• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.43 no.8
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• pp.733-745
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• 2010

Seasonality of hydrologic extreme variable is a significant element from a water resources managemental point of view. It is closely related with various fields such as dam operation, flood control, irrigation water management, and so on. Hydrological frequency analysis conjunction with partial duration series rather than block maxima, offers benefits that include data expansion, analysis of seasonality and occurrence. In this study, nonstationary frequency analysis based on the Bayesian model has been suggested which effectively linked with advantage of POT (peaks over threshold) analysis that contains seasonality information. A selected threshold that the value of upper 98% among the 24 hours duration rainfall was applied to extract POT series at Seoul station, and goodness-fit-test of selected GEV distribution has been examined through graphical representation. Seasonal variation of location and scale parameter ($\mu$ and $\sigma$) of GEV distribution were represented by Fourier series, and the posterior distributions were estimated by Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation. The design rainfall estimated by GEV quantile function and derived posterior distribution for the Fourier coefficients, were illustrated with a wide range of return periods. The nonstationary frequency analysis considering seasonality can reasonably reproduce underlying extreme distribution and simultaneously provide a full annual cycle of the design rainfall as well.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.167-176
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• 2013

The City Complex Development and TOD originated from the Compact City are entrenched domestically. The New Urban Development such as these changes Structure of Urban space from the Automobile to the Public Transportation. Also, Transit-Oriented Development is drawing attention as sustainability because it has effects of Environment as Green growth. However, An empirical Study is insufficient about Influence Factors of Transit Oriented Development. Therefore This study sets up the Density spaced 1000m apart of Transit Oriented than the existing and did 7 Types considered of Accessibility, Complexity and Design Element according to the Factorial analysis. As a result, this study drew that (1) 'intraregional accessibility of public transit', (2) 'degree of development', 'pedestrian-friendly facility', (3) 'interzonal accessibility of public transit', (4) 'land-use of the city centre', 'complex using of rail station area', 'complementary public transit' are related 201 in number of the Subway stations according to the Multi-dimensional scaling.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.31-36
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• 2008

Purpose: To investigate optical shop startup awareness of ophthalmic optics students as a basic source for startup education. Methods: Total of 287 students from three ophthalmic optics college in kyung-gi region was surveyed and analyzed using SPSS analysis. Results: Optical shop startup business plan of ophthalmic optics students was very high (80.1%). For startup timing, over 6yrs of employe (37.0%) was most and there was significant difference according to age (p<.001) and optician family present (p<.05). For startup type, single startup type (37%) was most and there was significant difference according to grade (p<.01). For startup unit of space, 30 pyong (43.5%) was most, Seoul metropolitan area and kyung-gi region (54.4%) was most for startup region, and station area (40.8%) was most for startup location. The reason of non-startup was eye hospital and glass related company employe (35.7%) was most and optical shop employe (35.7%) was most for non-startup planner's way. Conclusions: Startup business plan was very high and need to have startup education for there startup provision.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.415-422
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• 2010

Two leaf lettuces, chicory, endive, edible chrysanthemum, and pak-choi were hydroponically cultured under root restricted conditions in a deep flow technique system and their growth and nutritional values were investigated. Cylindrical plastic tubes with 100 mm height and diameters of 20, 25 or 30 mm were used for root restriction. Growth of all species was retarded by 25-95% as the roots zone was restricted. Pak-choi and edible chrysanthemum showed greater reduction in growth as compared with chicory and endive. Percent dry matter, C/N ratio, and contents of total ascorbic acid and total anthocyanin increased in the root restricted treatments. Contents of P and K decreased in the root restricted treatments, while contents of Mg, Fe, Mn, and Zn were not consistent among the tested species. Optimized root volumes to improve the nutritional values and to reduce the growth retardation varied depending on species of leafy vegetables. Tubes of ${\Phi}25mm{\times}100mm$ and ${\Phi}30mm{\times}100mm$ were suitable for chicory, endive and lettuce, and edible chrysanthemum and pak-choi, respectively. Results indicate that nutritional values of hydroponically-cultured leafy vegetables can be improved by root restriction.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.131-135
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• 2007

This study was performed as an effort to reduce soil loss by investigating the phase of water flow according to soil texture and rainfall pattern and by determining the canopy cover subfactor in the RUSLE (revised universal soil loss equation). Red pepper was planted at the 15% sloped lysimeter of $2m{\times}5m{\times}0.5m$ ($width{\times}length{\times}depth$) with three different textured soils (loam, clay loam and sandy loam) and the relationship between amount and intensity of rainfall; soil loss and the amount of runoff; and amount of rainfall and runoff at different soil texture were measured at the experiment station of the National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology (NIAST) during May to October of 2005. The amount of runoff increased with increasing amount of rainfall, showing difference in the relative increase rate of runoff at different soil texture. The increase rate of runoff with unit increase of rainfall for the lysimeter with red pepper was 0.44, 0.41 and 0.13 for loam, clayey loam and sandy loam, respectively. The minimum amount of rainfall for runoff was 23.53 mm for sandy loam, 10.35 mm for loam and 5.46 mm for clayey loam, respectively. The canopy cover subfactors of red pepper were 0.425, 0.459, and 0.478 for sandy loam, loam and clayey loam, respectively.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.54 no.spc1
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• pp.1071-1081
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• 2021

