• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.32
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• pp.129-158
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• 2008

After Four-Seven debate in late 16C, Korean Neo-Confucian scholars had developed their theories on human nature and morality such as Insimdosimsoel (theories on the moral emotion and desire), Inmulsoengron(theories on human nature and animal nature), Mibalsimcheron(theories on the calm mind as the embodiment of morality). Confucian scholars had been active member of society since acceptance of Neo-Confucianism. They had the plans of social reforms on the basis of moral self cultivation from the elite Confucians to commoners. So the Confucian scholar took part in the foundation of new Confucian kingdom, the Joseon Dynasty(1392). Kwon gun(1352~1409), the famous Neo-Confucian scholar wrote Iphakdosoel(pictogram for beginer of Neo-Confucianism) which emphasized the importance of moral self cultivation and that the mandate of heaven in human nature is identical with Li, the moral principle which the origin of the human intrinsic moral ability as the basis of unity with man and heaven. He thought that ethical life is identical with mandate of heaven, so he insisted all the member of society should follow Li, the moral principle which the origin of human morality and social goodness. Also he emphasized the morality was the intrinsic and most important value of human being. Therefore ethical life became essential part of self cultivation. Joeng Ji-un(1509~1561) wrote the Chunmyongdosoel (pictogram of mandate of Heaven), the start point of Four-Seven debate in mid 16C. Joeng followed Kwon's theoretical line. He emphasized the importance of moral self cultivation and the human intrinsic moral ability. He wrote that the Four moral emotions arise from Li, the moral principle of mind, while Seven emotions arise from Ki, vital force of body. He insisted that human being should control Ki, the vital force to follow the Li, the moral principle of mind. This Korean Confucian scholars developed theories of morality and self cultivation. This theories not only show the philosophical speculation of Korean Confucian scholars but also show the social idealism and moral utopianism which grounded on the human morality. So they had trust in human morality which can guide human being into the right track to the good and peaceful society. These tendencies are main characteristics of Korean Neo-Confucianism which has seen from the begining of acceptance of Neo-Confucianism. Some modern philosophical criticism which insist the Korean Neo-Confucian theories such as Four-Senven theories was indulged in academic discussion are not only neglect the historical realty but also ignore the potential of Korean Neo-Confucian heritage.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.371-388
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of interaction based on contingent regulation between teacher and underachiever in elementary mathematics. For this purpose, research questions are established as follows; (1) Is there any difference between contingent regulation and natural regulation in mathematics achievement\ulcorner (2) Is there any difference between contingent regulation and natural regulation in affectionate perspective\ulcorner (3) Is there any difference between contingent regulation and natural regulation in adult regulation\ulcorner Two classes of fifth grade Children(10 children) were sampled from an elementary school in city of Daegu. One of them was assigned to the contingent regulation group and the other to natural regulation group. An experiment was conducted for 7 weeks. Two kinds of test instruments were used : pre-test and post-test. The pre-test scores guaranteed that both groups were homogeneous. Post-test was used to identify two effects(research questions (1) & (2)) and the post-test scores were analyzed by t-test. The results were as follows. (1) There was significant difference between contingent regulation and natural regulation in mathematics achievement. This means that experiment group was higher than control group and the interaction effect of contingent regulation was higher in post-test. The self-control indicated in experiment group. (2) There was slightly significant difference between contingent regulation and natural regulation in affectionate perspective. This means that experiment group turned to slightly positioner in post-test. (3) There was significant difference between contingent regulation and natural regulation in adult regulation. In other words, level of contingent regulation changed depending on underachievers' ability but level of natural regulation didn't change. Therefore, I suggest that contingent regulation based on Vygotsky theory would provide effective mathematics education for underachievers in elementary mathematics.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.129-139
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• 2010

Purpose: A new scale was developed to measure personal power and ability for health care and promotion including health determinants. Method: Research phases designed for this study were a literature review, scale development, discussion with experts, pre-test for content validity, and survey for construct validity and reliability. The scale was composed of 20 items on 4 point Likert scale and was tested on middle aged Korean-Americans (110) and Koreans (105) living in a community. Result: As the result of factor analysis, 7 dimensions were identified that were similar yet different from the original dimensions. They included health literacy, socialbelonging and gender role, self-perception, health policy participation, socio-cultural interpersonal relationships, spiritual comfort, and socioeconomic involvement. The total variances explained 59.73%. The reliability was .736 of Cronbach's alpha. The mean PPHC was not different in age, gender, economic status and disease presence, but significantly different in country where living, religion, education level, job presence, and emigration period. The increased power group perceived more wellbeing and less depression, high internal locus of control and increased power with others. In addition, they had a greater health promotion lifestyle profile. Conclusion: This scale was statistically reliable and valid to measure personal power of health care.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.57-65
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• 2003

