• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.119-133
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• 2007

The subjects of this study were composed of 620 $5^{th}$ and $6^{th}$ grade children in Pusan City and their parents. Both parents completed the Differentiation of Self Inventory(DSI : Skowron & Friedlander, 1998). Children completed the DSI, the Personal Authority in the Family System Questionnaire (Bray et al., 1984), and the Youth Self-Report (Archenbach, 1991). These measures were translated into Korean and adapted for children and parents; their validity was established through a preliminary survey of content validity and reliability. Results showed no meaningful correlation between parent's self-differentiation and children's self-differentiation or between parents' self-differentiation total and children's level of problem behaviors. However, Intergenerational Family Relationship and Children's Self-Differentiation influenced children's internalizing and externalizing of problem behavior.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.131-144
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• 2006

This study examined the impact of childhood physical abuse on the self-concept of older adolescents and assessed perceptions of parental relationships as a mediator for consequences of abuse. Sixty-college undergraduates (aged 18-23 yrs.) completed this study. (1) The Self-Description Questionnaires, a multidimensional measure of self-concept, (2) the parent scales of the inventory parent and Peer Attachment, a measure of perceived parental support, and (3) the Assessing Environments, a retrospective report of family environment and parenting practices. Analyses, controlling for SES and education, showed that a history of physical abuse was a strong predictive of adolescence current self-concept. Further analyses would lend support to a mediation model, suggesting that physical abuse had a negative impact on self-concept through its negative effect on parent-child relationships.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.259-266
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• 2022

Objectives: The combination of Harm-Avoidance (HA) and Self-Directedness (SD) of Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) has been reported pivotal for mental health; however its clinical usefulness in integrative medicine has not sufficiently reported. The purpose of this study was to illustrate multi-phasic mental health of subjective satisfaction with life, emotional well-being, and psychopathology, following the HA-SD profile groups. Methods: A total of 527 Korean university students reported HA and SD scores as to render their HA-SD profile, and multi-phasic mental health characteristics using Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) with composite well-being scales of SC (Sum of Self-Directedness and Cooperativeness score) and HI (Happiness Index, subtraction of Negative Affect (NA) score from Positive Affect (PA) score) as standardized. Pearson's correlation was used to report correlation coefficient, and the ANCOVA with age and sex as covariates, to show significant differences in mental health and well-being between the HA-SD profile groups. Results: The HA-SD profile groups showed distinctive multi-phasic mental health characteristics; health related scores of SWLS, PA, SC and HI decreased following the order of hS (low HA and high SD), HS (high HA and high SD), hs (low HA and low SD) and Hs (high HA and low SD) profile groups; however the non-health related scores of NA and BDI showed contrasting order. Conclusions: The HA-SD profile was found to be clinically useful for examining multi-phasic mental health and well-being status, and the TCI may be an imperative personality inventory for integrative medicine.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.99-105
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• 2022

Objectives: Suicide is the leading cause of death among adolescents in South Korea, and depression and personality profiles have been identified as significant risk factors for self-injurious behavior. This study examined the influence of depressive mood and temperament/character on self-injury in adolescents. Methods: A total of 116 adolescents (aged 12-18 years) with a primary diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) and their parents were enrolled in this study. The participants were divided into three groups based on adolescent's self-injury frequency, and their Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), Youth Self-Report (YSR), and Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) scores were compared. Finally, mediation analysis was conducted to investigate the relationship between suicidal ideation and self-injury. Results: Of study participants, 75.9% answered that they had suicidal ideation, and 55.2% answered that they had engaged in self-injurious behavior in the last six months. There were significant differences in CDI and suicidal ideation among the groups. After adjusting for age and sex, mediation analysis indicated that depressive mood mediated the relationship between suicidal ideation and self-injury. Conclusion: This study emphasizes the importance of evaluating and managing depressive mood severity in adolescents with MDD as these factors partially mediate the transition from suicidal ideation to self-injury.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.260-267
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• 2006

Purpose: This pilot study was to develop Korean version of CDI(The Child Development Inventory) and assess the validation and reliability on K-CDI. Method: The K-CDI is assessed by parent-report method that has designed to screen children developmental functioning on 12 months to 6.5 years of age /or older children who are judged to be functioning in the one to six-year range. The inventory assesses areas of child development in the social, self-help, motor, language, letter and number skills. also, it includes various symptoms and behavior problems that young children may have. Participants were 130 children and their mothers who has lived in Seoul or Gyounggi-Do. Data was analyzed on the ratio of item response, Pearson's correlation, and Cronbach alpha. Results: 270 items with 8 sub-developmental realms were confirmed the reliabilities and validity on Korean children. Total 300 items were selected for restandardization. There was a significant correlation between the score of Social Maturity Scale and K-CDI. The corrlation coefficient alpha was .98. Conclusion: This study indicated that CDI is applicable in the clinical and early childhood educational setting for developmental assessment in Korea.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.314-324
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was done to test the reliability and validity of the Korean parent as a teacher (KPAAT) inventory for a group of parents of preschoolers. Methods: For this methodological study with 187parents were recruited from October to December, 2004 using convenience sampling. Self-report questionnaires measured level of child-rearing attitude. Internal consistency reliability was assessed with Cronbach's alpha coefficients. Construct validity of KPAAT inventory was analyzed using item analyses and factor analysis. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS Program Version 14.0. Results: The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the KPAAT inventory was 0.881. For item analyses, inter-item correlation coefficients were -0.029${\sim}$0.781. Corrected item-total correlation coefficients were 0.012-0.737. Item-to"subscale correlation coefficients ranged from 0.509 to 0.817. Subscale-to-total correlation coefficients were 0.965, 0.711, respectively. Orthogonal varimax rotation of the 85 items in 16 areas of the KPAAT inventory, showed two factors, positive parenting attitude and negative parenting attitude. These two factors explained 48.2% of the total variance. Conclusion: In the original KPAAT inventory six factors were identified through factor analysis, however, in this study only two factors were extracted. Whereas, internal consistency reliability was within an acceptable range, these results suggest additional studies are needed to improve the validity of the KPAAT inventory.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.798-809
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• 2005

