• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.427-431
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• 2002

Lateral roots of soybean sprout might reduce the quality. The study was done to measure the effect of light quality treated during 24 hour imbibition or 6 day culture on growth and development of soybean sprouts on the 6th day after culture. With the soybean seeds imbibed in 4 ppm benzyladenopurine (BA) solution for last 6 hours of the imbibition, blue and red lights were treated during the imbibition, but during 6 day culture, blue and red or far-red light treatments were done for 50 minutes or 5 hours a day, respectively, the periods taking for their cotyledons to turn green color, On the 6th day after culture, the soybean sprouts were classified by 4 categories on the base of hypocotyl length;＞7cm, 4 to 7cm, ＜4cm and non-germination, and their lateral roots, hypocotyl diameters and fraction dry weights were measured. Blue and red lights treated during the imbibition completely blocked lateral root formation regardless of the lights treated during the culture, and showed nearly the same rate of hypocotyls of longer than 4cm. The period of each light treatment forced during the culture did not influence the growth of soybean sprouts. far-red light treated for 5 hours everyday, however, had the least rate of seed germination and hypocotyls of longer than 7cm of the light quality treatments. In addition, red and far-red lights almost equally having the commercial soybean sprouts of longer than 4cm hypocotyls move elongated and selenderized than blue light and dark treatment, meaning the growth and morphology of soybean sprouts was affected by light treatments during the culture.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.2
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• pp.3-9
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• 1964

Root tips of wheat, soybean, cotton and barley were treated with cold temperature (12 or 24 hrs in $0^{\circ}C$ or 2$^{\circ}C$), 8-Hyd.exyquinolin (2 or 10 hrs in 0.03 or 0.1%) and colcllicine (2 or 10 hrs in 0.2 or 1, 0%), and the frequency of metaphase were observed. The results were summarized as follow; 1. Chilling the seminal roots before or after sooting from the seed significantly increased tile number of mitotic cells and the rate of metaphase cells to mitotic cells. The optimal duration of chilling seemed to be differ depending on the kinds of plant and 24 hours to be too long except wheat so far examined here. 9. 8-Hydroxyquinolin treatment, about 2 hours in 0.03%, increased the rate of metaphase cells. The higher concentration and the longer treatment of this chemical caused the lower frequency of mitotic cells generally. 3. Colchicine treatment, 2 to 10 hrs in 0.2 to 1.0%, increased the frequency of mitotic cells and the rate of metaphase cells. Colchicine treatment was same or superior than any other treatments on the increase of metaphase cells. 4. All the treatments examined here caused chromosome contraction with most serious in colchicine following by 8-Hydroxyquinolin and chilling. 5. The feasibility of general application of chilling under the check of proper temperature and proper duration depending on the kinds of crops were discussed.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.115-121
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• 2003

The pork quality was determined with following treatments. The meat samples were obtained from pigs which had been fed finishing pig diets containing 5% beef tallow(Control), 3% beef tallow and 2% perillar seed oil(T1), 250 ppm vitamin E(a-tocopheryl acetate) in T1(T2), 3% beef tallow and 2% squid viscera oil(T3), 250 ppm vitamin E in T3(T4), 3% beef tallow and 2% CLA(Conjugated linoleic acid, T5). T1 had the lowest sarcomere length, salt solubility and total protein contents among the treatments. Salt solubility and total protein content of T2 and T4 which had been fed diets containing Vit. E were higher than those of T1 and T3 which had not been fed diets without Vit. E. pH and water holding capacity(WHC) values of control were higher than those of T1, T3 and T5, while WHC of T2 and T4 was higher than those of T1, T3 and T5. The hunter L value of meat and a value of fat showed higher in T5 than those in control, T, T3. The adhesiveness of T3 and the springiness of T5 in cooked meat showed higher level than other treatments.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.17-21
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• 1985

In order to shorten the time of germination and emergence of red pepper seeds of cv. Serona and cv. King were soaked at 20, 25, and 30% PEG solutions for 6 and 12 days and effects of osmotic treatments with PEG were determined. 1. Osmotic treatments with 20 and 25% PEG for 12 days were proven effective in reducing germination time of cv. Serona and cv. King. Final germination percentages were not significantly different among PEG treatments. 2. Osmotic treatment with 25% PEG for 12 days showed effective in reducing the time between sowing and emergence of red pepper and shortened 4 and 5 days for emergence of cv. King and cv. Serona, respectively. 3. It is anticipated that germination and emergence of red pepper can be greatly hastened under unfavorable low temperature condition by osmotic treatment with 20 and 25% PEG for 6 and 12 days.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.459-462
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• 2009

