serum iron . According to their serum iron levels, they were divided into three groups and analyzed with the GARS Scale Assessment and the THI Test Assessment. The results are as follows;1. On the comprehensive GARS Scale tests, for all groups, task, occupation and levels of university-related frustration(1) marked the highest scores.2. On the comparative assessment of each group's GARS Scale scores, Group A showed higher stress perception in terms of personal relationship(2,3) than any orther groups. 3. On the comprehensive THI test scores coverring all groups, Multiple subjective symptoms(I) marked the highest scores. 4. On the comparative assessment of each group's THI test scores, Group A showed higher Multiple subjective symptoms(I) and Irregularities of life(G) than any orther groups.5. Comparing and analyzing the GARS Scale Assessment and the THI Test, we found that Group A showed high stress perception, which may cause psychosomatic diseases such as 'yu zheng(鬱證;melancholia). With those results, we can see that the contant of serum iron is correlated to stress perception and the condition of mental health. In the future studies using the GARS Scale and the THI Test, it will be necessary to examine more subject groups in terms of multi-aspects and to investigate the standard group in more detail.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.362-369
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• 2002

목 적 : 빈혈은 아직도 전세계적으로 가장 흔히 볼 수 있는 영양결핍으로 특히 청소년기 여아에 많이 발생하는데, 그 원인은 철분의 불충분한 섭취, 빠른 성장에 따른 철분 필요량 증가 및 월경으로 인한 혈액 손실을 들 수 있다. 본 연구는 건강하게 보이는 중학생 및 고교의 여학생에 있어서 지난 10년간에 걸친 빈혈 및 철분에 관한 영양상태의 발표를 종합하였다. 방 법: 1990년 대구지역에서 도시와 농촌의 여학생에 대해, 1997년 부천지역 여학생에 대해, 1999년 울산지역에서 도시와 농촌지역 여학생에 대해, 2000년 인천에서 도시와 농촌의 여학생에 대해 혈액학적 조사와 신체 계측 그리고 설문지를 통한 조사가 이루어졌다. 빈혈은 혈색소 11.5 g/dL 미만으로 정의하였다. 철 결핍은 혈청 ferritin이 10 ng/mL 미만인 경우로 정의하였고, IDA는 혈색소가 최저 기준치 이하이면서 MCV 78 fL 미만, ferritin 10 ng/mL 미만, 또는 transferrin 포화도 10% 미만인 경우로 정의하였다. 결 과 : 1) 도시와 농촌간의 혈색소 평균치에는 유의할 만한 차이가 없었고, 연령이 증가함에 따라 평균 혈색소의 감소를 볼 수 있었다. 2) 전체적인 빈혈의 유병율은 1990년 13.4%, 1997년 6.9%, 1999년 6.0%, 2000년 5.7%로 감소하는 소견을 보이고 있고, 각각의 조사에서는 연령이 증가함에 따라 유병율도 증가하였다. 특히 여고생에서의 빈혈의 유병율은 1997년 10.1%, 2000년 12.6%로 높게 나타났다. 3) 철 결핍 유병율은 1990년 36.1%에 비해 1997년과 1999년은 13.9%, 13.3%로 감소하는 소견을 보이나 2000년 연구에서는 23.2%로 증가되었다. 4) 연도별 IDA의 유병율은 1990년에는 10.0%, 1997년 4.6%, 1999년 8.3%, 2000년 6.1%로 일정 하지는 않으나 감소하는 소견을 보이고 있고, 연령이 증가하면서 유병율이 증가하는 것을 볼 수 있다. 결 론 : 중, 고교 여학생에 있어서 10년 전에 비하여 철분 영양은 개선되었지만, 농촌과 도시에 관계없이 빈혈 및 철 결핍이 빈발하였고, 청소년기 연령이 올라갈수록 더욱 현저하였다. 더욱이 최근의 다이어트 풍조와 영양섭취의 불균형을 고려할 때, 다른 영양소의 부족 역시 우려할만한 것으로 사료된다. 따라서 중학교 3학년 이상의 여학생과 빈혈의 위험군에 대해서는 선별검사가 요구되며, 아울러 지속적이며 효과적인 영양 교육과 철분지표와 영양지식에 대한 평가가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.203-209
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• 2011

Magnesium (Mg) plays an essential role in physiological and metabolic reactions. Recently, there has been an increased interest in the role of Mg deficiency, particularly the relationship between serum Mg value and inflammatory response. This study was designed to determine the relationship between serum Mg deficiency with inflammatory response, electrolytes and hematological alteration over long-term periods. Sixteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups: control (n=8), and Mg deficiency group (MgD group, n=8). Chow and normal water (tap water) were regularly provided to the control group and Mg-depleted chow and third distilled water were regularly provided for 60 days to the MgD group. Body weights, Serum Mg, $K^+$, inorganic phosphorus (IP) and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) levels in the MgD group were lower than those of the control group (P<0.05). Granulocyte fraction and MCV, RDW and PDW levels were higher, whereas lymphocyte fraction, erythrocyte, hemoglobin and MCHC levels were lower in the MgD group than in the control group (P<0.05). MCP-1 and TNF-${\alpha}$ levels in the MgD group were greater than those of the control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest that Mg deficiency over a long-term period had not altered total leukocyte concentration in the blood, but had detrimental effects, including disturbances of electrolytes balance, disturbance of iron indices, potential anemia and elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokine. However, further studies should be performed to determine the relationship between serum Mg deficiency and major organ damage or alteration.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.299-304
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• 2017

Thallium and its compounds are a class of highly toxic chemicals that cause wide-ranging symptoms such as gastrointestinal disturbances; polyneuritis; encephalopathy; tachycardia; skin eruptions; hepatic, renal, cardiac, and neurological toxicities; and have mutagenic and genotoxic effects. The present research aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the chelating agents deferasirox (DFX) and deferiprone (L1) in reducing serum and tissue thallium levels after the administration of thallium (III), according to two different dosing regimens, to several groups of Wistar rats for 60 days. It was hypothesized that the two chelators might be more efficient as a combined therapy than as monotherapies in removing thallium (III) from the rats' organs. The chelators were administered orally as either single or combined therapies for a period of 14 days. Serum and tissue thallium (III) and iron concentrations were determined by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Serum and tissue thallium (III) levels were significantly reduced by combined therapy with DFX and L1. Additionally, iron concentrations returned to normal levels and symptoms of toxicity decreased.