• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.257-266
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• 2006

Studies were carried out to evaluate the effect of liquid pig manure on the production of Japanese millet, the chemical characteristics of pasture soil and leaching water. The study was undertaken from June to September 2005. Randomized complete block design was used to allot four treatments: T1 (no fertilizer), T2 (N : 200 kg/ha, p : 150 kg/ha, K : 150 kg/ha), T3 (liquid pig manure containing 1.7% DM 200 kg N/ha) and T4 (liquid pig manure containing 7.0% DM 200 kg N/ha). Leaching water was sampled at 21 August (1st time), 9 September (2nd time) and 26 September (3rd time), 2005, respectively. No significant differences in the dry matter yield of Japanese millet was found among the four treatments, whereas the plant lengths of Japanese millet were higher in the T2, T3 and T4 than in T1 (p<0.05). Nitrogen, P and K uptake of J. millet tended to be influenced by application of chemical fertilizer or 7.0% DM liquid pig manure compared with T1 or 1.8% DM liquid pig manure. The organic matter (OM) content of soil was higher in T2, T3 and T4 than in T1. Na content was highest in T3 among the four treatments. $NO_{3^-}N\;or\;NH_{4^-}N$ content in leaching was not different among the four treatments. $SO_4$ content in leaching water sampled in 1st time was high in T4, but in T3 from 3rd time (p<0.05). Cl, Mg and Na contents were high in leaching water sampled in the 1st time from T4, whereas high in those from T3 in 2nd or 3rd time. Results show that the application of a high DM liquid pig manure is not better for producing Japanese millet and improving the properties of pasture soil than a low DM liquid pig manure. However, the contents of $SO_4$, Cl, Mg and Na in leaching water sampled in 1st time were high in a high DM liquid pig manure.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.39
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• pp.217-237
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• 1998

The present research is to study the make-up culture of Korea and its neighboring countries such as China and Japan during the period from the prehistoric age to the 19th cen-tury. The research was made by documents analysis. The results are summerised as follows : (1) A man has a basic instinct to beautify himself. There was not a significant difference between the make-up behavior of men and women in its primal stage. It was by the start of farming and the division of labor that made the make-up behavior as a feminine culture. The difference of sexual role caused the con-ceptual difference between manly beauty and womanly beauty. It was very natural for women to regard the make-up as the best way for showing their feminine beauty. In Korea, China and Japan, there were vari-ous kinds of primal actions such as tattooing, body-painting, and tooth make-up which were used in the purpose of body protection, incantation, ornament, and so on. Ass their ornamental purpose was becoming more important, these primal actions became the basis of the feminine make-up culture. Nowadays make-up, having mental and emo-tional function, is helpful to increasing self-satisfaction, promoting good personal relation-ship, and attracting attention from the other sex. It also has other functions of showing social status, wealth, age, sex, courage, power, and so on. (2) The representative make-up product used widely in the three countries was Boon (powder) which decides the overall color of face. The key point in the production of Boon was to increase its power of adsorption. The invention of Yunboon (power mixed with lead) solved this major problem of Boon. Yeonji which decides the color of cheek was the mixture of Boon and the powder of Honghwa (a kind of red-colored flower or tree). Mimook (eyebrow pencil) was developed to match up with the various and changing currencies of penciling eyebrows in each nation and times, Yeonji and Joosa (red sand) were used as Jinji (lip stick). The predominant color of Jinji was red. As miscellaneous methods of partial make-up, there were Kon-ji used in a wedding cer-emony in korea, Aek-hwang, Hwa-jeon, Sa-hong, and Myun-yup in China, and Chi-heuk, a peculial method of partial make-up in japan. (3) There were various factors which decided the characteristics of make-up culture usually reflects international atmosphere, the form of government, economic situation, re-ligious and social ideology, aesthetic sense, symbolizing meanings of colors, and so on. The up and down of an influentian country was one of the major factors which decided the characteristics of the make-up culture of its neighboring countries. When a country took a liberal form of government, it had diverse and splendid tendencies in its make-up culture. The better a nation's economic situation is, the more abandant and various its make-up culture is, and sometimes, the more eccentric and decadents it was. In the field of make-up production, the three countries had their own characteristics. But, as a whole, China was the leading nation who spread the culture and products of make-up to Korea and Japan. Though the Chinese make-up culture and products were usually spread to Japan through Korean, there was some evidence of direct exchanges between China and Japan through its dispatches of Kyun-Tang-Sa(Japanese delegation to the Tang Dynasty). While religion had a positive influence on the development of make-up culture by introducing new methods of make-up, Confucianism exercised strict control over the make-up cul-ture. The currencies in arts and changes of esthetic sense introduced new methods and booms to the make-up culture. Literature made people pay increasing attentions to the countenances of women and changed the standards of esthetic sense. We can find out that the social status of woman was also reflected in the make-up culture. As the social status of women became higher, the feminine make-up culture also developed more then ever. As mentioned above, the make-up cultures of the three countries reflected their social values, esthetic senses, and emotional feelings. Through their cultural exchanges, the three countries could develop various make-up products and methods.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.213-233
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• 1979

