• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.34-43
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to compare microleakage and marginal hybrid layer in class V restorations using two one-bottle adhesives and one self-etching adhesive. Class V cavity preparations with occlusal margins in enamel and gingival margins in dentin were pre-pared on buccal and lingual surfaces of 30 extracted human molar teeth. Prepared teeth were randomly divided into three treatment groups (n=30) and restored with three adhesives and composites: Single Bond/Filtek Z-250 (Group 1), Prime&BondNT/Esthet.X (Group 2), UniFil Bond/UniFil F (Group 3). For microleakage, samples were stored in room temperature water for 24 hours, thermocycled stained with 2% methylene blue dye, sectioned into halves, scored and analysed using Mann-whitney test and Wilcoxon signed rank sum test. For marginal hybrid layer, samples were sectioned into halves, treated with 10% phosphoric acid for 5 seconds, stored in 5% NaOCL solution for 24 hours, dried and gold coated. Occlusal and gingival margins of each sample were inspected under SEM. The results of this study were as follows ; 1. Microleakage at the occlusal margins was not evident in group 1 and group 2, but it showed in group 3 (p<0.05). 2. Microleakage in group 1 and group 3 was significantly lower than in group 2 at gingival margins (p<0.05). 3. Microleakage at gingival margins was greater than at occlusal margins in group 1 and group 2, but microleakage at occlusal margins was greater than at gingival margins in group 3 (p<0.05). 4. In group 1 and group 2, no gaps at occlusal margins showed. But gaps showed in group 3. Occlusal margins were free from a hybrid layer in all groups 5. The thickness of the marginal hybrid layers was 2.5~5 $\mu\textrm{m}$ thick in group 5 $\mu\textrm{m}$ thick in group 2 and 1.5 $\mu\textrm{m}$ thick in group 3. 6 There was no corelation between microleakage and thickness of marginal hybrid layer. In coclusion, the effect of dentin adhesives on microleakge in class V composite restorations was excellent when one-bottle adhesives were applied on enamel margin, and it was good when a self-etching adhesive was applied on dentinal margin. There was no corelation between microleakage and thickness of marginal hybrid layer.

• Proceedings of the KACD Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.224-234
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to compare the normal and two times of application time of six self-etching primers applied to enamel using microshear bond strength (uSBS) test and the finding of scanning electronic microscope (SEM). Crown of sixty human molars were bisected mesiodistally and buccal and lingual enamel of crowns were partially exposed and polished with 600 grit SiC papers. They were divided into one of two equal groups subdivided into one of six equal groups (n = 10) by self-etching primer adhesives. After the same manufacture's adhesive resin and composites were bonded on the enamel surface of each group, the bonded specimens were subjected to uSBS testing and also observed under SEM. In conclusion, generally two times of primer application time increased the enamel uSBS, especially with the statistical increase of bond strength in adhesives involving high-pH primers.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.224-234
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to compare the normal and two times of application time of six self-etching primers applied to enamel using microshear bond strength (uSBS) test and the finding of scanning electronic microscope (SEM). Crown of sixty human molars were bisected mesiodistally and buccal and lingual enamel of crowns were partially exposed and polished with 600 grit SiC papers. They were divided into one of two equal groups subdivided into one of six equal groups (n = 10) by self-etching primer adhesives. After the same manufacture's adhesive resin and composites were bonded on the enamel surface of each group, the bonded specimens were subjected to uSBS testing and also observed under SEM. In conclusion, generally two times of primer application time increased the enamel uSBS, especially with the statistical increase of bond strength in adhesives involving high-pH primers.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.267-275
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• 2010

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the shear bond strength (SBS) and failure-mode of orthodontic buttons bonded to erupted and unerupted teeth with conventional and self-etching adhesive systems. Methods: Eighty-four erupted and 84 unerupted, human third-molar teeth were used. For both groups, the buccal surfaces of each tooth were assigned one of the following type of adhesive systems (n = 12). A, Conventional systems: 1, Transbond XT (3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA); 2, Prime & Bond NT (Dentsply/Caulk, Milford, USA); 3, Single Bond (3M ESPE, Minnesota, USA); and B, Self-etching adhesives; 4, Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray, Okayama, Japan); 5, Transbond Plus (3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA); 6, Clearfil S3 (Kuraray, Tokyo, Japan); 7, G Bond (GC, Tokyo, Japan). The SBSs of the attachments and the adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores were recorded. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance (ANOVA), independent-sample t-test and chi-square tests. Results: When the SBSs of erupted and unerupted teeth were compared, only the Clearfil-SE Bond and G-Bond were significantly different. Bond strengths of all adhesive systems were higher in unerupted teeth than erupted teeth, except the Single-Bond system. Conclusions: When using conventional adhesives, bonding to erupted and unerupted teeth may not be significantly different. However, clinicians need to take into consideration the types of self-etching systems before usage.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.385-396
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• 2011