In this study, the effects of grouping by extraversion and introversion in paired think-aloud problem solving using a four-stage problem-solving strategy emphasizing planning and checking stages were investigated. Prior to the instructions, the students' extraversion/introversion in three high school classes (N=87) were examined, and those classes were randomly assigned to the homogeneous, the heterogeneous, and the control groups. The test scores of the two treatment groups were significantly higher than those of the control group in the problem-solving ability. However, there were no significant differences in learning difficulty and self-efficacy. Although there were no significant differences between the scores of two treatment groups in the subcategories of the perception of treatment, the test scores of extroverts were significantly higher than those of introverts in the perception of performing listener's role, the preference to problem solving strategy, and the preference to paired think-aloud problem solving.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 1999.11a
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• pp.467-474
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• 1999

In this paper, Fault tolerant digital governor, using duplex I/O module and triplex CPU module and also 2 out of 3 voting algorithm and adding self diagnostic ability, is designed to realize ceaseless controlling and to improve the reliability of control system. The processor module of the system(SIDG-3000) is developed based on MC68EC040 32 Bit of Motorola, which guaranteed high quality of the module ,and SRAM for data also SRAM for command are separated. The process module also includes inter process communication function and power back up function (SRAM for back-up). System reliability is estimated by using the model of Markov process. The reliability of triplex system in mission time can be improved about 1.8 times in reliability 86%. 2.8 times in 95 %, 6 times in 99 % compared with a single control system. Designed digital governor system is applied after modelling of the steam turbine generator system of Buk-Cheju Thermal Power Plant. Simulation is carried out to prove the effectiveness of the designed digital governor system

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.8-13
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of the present current study was to examine control of upper limb multi-joint movements with differential coordination stability. To achieve the goals of the study, torque analyses were utilized to answer questions about how torque components were differed among various elbow-wrist coordination patterns. Methods: Eight self-reported right-handed college students (3 males and 5 females, mean age=20.6 yr) were volunteered. The task required participants to rhythmically coordinate the flexion-extension motions of their elbow and wrist with coordination relationship of $0^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$, and $180^{\circ}$relative phases between the two joints. Mean relative phase and phase stability (standard deviation of relative phase) were computed to for analysisze of overall coordination performance. To determine the figure out characteristics of torque components in elbow and wrist joints, impulse values of muscle torque (MT) and interactive torque (IT) and MT as a percentage of cycle duration (MT-PCD) were analyzed. Results: Torque results showed that the proximal elbow joint generated motions with mainly muscle efforts regardless of coordination patterns, while the distal wrist joint adjusted the coordination patterns by changing amount of MT. Impulse analyses showed that the least stable $90^{\circ}$ pattern was performed by utilizing a similar coordination strategy of the most stable $0^{\circ}$ pattern. Conclusion: The present current study suggests that the roles of distal and proximal joints differ in order to achieve various multi-joint coordination movements. This study provides information for use in gives an idea to development of rehabilitation or training programs for to persons with an impaired upper limb motor ability.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.437-453
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• 2006