It is generally agreed that the country's population will grow up to the level of 52 million by the year of 2000 and that due the active growth of industry, urbanization and road constructions, sizable portion of existing arable lands will be utilized for other purposes than agriculture in near future. From 1966 to 1977, it was estimated that, the average annual conversion of arable lands to other uses, was 12,909 ha. If this trend persists, it is predicted that from 1978 to 1991 when the 6th Five Years Economic Development Plan will terminate, approximately 181,000 ha of arable lands will be converted for other uses again. On the other hand, it is certain that the increased population (39 million in 1981, 45 million in 1991, 52 million in 2001) and the changes in food pattern along with the enhancement of living standards will bring about the phenomenal increase in demands for not only the staple food but also the livestock products such as meat, milk and eggs, vegetables and fruits. These future increased demands for various foods, naturally mean the increased needs for the expansion of arable lands at the same time. It is predicted that, if more activities than present scale are not taken for the expansion of arable lands, the national food self sufficiency level will drop from 79% in 1977 down to 62% in 1991. To meet the increased food demands in future, there are several ways and means. These will include the increased land use intensity, elevation of unit area yield levels, minimization of conversion of arable lands to other uses and expansion of arable lands through the reclamations of idle hillside lands and tidal lands. Among these, the expansion of arable lands through reclamations of idle hillside lands and tidal lands are more positive measures to cope with the increased production of foods in future. The reclamation of hillside lands demands more attention because it needs more advanced technologies in agronomical and engineering aspects, larger scale fundings and integrated socioeconomic considerations. In agromical aspects, the thechniques for early improvement of chemical and physical properties of soils, proper soil conservation measures and rational cropping systems are of particular importance. As to the financial supports to encourage the farmings in hillside land, much bold fund inputs are essential for the construction of roads, installation of irrigation and drainage facilities, soil conservation mechanisms, which will ensure the stabilized farming with reasonable incomes in the newly reclaimed lands.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.101-120
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of agricultural polices on the change of regional structure based on the specialization during the productivism period. Analysis are carried on through the comparison of distribution in 1950s and 1997. Since the 1950s, governmental policy has played a leading role in shaping the pattern of farming in Great Britain. The range of British measures have also been employed in an attempt to improve the efficiency of agriculture and raise farm income. Three fairly distinct phase can be identified in the developing relationship between government policies and British agriculture in the postwar period. In the 1st phase, The Agricultural Act of 1947 laid the foundations for agricultural productivism in Great Britain until membership of the EC. This was to be achieved through the system of price support and guaranteed prices and the means of a series of grants and subsidies. Guaranteed prices encouraged farmenrs to intensify production and specialize in either cereal farming or milk-beef enterprise. The former favoured eastern areas, whereas the latter favoured western areas. Various grants and subsidies were made available to farmers during this period, again as a way of increasing efficiency and farm incomes. Many policies, such as Calf Subsidy and the Ploughing Grant, Hill cow and Hill Sheep Schemes and the Hill Farming and Livestock Rearing Grant was provided. Some of these policies favoured western uplands, whilst the others was biased towards the Lake District. Concentration of farms occured especially in near the London Metropolitan Area and south part of Scotland. In the 2nd stage after the membership of EC, very high guaranteed price created a relatively risk-free environment, so farmers intensified production and levels of self-sufficiency for most agriculture risen considerably. As farmers were being paid high prices for as much as they could produce, the policy favoured areas of larger-scale farming in eastern Britain. As a result of increasing regional disparities in agriculture, the CAP became more geographically sensitive in 1975 with the setting up of the Less Favoured Areas(LFAs). But they are biased towards the larger farms, because such farms have more crops and/or livestock, but small farms with low incomes are in most need of support. Specialization of cereals such wheat and barely was occured, but these two cereal crops have experienced rather different trend since 1950s. Under the CAP, farmers have been paid higher guaranteed prices for wheat than for barely because of the relative shortage of wheat in the EC. And more barely were cultivated as feedstuffs for livestock by home-grown cereals. In the 1950s dairying was already declining in what was to become the arable areas of southern and eastern England. By the mid-1980s, the pastral core had maintained its dominance, but the pastoral periphery had easily surpassed arable England as the second most important dairying district. Pig farming had become increasingly concentrated in intensive units in the main cereal areas of eastern England. These results show that the measure of agricultural policy induced the concentration and specialization implicitly. Measures for increasing demand, reducing supply or raising farm incomes are favoured by large scale farming. And price support induced specialization of farming. And technology for specialization are diffused and induced geographical specialization. This is the process of change of regional structure through the specialization.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 2012