Purpose: This study was performed to investigate the quantities of three neo-maternal exposures; visiting frequency, auditory contact and physical contact, and to examine the relationship between the quantities of each exposure and maternal attachment, maternal self-esteem and postpartum depression in 40 mothers of NICU babies during the first week in the NICU. Method: Each neo-maternal exposure was counted at every mother's visit to the newborn and maternal attachment, maternal self-esteem and postpartum depression were measured using the maternal attachment inventory, the maternal self-report inventory and Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) on the first and seventh day in the NICU. Result: The Mean of each neo-maternal exposure was 8.77(2.81) for the visiting frequency, 5.82(3.66) for the auditory contact and 5.60(2.89) for the physical contact during 7 days in the NICU. No significant changes were found in the scores of maternal attachment, maternal self-esteem and postpartum depression between the first and the seventh day in the NICU. The quantities of neo-maternal exposures were positively related to the scores of maternal attachment and maternal self-esteem but not related to postpartum depression. Conclusion: The results of the study suggest the lack of early neo-maternal exposure in cases of NICU hospitalization negate its beneficial effects on maternal psychological well-being in increasing maternal attachment and self-esteem. More efforts are neededfor the neo-maternal interaction and the reevaluation of NICU visitation hours in order to promote maternal-infant interaction.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.113-121
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• 2022

Objectives: This study aimed to compare the quality of life (QoL) of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) before and during coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) and to examine how their QoL is affected by emotional and environmental factors during COVID-19. Methods: Participants in the pre-COVID-19 (n=43) and COVID-19 (n=36) groups were recruited from the same university hospital. The Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) 4.0 Child Self-report, the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS), the PedsQL 4.0 Parent Proxy Report, and the Conners' Parent Rating Scale (CPRS) were employed. Independent t-tests, Pearson's correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis were conducted. Results: Caregivers assessed the children's QoL more negatively than the children themselves in both groups. Children with ADHD evaluated their physical function more negatively and anxiety was significantly higher in the COVID-19 group. In the COVID-19 group, the PedsQL child self-report was significantly predicted by the CPRS, the CDI, and environmental factors (i.e., relation to child and monthly household income). Conclusion: Children with ADHD in the COVID-19 group had a numerically lower QoL and significantly higher anxiety. To improve QoL, it is important to deal with not only depression but also ADHD symptoms and environmental factors.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.288-294
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• 2015

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to assess anger of middle school adolescents in an urban community using State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI)-Korean and Korean Child Behavior Checklist (K-CBCL), and to determine whether specific anger expression of adolescents is associated with certain psychopathology including depression. Methods : Data were collected from 395 middle school students and their parents in Incheon city. The students completed the STAXI, Children's Depression Inventory, Korean version of Mood disorder Questionnaire, and Conners-Wells' Adolescent Self-Report Scale (Short Form), and their parents completed the K-CBCL. Results : No significant correlation was observed between aggression subscale K-CBCL and each scale of the STAXI, except anger out (r=0.704). The scores for STAXI total and respective scales were significantly higher for female students than male students. A stepwise logistic regression model was used to explore the possible predictors for depression in adolescents and lower anger control and higher anger suppression were found to be predictors for depression in adolescence. Conclusion : There is a possibility of a large discrepancy between anger that the adolescents actually feel and parents' judgment of their children's anger. It must be considered in assessment of adolescent anger and use of further structured interviews is necessary. In addition, it may be useful to consider the anger expression style in adolescents who report depressive symptoms.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.143-153
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• 2012

Objectives : This study examined the current prevalence rate of school bullying and its related psychopathology. Methods : A total of 3,550 elementary/middle school students and their parents were recruited for this study. A self-report questionnaire on perpetration and victimization in school bullying was used for collection of data regarding prevalence and the present state of school bullying. For evaluation of associated psychopathology, self report forms, including the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder Rating Scale (ARS), Korean-Child Behavior Checklist (K-CBCL), Korean-Youth Self Report (K-YSR), and the Korean Eppendorf Schizophrenia Inventory (K-ESI) were applied. Samples were classified according to four subtype groups (control, victim, perpetrator, and victim-perpetrator) and characteristics of each group were compared. Results : Overall, the prevalence rate for bullying perpetration was 64.4% and the prevalence rate for bullying victimization was 63.4%, indicating involvement of more than half of students in school bullying. Bully-victims reported high social immaturity and depressive and suicidal tendency, whereas bully-perpetrators reported less social immaturity and more externalizing problems. Among the subtype groups, the victim-perpetrator group showed the most prominent depressive/anxiety tendency and behavioral problems. Conclusions : Both victimization and perpetration of bullying are common problems for child and adolescent groups and several psycho-social problems were found to be related. The results of this study will guide direction of future study and development of strategies for prevention of bullying.