To analyze dental hygienists and other manpower at dental care service institutions where a dental coordinator was working among about 200 dental care service institutions in Seoul, Gyeonggi Province, and Incheon as of June 2005 for contents of training for dental coordinators, opinions of qualification of dental coordinators, present and future services provided by dental coordinators, and awareness of dental coordinators and to provide basic data about future services, roles, and cultivation of dental coordinators, a survey was conducted and 216 copies returned were analyzed, obtaining the following results. 1. 83.8 percent needed an educational program for dental coordinators as an educational content; 41.7% had awareness of the educational content; and 83.8 percent insisted that over the intermediate level of curricula should be taken. Dental coordinator cultivation institutions identified included the institution under the control of the Korean Dental Hygienists Association and the education center for the department of dental hygiene; 76.9% insisted that an appropriate qualifying examination should be necessary. They suggested the central government department and the local government as a certification institution; 39.4% insisted that financial support for the education should be provided by financing education alone. Only 28.7% experienced dental coordinator education and 73.1% hoped to serve as a dental coordinator. They were found to expect a rise in payment(64.4%) and in the title(46.8%) after completion of the educational program. 2. 66.2% saw a dental hygienist as the most appropriate for a dental coordinator; clinical career (39.4%) and practical capacity(29.2%) were suggested as requirements for a dental coordinator; and a period of over three years(47.2%) was suggested for appropriate dental career. 3. Dental coordinators' present services included 'reservation management' for customer management, 'staff service training' for organization management, 'understanding of customer reception attitudes and actions' for self-management, 'hospital information management' for hospital marketing, 'acceptance' for hospital affairs management, and 'hospital environment management' for hospital facilities management; their future services included 'acquisition of ability to use a foreign language' for self-management, followed by 'staff service training' for organization management, 'training and counseling' for customer management, 'acquisition of counseling capacity' for self-management, 'complaining customer reception' for customer management, and 'marketing strategy implementation' for hospital marketing. 4. After comparing dental hygienists and other manpower in terms of dental coordinators' future services, dental hygienists showed interest in 'acquisition of ability to use a foreign language,' 'staff service training,' 'complaining customer reception,' and 'acquisition of counseling capacity' while other manpower showed interest in 'acquisition of ability to use a foreign language,' 'document data management,' 'acquisition of basic service manner,' 'acquisition of counseling capacity,' 'manpower management,' 'establishment and evaluation of a marketing strategy,' and 'education and counseling.' 5. As for awareness of dental coordinators, they were thought of as helpful in improving image of a dental clinic; it was found that continuous training should be necessary to develop dental coordinators' capacity; dental coordinators' services should be important and contribute to patients' qualitative satisfaction.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.17 no.3 s.37
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• pp.1-15
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate adolescents' internet addiction tendencies according to their human resources which is composed of personal resources and interpersonal resources. The subjects of this study were 396 middle school students in Daegu. Analysis of data were done with the use of frequency. percentage, meat factor analysis, and MANOVA with the Scheffe test applied. The main results of this study were as follows : First, there were meaningful differences in adolescents' internet addiction tendencies according to their personal resources such as self-control ability, Problem-solving ability, and time management ability. Second, there were meaningful differences in adolescents' internet addiction tendencies according to their interpersonal resources such as parents-support, peer-support, and teacher-support.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-20
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• 2016

This study explored the cognitive characteristics and learning needs of economically disadvantaged gifted students. Gifted students(n=99), economically disadvantaged gifted students(n=43), and non-gifted students(n=50) participated in intelligence and creativity tests, and took self assessments of meta-cognition, epistemological beliefs, learning style preferences, and personal time usage. Superior abstract reasoning ability of economically disadvantaged gifted students was found because their scores on Raven's Test had risen rapidly compared to the other groups. Economically disadvantaged gifted students showed similar high scores as the gifted student on the Torrance Tests of Creativity Thinking-Figural, but not on Verbal. They were found to have a perception of the positive relationships among effort, learning abilities, and values of learning integrated knowledge with a general plan. However, they showed lower meta-cognitive control abilities than the gifted students in learning management and strategies, epistemological beliefs in value of rational operations, and time usage for learning. It is necessary to assign economically disadvantaged gifted students a task with various step by step methods of approach because these students prefer a new and creative task to difficult ones. Instruction plans such as developing language and meta-cognitive abilities and practical application of learning content was proposed.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.23-33
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of walking on a treadmill while using dynamic functional electrical stimulation (Dynamic FES) on functional ability and gait in chronic stroke patients. This was a prospective, randomized controlled study. Twelve patients with chronic stroke (>24 months) who were under grade 3 in dorsiflexor strength with manual muscle test were included and randomized into intervention (Dynamic FES) ($n_1$=7) and control (FES) ($n_2$=5). Both the Dynamic FES group and FES group were given a neuromuscular development treatment. The Dynamic FES group has implemented a total of 60 minutes of exercise treatment and gait training with Dynamic FES application. The FES group, with the addition of applying FES while sitting, has also implemented a total of 90 minutes of gait training on treadmill after the exercise treatment. Both two groups accomplished the program, twice a week, for a total of 24 times in a 12-week period. Exercise treatment, gait training on treadmill, and both Dynamic FES and FES were implemented for 30 minutes each. Korean version activities-specific balance confidence scale (K-ABC) was measured to determine self-efficacy in balance function. Timed up and go (TUG) test was performed to evaluate the physical performance. K-ABC, TUG, Berg balance scale (BBS), modified physical performance test (mPPT) and G-walk were evaluated at baseline and at 12 weeks. After 12 weeks, statistically significant differences (p<.05) were apparent in the Dynamic FES group in the changes in K-ABC and BBS. mPPT, TUG, gait speed, stride length and stance phase duration (%) were compared with the FES group. K-ABC had higher correlation to BBS, along with mPPT to TUG. Our results suggest that walking with Dynamic FES in chronic stroke patients may be beneficial for improving their balance confidence, functional ability and gait.