The first objective of this study is to estimate emission coefficient of organic carbon regarding its inflow and discharge for dairy farm through reviewing domestic and foreign literature published or reported previously. Its second objective is to provide fundamental data to establish carbon cycle system related to livestock production. Based on literature review, emission coefficients by inflow of organic carbon into dairy farm were 5.9 ton C/head/year for feedstuff ingestion by milk cow, 2.3 ton C/head/year for recycling manure compost of milk cow to grassland, 318 g C/$m^2$/year for contents in grassland, 145 g C/$m^2$/year for contents in fodder crop, and 17 g C/$m^2$/year for $CO_2$ uptake by fodder crop, respectively. on the other hand, emission coefficients by discharge of organic carbon from dairy farm were 2,9 ton C/head/year for emission of $CO_2$ and $CH_4$ by respiration and burp of milk cow, 0.4 ton C/head/year for emission of $CO_2$ and $CH_4$ by decomposition of organic carbon in manure of milk cow, 440 g C/$m^2$/year for emission of $CO_2$ from grassland, and 0 for elution of organic carbon in grassland into underground water, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.91-114
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• 1981

This research was carried out from July to August, 1981, to analyse the true state of management, the skill of production, the structure of consciousness about the selected 294 poultry$.$farms, and to know about their bottlenecks and suggestions. The results obtained were as follows: 1. As for manager's ages, 31 to 45 years old men rate was 67.76%. upper 50years old men 15.94%. 2. 79.9% of farm omen possess attainments equal to or higher than those of upper secondary school graduates. 3. In poultry farming career of the investigated person, layer chicken industry was longer than broiler. 4. Occupations of farm owners before. doing poultry farming were farmers(32.35%), company employees, civil servants and soldiers, etc. 5. 58.62% of the person ran only poultry farming and the rest of them held the additional office of a farmer and a public officer. 6. There were many people who made a speciality of poultry farming holding additional jobs as dairy farming, cultivating crops, gardening, etc. 7. 42.35% of the person began poultry farming with under 1,000 layer chickens. And the rate of the ones with 1,000-2,000 broilers for the first time consisted 40.95% 8. Present breeding scale was that the rate of the farmers having 5,000-10,000 layer chickens was 37.13% and the ones having 5,000-10,000 broilers 38.32%. 9. The rate of the person supplying self-labor was 23.16%, the person having 1.3 employees 51.47% and the ones having under 20 employees 1.47%. 10. 74.26% of the poultry farms used very good quality of baby chicks. 11. The rate of the farms which used chicken feed making the point of the quality of it was 65.47% and the ones which bought it on credit 26.62%. 12. 65.47% bought feed directly from factories and 26.62% bought it from commercial agents. 13. The rate of the layer chicken farms paying for feed in cash was 19.39% and the broiler farms 32.74%. Most of the farms bought feed on credit by 30-60 days. 14. They bought the medicine for chicken from animal drug stores or veterinary hospitals. 15. The rate of the person posting up accounts roughly was 47.52% and that of the ones doing them detaily was 43.57%, 40% did not do them because of bother and only 21.22% had their own cashbooks.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.198-206
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• 1995

