• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.77-91
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• 2002

This research was accomplished to prove that the females would be different bakery utilization by their age group and what was the main factor of bakery product at each age group. This subway was examined far 221 females by the self-administerd questionnaire method. The demographic characteristics of research examines showed that the twenties were 77(34.8%), the thirties and the over forties were 72(35.6%) respectively. 55.2% of them graduated a high school and housewives were 35.3%. They normally use the bakery 1 ~ 3 times per week(49.8%), especially they use it in the evening. They responded that the reason of using bakery product was the delicious taste. Twenties bought the bakery product for themselves but the over forties did it for their sons or daughter. The price for one purchasing was usually 2,000~5,000 won. Twenties showed the highest usage of cooked bread with vegetable or ham etc., the thirties liked plain bread but the over forties usually used the bread of sweat taste. Most of them considered the taste as the most important factor when the product was bought especially in twenties. However, the thirties and the over forties also thought the nutrition was important. They also needed the development of new bakery product, especially thirties asked the improvement of service of bakery.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.683-697
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• 2012

In this paper, a risk analysis methodology applicable to shield TBM tunnels was studied. Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) was utilized to identify all risk items and to calculate the probability of failure of each item and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to obtain the impact of each risk item. Finally, a risk level of each risk item can be assessed. Developed methodology is applied to a Seoul subway site in which EPB shield tunnel method was utilized and it was found that risk analysis results matched reasonably well with field data.

• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.1217-1226
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• 2000

Traditionally, Mobile Teletraffic model consists of two sub-models, i.e. the network traffic model and the traffic source model. In this paper, we present the traffic source model by developing MobCall (Mobile Call Simulator) which analyses various mobile wireless environments based on regional characteristics that the base stations are located. User mobility is presented by regional average vehicle speeds and the transportation share rate. Moreover, the user mobility on subway, which is increasing in urban area, is considered in MobCall. And also, user's movements on highway are considered in MobCall. The object-oriented simulation platform, C++SIM, is used to implement MobCall. Using MobCall, the accumulated number of calls in residential and commercial regions, the handoff rate with respect to traffic sources of Seoul, the handoff rate on highway, and the handoff rate according to the call duration are presented. MobCall enables the simulation of dynamic handoff buffering and functional entity control of one base station according to the changes in user's calling pattern at the design phase. Also, when a new town is under construction by a detailed plan, MobCall is used to design the mobile network with regional characteristics and user mobility considered.

• Geotechnical Engineering
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.87-110
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• 1996

To simulate the three4imensional effect occurring near the tunnel face in a two -dimensional model, empirical load -dirtribution ratio concept is frequently used in tunnel design. In this paper, three -dimensional analysis is performed and its results are compared with those of two dimensional analysis'to investigate the applicability of the loadiistribution ratio concept. Especially, stress concentration near the tunnel face is investigated in depth. A parametric study is performed to investigate the effect of each factor on the load distribution ratio. The factors considered here include unsupported span length, initial stress, rock quality, tunnel size and the depth of tunnel location Moreover, the load -distribution ratios for the typical tunnel sections in Seoul Subway to be used in the tunnel design are suggested.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.148-155
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• 2014

This practical study investigates the effects of job satisfaction as a result of the stresses felt by many dispatchers who work in the subway industry in the Seoul metropolitan area. Factors that cause stress are assessed. The organization system, inappropriate compensation, workplace culture, and job requirements, among several types of organizational stresses are significantly related to job satisfaction. The results of the analysis indicate that there is a close link between job satisfaction and dispatcher communication factors. This paper suggests stress-relief measures for dispatchers who must handle a variety of civil complaints and improper communications with field departments based on the analysis of the answers to descriptive questionnaire items.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.91-98
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• 2009

For maintaining railroad, accumulated passing tonnage is a determinant factor of appropriate rail replacement time. Recently, Seoul Metro's rail maintaining system and technology is being improved from previous years, which increasing a standard of rail replacement. Thus, this brings importance of estimating and managing for accumulated passing tonnage. In case of light weighted train such as subway, current method of calculating accumulated passing tonnage has defaults of misrepresenting accumulated passing tonnage data. Because current method is based on the weight of passengers and train., and operation data. In addition, currently there is no mechanical and electronic system that could represent and support the accurate data between heavy and non-heavy traffic area, and accumulated passing tonnage is calculated inaccurately by estimating average value each line. The current method of calculating accumulated passing tonnage misleads to unpredictable data that represent inappropriate rail replacement period, which leads to under or over analyzed replacement period. If accumulated passing tonnage is over estimated, rail replacement leads to waste of budget. Hence, it is necessary to construct reliable actual measurement system to manage rail's life safely and efficiently, and in this study the accumulated passing tonnage measurement device is installed with using rail pad of optical fiber sensors and its effect is analyzed.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.1052-1063
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• 2016