'Fuyu' (Diospyros kaki L.) is an important sweet persimmon cultivar, and the fruits are often stored in a modified atmosphere after harvesting in South Korea. However, blossom-end browning and darkening of fruit often occur after harvest or during storage, which decreases fruit quality in the fresh fruit market. High fruit calcium concentration would reduce oxidation of phenolic compounds in the cytoplasm such oxidation is responsible for fruit browning. This study investigated the effects of soluble calcium fertilization and foliar application, and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) fertilization on fruit quality and browning. Trees received one of the following five treatments: 1) control (no calcium or IBA); 2) calcium fertilization (Ca FG, 2 mL per tree); 3) calcium foliar application (Ca FA, 2 mL); 4) calcium and IBA fertilization (Ca+IBA) 5) IBA fertilization (IBA, 2 mL. Fruit calcium concentration was highest in trees treated by Ca FA, and lowest in control trees. Generally, fruit calcium concentration was high in the stem end but low in the blossom end, which usually first develops fruit-browning symptoms. There were no apparent differences in fruit qualities such as firmness, soluble solid content, and weight among treatments. Fruit browning occurred at frequencies of about 14%, 20%, and 50% on Ca FA, Ca FG, and control trees, respectively. Therefore, the improved fruit calcium level seen when trees received Ca or IBA application tended to prevent fruit browning, which increased fruit quality and storage properties.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.253-258
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• 2015

In South Korea, Pinus pumila (Pall.) Regel (dwarf stone pine) has been designated as a critically endangered species by the Korea Forest Service. We have difficulties in obtaining the seeds of P. pumila because P. pumila grows only in the Daecheongbong area (1550–1700 m above sea level) of Mt. Seorak and almost all of its cones are damaged by birds and rodents. For establishing an ex situ conservation stand of P. pumila, this study was conducted to figure out the effects of wet cold (cold stratification, prechilling) and GA₃ treatment on the germination of P. pumila seeds. After cold stratification (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 months), prechilling (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 months) and GA₃ treatment (0, 100, 500, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000 ㎎/L), seeds were placed on petri-dishes at 25℃ under light condition. The percentage of germination, mean germination time and the germination rate were investigated. The results showed that both of the cold stratification and prechilling were effective in improving germination performances. However, there were no significant differences in performances between the two cold treatments. Within each treatment, the germination performances improved with the period of treatment. However, after three months of treatment, the performances showed no significant improvement. The gibberellin treatment was also effective in improving seed germination of P. pumila. The percentage of germination reached 79.0% in the seeds treated with 100 ㎎/L of GA₃. However, the germination performances decreased at high concentration of GA₃ treatments (over 2000 ㎎/L). In conclusion, cold stratification (over 3 months) or 100 ㎎/L of GA₃ treatment was considered to be the appropriate method for seedling production of P. pumila.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.76 no.2
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• pp.99-108
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• 1987

Half-sib seeds and one-year-old seedlings of Ginkgo biloba were treated with various simulated acid rains (pH 2.0, pH 3.0, pH 4.0 and pH 5.0) to examine the effects of acid rain on seed germination and seedling growth. The seeds were sown in a pot ($4500cm^3$) containing one of three different soils (nursery soil, mixed soil and sandy soil) and the seedlings were grown in the same pots as the seeds. Simulated acid rain was made by diluting sulfuric and nitric acid solution ($H_2SO_4$: $HNO_3$ = 3:1, V/V) with tap water and tap water (pH6.4), and treated by 5mm each time for three minutes during the growing seasons (April to October 1985 and April to August 1986). Acid rain treatments were done three times per week to potted seeds and seedlings by spraying the solutions. The seed germination, seedling growth and physiological characteristics of potted seedlings were compared among three soil types as well as among the various pH levels. The results obtained in this study were as follows: 1. Seed germination of Ginkgo biloba decreased significantly at pH 2.0 level in the field test, and also at the levels of both pH 2.0 and pH 3.0 in the laboratory test, compared to that at control. 2. For two-year-old seedlings, total, top and root dry weights per seedling were significantly different among the three soil types and among the levels of pH, and shoot growth was different only among the levels of pH. 3. For one-year-old seedlings, height and total and stem-branch dry weights per seedling were significantly different among the levels of pH.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.5-12
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• 2003