Objectives: This study evaluated the effects of adhesion variables such as the priming concepts of canal wall and the curing modes of adhesives on the sealing ability of a resin-based root canal filling system. Materials and Methods: Apical microleakage of the Resilon-RealSeal systems filled with 3 different combinations of adhesion variables was compared with the conventional gutta-percha filling using a dye penetration method. Experimental groups were SEDC, Resilon (Resilon Research LLC) filling with self-etch RealSeal (SybronEndo) primer and dual-cure RealSeal sealer; NELC, Resilon filling with no etching, Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (3M ESPE) primer application and light-curing adhesive; and TELC, Resilon filling with Scotchbond Multi-Purpose primer and adhesive used under total etch / wet bonding and lightcure protocols. GPCS, gutta-percha filling with conventional AH26 plus sealer, was the control group. Results: The median longitudinal dye penetration length of TELC was significantly shorter than those of GPCS and SEDC (Kruskal-Wallis test, p < 0.05). In the cross-sectional microleakage scores, TELC showed significant differences from other groups at 2 to 5 mm from the apical foramen (Kruskal-Wallis test, p < 0.05). Conclusions: When a resin-based root canal filling material was used, compared to the self-etching primer and the dual-cure sealer, the total etch/wet-bonding with primer and light-curing of adhesive showed improved apical sealing and was highly recommended.

• Journal of Korean Dental Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.5-11
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• 2009

Objectives : This study investigated the hypothesis that the dentin bond strength of self-etching adhesives (SEAs) may be improved by applying a coat of hydrophobic, neutral adhesive resin in addition to SEA. Method and Materials : The bond strengths of two SEAs - Experimental SEA (EX) and Adper Prompt (AP) - were measured with three bonding protocols. The D/E resin of All-Bond 2 was applied as the hydrophobic, neutral adhesive. Clearfil SE Bond (SE, self-etching primer system) and All-Bond 2 (AB, total etching system) were used as references. The following protocols were used: (1) EX1 (EX 1 coat); (2) EX2 (EX 2 coats); (3) EX+ (EX 1 coat + D/E resin); (4) AP1 (AP 1 coat); (5) AP2 (AP 2 coats); (6) AP+ (AP 1 coat + D/E resin); (7) SE (SE primer + SE bond); (8) SE+ (SE primer + D/E resin); (9) AB (etching + AB primer + D/E resin). Filtek Z250 composite resin was built up and the microtensile bond strength (MTBS) values of the specimens were compared. The fractured surfaces were observed using SEM. Results : When SEA was used as self-etching primer and hydrophobic, neutral adhesive was applied as well, MTBS was significantly higher than that when either one coat or two coats of SEA only were used (p < 0.05). Conclusion : The hydrophobic, neutral adhesive improved the integrity of the bonded interface obtained with SEA.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.363-368
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of additional enamel etching with phosphoric acid on the microleakage of the adhesion of self-etching primer system. Class V cavity($4mm{\times}3mm{\times}1.5mm$) preparations with all margins in enamel were prepared on buccal surface of 42 extracted human upper central incisor teeth. Prepared teeth were randomly divided into 3 groups. Group 1：no additional pretreatment with 37% phosphoric acid (NE). Group 2：additional pretreatment with 37% phosphoric acid for 10 seconds (E10s). Group 3：additional pretreatment with 37% phosphoric acid for 20 seconds (E20s). The adhesives(Clearfil SE $Bond^{\circledR}$, Kuraray, Osaka, Japan) and composite resins(Clearfil $AP-X^{\circledR}$, Osaka, Kuraray, Japan) were applied following the manufacturer's instructions. All the specimens were finished with the polishing disc(3M dental product, St Paul, MN, USA), thermocycled for 500 cycles between $5^{\circ}C$ and $55^{\circ}C$ and resected apical 3-mm root. 0.028 stainless steel wire was inserted apically into the pulp chamber of each tooth and sealed into position with sticky wax. Surrounding tooth surface was covered with a nail varnish 2 times except areas 1mm far from all the margins. After drying for one day, soaked the samples in the distilled water. Microleakage was assessed by electrochemical method(System 6514, $Electrometer^{\circledR}$), Keithley, USA) in the distilled water. In this study, the microleakage was the lowest in group 1 (NE) and the highest in group 3(E20s)(NE