We propose a millimeter wave (MMW)-based mobile hotspot network (MHN) system for application in high-speed railways that is capable of supporting a peak backhaul link throughput of 1 Gbps per train at 400 km/h. The MHN system can be implemented in subways and high-speed trains to support passengers with smart devices and provide access to the Internet. The proposed system can overcome the inherent high path loss in MMW through system designs and high antenna gains. We present a simulation of the system performance that shows that a fixed beamforming strategy can provide high signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio similar to those of an adaptive beamforming strategy, with the exception of 15% of the train path in which the network can use link adaptation with low-order modulation formats or trigger a handover to maintain the connection. We also demonstrate the feasibility of the MHN system using a test bed deployed in Seoul subway line 8. The backhaul link throughput varies instantaneously between 200 Mbps and 500 Mbps depending on the SNR variations while the train is running. During the field trial, the smartphones used could make connections through offloading.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.341-348
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• 2002

The purpose of maintenance monitoring is to offer the objective and continuous data in order to be lasting security affirmation and best fitted maintenance of tunnel structure. Though recently the examples of maintenance monitoring which Is applied to tunnel are rapidly increasing, long-term measured monitoring actual results and rationally analysis method researches are wholly lacking. In this study, it is analyzed that the relationship of stress and reinforcement stress of concrete lining, i.e., last support materials of tunnel through regression analysis based on the monitoring result of the subway tunnel, which was accomplished the monitoring for long period, passing the weathering. Also, through the analysis of the stress and the safety of concrete lining, it is estimated that the frequency of maintenance monitoring and the in-situ application of the criteria value of management.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.12 no.4 s.31
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• pp.1-17
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to find out the impact of a selection attribute on customer satisfaction and customer loyalty in the coffee house industry. Through the preceding research, author chose coffee quality, price value, interior and employee service quality as selection attributes as well as customer loyalty as intent to recommend and to revisit. For this study, data were collected from the pedestrians around Kangnam, Samsung, Seoul national university of education subway stations from July 12 to August 4, 2005. Questionnaires were distributed and, of 314 papers, only 300 were suitable for the statistical analysis. The findings of the research were as follows: First, four selections had an effect on customer satisfaction which influenced customer loyalty. Coffee quality was the most influential variable among the selection attributes, and came price value, and interior and employee service quality in that order. Second, intent to revisit was influenced directly by not only customer satisfaction but also intent to recommend. However, this study had such limitations that data used in this study were limited to relatively narrow area and four attributes were not enough to explain all situations of choosing coffee houses. Consequently, further studies are needed to include more variables and coffee houses' brand images.

• Magazine of korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.59-71
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• 1999

Recently, many deformations in tunnel such as crack and leakage were occulted. Specially, the defects of tunnel lining have been a serious problem in safety and stability many repair works for maintenance in tunnel have been carried out. Therefore, it is necessary to estimate the structural cracking for countermeasure in deformed tunnel and to investigate on the characteristics of lining system and the soundness of tunnel. In this study model tests for tunnel lining were carried out using test apparatus and centrifuge, In the direct loading test, the prototype was Kyungbu high-speed railway tunnel and the scale is 1/10, and lining models were made of concrete. Test conditions included load conditions such as direction, shape and type, lining conditions such as single and double lining, thickness, and reinforcement. In centrifuge model test, the prototype was Seoul subway tunnel and the scale is 1/100, and lining models were made of aluminum and hydrostone. Test conditions included tunnel defects such as thickness shortage. behind cavity and longitudinal cracks, reinforcement methods such as epoxy, grouting and carbon sheet. From these model tests , the characteristics of deformation and failure for tunnel lining were estimated, and the structural behaviors of deformed lining and the effects of repair and reinforcement for tunnel lining were researched.