In addition to the current quality control procedures for the weather observation performed by the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA), this study proposes quality inspection standards for Internet of Things (IoT) urban weather observed data based on machine learning that can be used in smart cities of the future. To this end, in order to confirm whether the standards currently set based on ASOS (Automated Synoptic Observing System) and AWS (Automatic Weather System) are suitable for urban weather, usability was verified based on SKT AWS data installed in Seoul, and a machine learning-based quality control algorithm was finally proposed in consideration of the IoT's own data's features. As for the quality control algorithm, missing value test, value pattern test, sufficient data test, statistical range abnormality test, time value abnormality test, spatial value abnormality test were performed first. After that, physical limit test, stage test, climate range test, and internal consistency test, which are QC for suggested by the KMA, were performed. To verify the proposed algorithm, it was applied to the actual IoT urban weather observed data to the weather station located in Songdo, Incheon. Through this, it is possible to identify defects that IoT devices can have that could not be identified by the existing KMA's QC and a quality control algorithm for IoT weather observation devices to be installed in smart cities of future is proposed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.611-620
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• 2018

With the revitalization of alley market area becoming a major goal of the urban regeneration project, an understanding on customer characteristics that affect the sales of alley market areas is needed. As spatial heterogeneity appears to exist in alley market areas, the use of GWR (Geographically Weighted Regression) is required as an alternative to OLS (Ordinary Least Squares) regression. This study analyzes effects of customer characteristics on sales of 1007 alley market areas in Seoul. Comparing R squared and AICc, results show that GWR is better than OLS regression. According to OLS regression, the ratio of female, the ratio of 40's and 50's, the number of employees, the opening rate of establishment, the density of building and the size of alley market area have positive effects on sales, while the ratio of 20's and 30's, the distance of bus stop and that of subway station have negative effects. As a result of comparing local regression coefficients of geographically weighted regression analysis, the ratio of female customers has the greatest effect on the northwestern region, followed by the southwestern region, the central region and the northeastern region. The ratio of 20's and 30's and that of 40's and 50's effect on the southeastern and northeastern regions, and then the southwestern region. It is expected that this study will help to identify marketing target for each alley market area.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.257-266
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• 2021

Urban areas can often suffer flood damage because of the more frequent catastrophic rainfall events from climate change. Flood mitigation measures consist of (1) structural and (2) non-structural measures. In this study, the proposed method focused on operating an urban drainage system among non-structural measures. The combined inland-river operation technique estimates the inflow of pump stations based on the water level obtained from a preselected monitoring point, and the pump station expels the stored rainwater to the riverside based on those estimates. In this study, the proposed method was applied to the Mokgam drainage watershed, where catastrophic rainfall events occurred (i.e., 2010- and 2011-years), and severe flood damage was recorded in Seoul. Using the proposed method, the efficiency of flood reduction from the two rainfall events was reduced by 34.9 % and 54.4 %, respectively, compared to the current operation method. Thus, the proposed method can minimize the flood damage in the Mokgam drainage watershed by reserving the additional storage space of a reservoir. In addition, flooding from catastrophic rainfall can be prevented, and citizens' lives and property in urban areas can be protected.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.164-173
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• 2021

Recently, as underground space safety issues such as sink hole, ground subsidence and damage to old underground facilities have been increasing in urban areas, the precise management of underground facilities ins more required. Thus, this study developed a function to that, visualize on Integration Map of Underground Geospatial Information a real-time survey data of underground facilities acquired on site or underground facility survey data acquired through on-site survey after underground facility exploration and developed a function convert to surveying-results. In addition, using the on-site survey performance utilization function in connection with the Integration Map of Underground Geospatial Information developed through this study, the surveying -results obtained with the Total-station at the water pipeline burial construction site in Eunpyeong-gu, Seoul are visualized on the Integration Map of Underground Geospatial Information and On-site verification was performed by converting spatial-information performance files and transmitting the Integration Map of Underground Geospatial Information to the mobile center. Based on this, it was possible to verify the work procedure using the surveying-results in the area where the Integration Map of Underground Geospatial Information was built, and to review the direction of future improvement directions.

• Industry Promotion Research
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.85-91
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• 2022

In modern society, the field of life is expanding to complex and diverse fields according to changes in lifestyle. As people's consciousness also changes, various social problems are involved, and countermeasures are being taken in various ways. In particular, as the issue of school violence has become a subject of interest, government-related ministries have jointly set up a reporting center and professional counselors are receiving and consulting on damage reports. Counselors experience mental and physical exhaustion in the course of their work. Therefore, the need to contribute to effective counseling work is raised by studying the factors that cause burnout. This study collected the experiences of 10 counselors working at 117 reporting centers from February 2019 to May 2020 through interviews and analyzed them with Colaizzi's phenomenological research method. The exhaustion factors derived from the results of the study were first experiences such as conflict between counselors during the period of institutional integration in the "117 reporting center experience", and secondly, professional counselors experienced emotional exhaustion, inhumanization, and lack of achievement. In order to prevent and overcome the exhaustion factors of counseling agents, it was necessary to prepare measures to promote fraud. This is expected to be useful data for improving the working environment of special job counselors in the era of industrialization and informatization in which various anonymous counseling methods are used.