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.321-334
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• 2010

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate bonding efficacy by means of measuring the effect of remained solvent on Degree of conversion(DC) and ${\mu}TBS$ and FE-SEM examination. Materials and Methods: Two 2-step total etching adhesives and two single-step self etching adhesives were used in this study. First, volume weight loss of 4 dentin adhesives were measured using weighting machine in process of time in normal conditions and calculate degree of evaporation (DE). Reaction/reference intensity ratio were measured using micro-Raman spectroscopy and calculate DC according to DE. Then 2 experimental groups were prepared according to air-drying methods (under, over) and control group was prepared to manufacturer's instruction. Total 12 groups were evaluated by means of micro tensile bond strength and FE-SEM examination. Results: Degree of evaporation (DE) was increased as time elapsed but different features were observed according to the kind of solvents. Acetone based adhesive showed higher DE than ethanol and butanol based adhesive. Degree of conversion (DC) was increased according to DE except for $S^3$ bond. In ${\mu}TBS$ evaluation, bond strength was increased by additional air-drying. Large gaps and droplets were observed in acetone based adhesives by FE-SEM pictures. Conclusions: Additional air-drying is recommended for single-step self etching adhesive but careful consideration is required for 2-step total etching adhesive because of oxygen inhibition layer. Evaporation method is carefully chose and applied according to the solvent type.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.222-231
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to compare shear bond strength and interfacial pattern of composite bond-ed to dentin using self-etching adhesive systems. Sixty extracted human molars with exposed occlusal dentin were divided into four groups and bonded with four adhesives and composites. Single Bond/Filtek Z 350(SB), Tyrian SPE-One-Step Plus/Aelitefil(TY), Prompt L-Pop/Filtek Z 250(LP), and One-Up Bond F/palfique Toughwell(OU). The results of this study were as follows; 1 Shear bond strength for OU was significantly lower than that of other groups(p＜0.05). No significant difference was founded among SB, TY, and LP. 2. Failure modes to dentin showed adhesive and mixed for SB TY and LP, but them for OU showed adhesive in all spceimens. 3. Dentin-resin interface showed close adaptation for SB, TY, and LP, but it showed gap for OU. 4. The hybrid layers for TY, LP OU were thinner than that of SB. Adhesive layers were observed between composite and hybrid layer, which were 5 $\mu\textrm{m}$ thick for TY and 10 $\mu\textrm{m}$ thick for OU.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.222-235
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• 2007

The objectives of this study was to evaluate the effect of thermocycling on the ${\mu}TBS$ (microtensile bond strength) to dentin with four different adhesive systems to examine the bonding durability. Freshly extracted $3^{rd}$ molar teeth were exposed occlusal dentin surfaces, and randomly distributed into 8 adhesive groups 3-steps total-etching (Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus; SM, All Bond-2; AB), 2-steps total-etching (Single Bond; SB, One Step plus; OS), 2-steps self-etching (Clearfil SE Bond; SE, AdheSE AD) and single-step self-etching systems (Promp L-Pop; PL, Xeno III; XE) Each adhesive system in 8 adhesives groups was applied on prepared dentin surface as an instruction and resin composite (Z250) was placed incrementally and light-cured. The bonded specimens were sectioned with low-speed diamond saw to obtain $1\times1mm$ sticks after 24 hours of storage at $37^{\circ}C$ distilled water and proceeded thermocycling at the pre-determined cycles of 0, 1,000 and 2,000. The ${\mu}TBS$ test was carried out with EZ-tester at 1mm/min. The results of bond strength test were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA/ Duncan's test at the a < 0.05 confidence level. Also, the fracture mode of debonded surface and the interface were examined under SEM. The results of this study were as follows ; 1. 3-step total etching adhesives showed stable, but bond strength of 2-step adhesives were decreased as thermocycling stress. 2. SE showed the highest bond strength, but single step adhesives (PL, XE) had the lowest value both before and after thermocycling. 3 Most of adhesives showed adhesive failure. The total-etching systems were prone to adhesive failure and the single-step systems were mixed failure after thermocycling. Within limited results of this study, the bond strength of adhesive system was material specific and the bonding durability was affected by the bonding step/ procedure of adhesive Simplified bonding procedures do not necessarily imply improved bonding performance.