Baled silage making(BS) of selected forage crops was discussed during 1991-1993, to determine the best cutting time of the plants for BS production, BS yields and silage quality. Seven species of forage crops and pasture grasses(rye, barley, spring oat, Italian ryegrass, orchardgrass, alfalfa and grass-legume pasture mixtures) were harvested at different stage of growth from young plant to physiological maturity, and baled in a self constructed square baling chamber. Each bales, measured 90cm length, 60cm width and 50cm height, were wrapped with 0.05mrn thick polyethylene plastic film, and stored in stack silo. Each bales were weighed between 15-20 kg in dry matter basis. The effects of pre wilting and formic acid addition on the silage quality of young plant materials, which contained high water concentration, was also evaluated during the experiment. Rye plant including of barley and spring oat were evaluated as a good materials for baled silage making. Fodder rye produced high quality BS with a value of silage quality point 84(Flieg's point) when the plant harvested at stage of greatest dry matter accumulation by 12.64 tonha. The best quality BS of barley was obtained at stage of hard dough to yellow stage by 11.9 ton/ha dry matter yield and 81 point silage quality. Italian ryegrass and pasture grasses including of orchardgrass, alfalfa and grass-legume pasture mixtures procuced also high quality bale silage by harvesting at stage of late blooming. However pre witting operation and formic acid addition was required for BS production of grass materials because of high water contents. Water contents of Italian ryegrass and other pasture species ranged 18.9%(Italian) to 20.8%(alfalfa). Silage quality point of Italian BS harvested at late blooing was increased from 72 to 88 by 1/2-one day pre wilting and 0.3% formic acid treatment. Silage quality of young plant materials of rye and other forage crops, barley and spring oat were also improved markedly through the pre wilting treatment and formic acid addition.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.22-33
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• 1978

To maintain the self-sufficiency of food production , it is required to improved the productivity and increase the effective utilization of land in the double cropping areas using improved cultivation technology. The following reasons encourage this cours of action because the overlapping rice harvest and barely seeding seasons complete for labour, the lower price of barley makes it financially less attractive to grow and these two facts together are responsible for a decrease in barley being planted in certain more seasonably marginal double cropping areas. Fro these reasons, it is desirable to carry out tests to improve the current cultivation techniques . In this interest , the following studies were carried out in the experimental field located at Banweol-myeon, Whasung-jkun, Gyeonggi-do from October 1977 to July 1978 in order to establish the mechanical method of barley cultivation using the power tiller. The summarized results are as follows. 1. The work performance in the seeding operation using the rotary barley seeder was 68 minutes per 10 ares which compares favourably with 408 min/10a using the conventional method. This is only one sixth of the time required by th conventional method. The operating costs using the rotary barley seeder was 1, 463 won per 10 areas as against 3, 486 Won per 10 ares for the conventional method, showing a saving of about 50% in comparison with the conventional method. 2. In the manure spreading operation, the work performance was 25 min/10a for the manure spreading machine , compared to 1089 min/10a for the manual operations. This is about one fourth of the time required by the conventional method, The operating costs were 810 Won/10a for the machine and 857 Won/10a for the manual labour. This cost shows little advantage by the machine over the manual labor costs. The conventional method of manure spreading will continue pending decision which will develope and improve the machine.3. Work performance in the rolling operation using the barley rolIer was 30 min/lOa which compares favourably with 135 min/10a using conventional method. This was one fourth of the time required by the conventional method. The operating costs were 514 Won/103. for the machine and 1, 003 Won/lOa for manual labour. In the weed control operation, the work performance and operating costs were 45min/lOa, 1, 399won/10a for the herbcide application using the power sprayer, 1, 149min/10a 8, 541won/lOa for the conventional method respectively. This is 26 times higher efficiency in comparison to the conventional method. 4. In the harvesting operation using the reaper binder and tiller attachment, the work performance was 60min/lOa and represents a cost of 2, 039won/10a. The con\ulcornerventional method took 640min/10a at a cost of 4, 757won/lOa. The reaper binder showns a saving of one tenth over the conventional method. The automatic thresher is already recommended for the current situations, and is now being used. 5. From a comparison of the results of the above trials, the serial cultivation system using the attachment for the power tiller such as the rotary barley seeder is now to be recommended for the current barley cultivation system. It is also recommend from these results that the mechanized technology now available must be used to improve and maintain the increase in barley production. It is seen th1t this is the only course now avaihble to solve the peak seasonal requirements of labour needed for l11rvesting and seeding between rice and barley cultivation.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.42 no.11
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• pp.911-920
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• 2009