Seed germination rate and seedling growth were measured on 6 different species(Phytolacca americana, Eupatorium rugosum, Rumex acetocella, Echinochloa crusgalli, Cassia mimosoides var. nomame, Setaria viridis) treated with leaf extract of E. rugosum. Total phenolic compound and heavy metal were analyzed on leaf and soil with and without E. rugosum. The growth of P. americana seedlings were stimulated by 10% and 25% of E. rugosum water extract treatment. The content of total phenolic compounds in soil was lower than that of leaf extract, and 25% was confirmed as threshold concentration in natural systems because the total phenolic compounds were not significantly different between the control soils and the soil treated with 10%, and 25% extract. Total phenolic compound concentrations of the leaf extracts were highest (1.66 mg/l) with E. rugosum grown under the Quercus forest canopy and lowest (1.09 mg/l) for the plant grown in the mixed forest edge. Leaf extracts of plants selected in different sampling sites (Forest interior, Forest edge, under Pinus Canopy and Quercus Canopy) were significant, while soil extracts were not. Seed germination of R. acetocella and S. viridis were significantly inhibited at over 50% concentrations of E. rugosum, but C. mimosoides var. nomame was not affected at any concentration. The radicle and shoot growth of the native species group were reduced two times more than those of the exotic species group by the treatment of extracts. Especially, the seed germination percentage and dry weight of E. rugosum were greater than those of the control group by treatments with extracts of 10% and 25%. Analysis of aqueous extracts from E. rugosum by HPLC identified 6 phenolic compounds: caffeic acid (460.9 mg/l), benzoic acid (109.7 mg/l), protocatechuic acid (7.3 mg/l), ρ-hydroquinone (6.0 mg/l), cinnamic acid (2.7 mg/l) and hydroquinone (0.23 mg/l). The seed germination of P. americana was also inhibited dramatically by protocatechuic acid and cinnamic acid even though the content of caffeic acid (460.9 mg/l) was the highest among analyzed phenolic compounds. The heavy metal content of soil without A. altissima was higher than that of soil with E. rugosum. Particularly, Al, Fe and Mn was considerably high and most of the heavy metal were accumulated in leaves where a high level of total phenolic compounds was found.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.433-440
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• 2003

Osmotic and solid matrix priming treatments enhanced germination performance. We compared osmotic with solid matrix priming to determine the more effective treatment for improving seed germination in pepper and tomato. Seed hydration was immediately observed after osmotic priming and solid matrix priming treatment. The moisture content of solid matrix primed seeds was lower than that of osmotic primed seeds in the two vegetable crops. Osmotic priming and solid matrix priming did not increased percent germination, but showed shorter number of days to 50% of the final germination percentage ($T_{50}$) compared with untreated seeds, regardless of germination temperature. $T_{50}$ value was reduced in osmotic or solid matrix primed pepper seeds about 6.0, 5.0, 4.6 and 4.0 days compared with untreated seeds at 15, 20, 25, and $30^{\circ}C$, respectively. While, that in tomato seeds was reduced about 3.3, 5.0, 4.6 and 4.0 days compared with untreated seeds at 15, 20, 25, and $30^{\circ}C$, respectively. The effectiveness of osmotic priming or solid matrix priming in reducing the $T_{50}$ was greater when the seeds were germinated at $15^{\circ}C$ than at temperature of higher than $20^{\circ}C$. Solid matrix primed seeds germinated faster than osmotic primed seeds at all temperature in pepper. However, there was no significant difference on the percentage germination between solid matrix and osmotic primed seeds in tomato. After priming, dried-bark seeds showed faster germination than surface-dried seeds in pepper. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in tomato. Emergence of pepper and tomato seeds was markedly enhanced by osmotic priming or SMP treatment although the final emergence percentage was not significantly influenced. On the other hand, early growth was not significantly influenced by osmotic priming or SMP treatment of pepper and tomato seeds.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.63 no.4
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• pp.331-337
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• 2018

The content of nutrients, proteins, and oils of crop seeds is affected by global climate change due to the increase in temperature. Information regarding the effects of increased temperature on soybean seed nutrition is limited despite its vital role in seed quality and food security. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of increasing temperature on seed nutrient, protein, and oil content in two soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] cultivars (Daewonkong and Pungsannamulkong during the reproductive period in a temperature-gradient chamber. Four temperature treatments, Ta (near ambient temperature), $Ta+1^{\circ}C$ (ambient temperature+$1^{\circ}C$), $Ta+2^{\circ}C$ (ambient temperature+$2^{\circ}C$), $Ta+3^{\circ}C$ (ambient temperature+$3^{\circ}C$), and $Ta+4^{\circ}C$ (ambient temperature+$4^{\circ}C$), were established by dividing the rows along the temperature gradient. At maturity, increased temperature did not significantly affect the concentration of P, K, Ca, and Mg. The protein and oil content was significantly correlated with temperature. At maturity, the protein content of DWK and PSNK was reduced at $Ta+4^{\circ}C$. The oil content was the highest at $Ta+4^{\circ}C$ in DWK, whereas it decreased in PSNK at $Ta+4^{\circ}C$. Consequently, the biochemical composition of soybean seeds changed with the increase in temperature. These results illustrate the effects of temperature on soybean seed nutrient, protein, and oil content, which can help improve soybean quality at different temperatures. Thus, the biochemical composition of crop seeds can be changed in accordance with nutritional requirements for the benefit of human health in the future.