Virtual water is defined as the volume of water required to produce a commodity or service. The degree of food self-sufficiency is currently about 27 % in South Korea, so that Korea is one of the largest net virtual water import countries for agricultural product, thus it is necessary to estimate suitable virtual water for South Korea. The objective of this paper is to quantify the agricultural virtual water use (AWU) and virtual water content (VWC) using the method suggested by Chapagain and Hoekstra during the period 1991-2007. To calculate the virtual water content, 44 different crop production quantity and harvested area data were collected for 17 years and FAO Penman-Monteith equation was adapted for computing crop consumptive use of water. As the results, AWU has been estimated at 15.1 billion $m^3$ in average showing a tendency to decrease. Rice has the largest share in the AWU, consuming about 10.1 billion $m^3$/yr which is about 75 % of gross AWU, and the VWC is 1600.1 $m^3$/ton for paddy rice. The largest VWCs of crops are oilseed and tuber crop, and the smallest are leaf and root vegetables. The primary crop production VWC can be used for calculating the VWC of various secondary products using the contribution ratio, therefore the results of this study are expected to be used as basic data for national agricultural water footprint.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.38-46
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• 1977

The purpose of this study are to analyze economic and psychological factors associated with the forest protection of the mountain people, and to explain the forms of the forest management by ownership classes, especially with forest in the production structure of the mountain villages, particulary from Aprial 1st to 20th in 1975. And the basis of the data for this study is to have been obtained by the sample of 462 households, in Jeonbuk province, which were selected by the method of Yandom sampling. In order to determine what relations there are between the forest ownership classes are independent and each of the selected economic and psychological factors, the chi-squre test was used. The findings may be summarized as follows; 1. The area per household forest land of the mountain villages farm families with forest was 1.4ha and are middle classes with the cultivated area, and manage their forest in favor of the forest fuel and the byproducts, which we call "Earn Ownership Management Form". As it is acomplished by the agricultural surplus labor, we can't expect the positive forest investments. 2. The expectation of the proceeds of forest investments seems to be high but 30% of them doubtful. And the mountain villages farm families with above 3ha forest area expect their forest investments to be positive and in future they have hope in the economic management from. 3. The mountainous mountain fram families reply to a small sums of capital and the control of after the fact on account of the negative factors of forest investment. But rural mountain villages farm famillies assist on spending too much money for the control and nexious insects damage. 4. The reason about illegal cut away was mainly their fuels problem and then most of moumtain farm villages was used to forest fuel in their fuel. But 57% of mountainous mountain villages farm families not having forest area, and 66% of them get their fual on the self-supply, and 66.9% of them get from public and nationat forest and other's forest. That is one of the big problems of the forest protection. 5. Above 66% of mountain people think that forest law is severe and 50% of mountainous mountain villages farm families think if usual. Especially ones not having forest area but taking advantage of forest among them think so. 6. Rural mountain villages farm families have comparatively positive attitude for protecting forest, but mountainous mountain villages farm families negative. Classes with above 3ha forest area have more outlook of forest protection. And the more such classes are, the better they can protect forest. 7. There are problem about operation and education of the forest law on the mountainous mountain villages farm families.