• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.373-390
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• 2015

This study investigated the effect of coated feed using mixed oil on rumen fermentation characteristics. Two experiments were conducted based on materials that were mixed. First, cashew nut and soybean oils were mixed with white mineral oil. And second, different plant extracts were mixed with white mineral oil. At first experiment, inclusion levels of mixed oil on diet (0.03%, 0.1%, 0.5%) were applied as variables. A coated diet was fermented with rumen inoculum according to in vitro rumen fermentation and its parameters were investigated. In the result of first experiment, no negative effects on rumen pH were found. Significantly decreased dry matter digestibility was detected at 0.5% treatment (P<0.05). Total gas productions in control and 0.03% were significantly greater than those of others (P<0.05). Significantly reduced methane productions were found in all treatments compared to the control (P<0.05). Inclusion of mixed oil did not affect on ammonia production. Total volatile fatty acid production was also not influenced by coating with mixed oils. Rumen fermentation parameters were greatly changed according to introduced plant extracts at second experiment. The significantly lowest and greatest ammonia productions were found at treatments with Ixeris dentata and Plantago asiatica, respectively (P<0.05). The significantly greatest acetate and propionate productions were detected at treatments with Crucuma longa and Zizyphus vulgaris 1, respectively (P<0.05). All treatments, except Chrysanthemum idicum, Euyale ferox seed, Moringa leaf and fruit and Zizyphus vulgaris 1, showed significantly increased total volatile fatty acid production compared to the control (P<0.05). Only Paeonia lactiflora showed significantly lesser gas production than the control (P<0.05). In methane production, Ceramium, Zizyphus, Paeonia, Agrimonia, Torilis, Mugwort, Foeniculum, Euphorbia, Taraxacum, Artemisia, Momordica, Curcuma and Moringa reduced methane significantly compared to the control (P<0.05).

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.120-124
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• 1993

Effect of eight different treatments to stimulate germination and of seedling ageson the growth and tuber yields of Liriope platyphlla was carried out in vitro(room temperature)and in vivo(field). Treatments, in vitro, of sulfuric acid(2%), $GA_3$(100ppm), and stratification were most stimulated the germination of L.platyphylla. Among them the stratification was also the most effective for emergence in field and was shortened the days to germination in vitro and in vivo. Plant height and the number of leaves and tillers per plant in the sulfuric acid and the vinyl mulch treatments were the poorest, but those in other treatments were highered without any differences. Seeding of L.platyphylla was taken 66 days to emerge and the growth of that was more decreased than that of the seedlings. The younger seedling, the shorter the day of emergence of a new shoot. The olders were bloomed earlier and more increased the growth than the yongers and the divided seedlings, but the tuber yield was most increased in the 3 years seedling.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.478-482
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• 2001

This experiment conducted to know physiological characteristics and stress effect on different growth stage of soybean by night illumination. Soybean variety, Shinpaldalkong 2, Keumjungkong and Muhankong were treated by night illumination with 20~30 Lux (0.05~0.08W m$^{-2}$ , 0.24~0.36 $\mu$㏖ S$^{-1}$ m$^{-2}$ ) for 15 days at six different growth stage, seedling, pre-floral initiation, post-floral initiation, pod filling and seed ripening stage. Night illumination delayed flowering to 2~8 days compared to control. Delay of flowering by night illumination severely effected at the pre-floral initiation stage. Stem length was increased all the night illumination treatments except the pod filling stage. Number of nodes in Shinpaldalkong 2 and Keumjungkong 1 were increased until before post-floral initiation stage but in Muhankong were increased until after post-floral initiation stage by night illumination treatments. Number of pods were decreased all the night illumination treatments except seedling stage compared with control. Yield decreased all the treatments and severe the loss rate degree showed the order of prefloral initiation, post-floral initiation, seedling and flowering stage.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.731-738
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• 2012

Dandelion has been widely utilized for medicinal and edible purposes. This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplemental LED (light-emitting diode) light on germination, growth characteristics and anthocyanin content of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) seedling using LED blue (460 nm), red (660 nm, R), blue + red (B:R=6:4) and fluorescent lamp light treatment. By LED illumination to T. officinale seed germination speed was delayed, and germination rate was the highest in the fluorescent light. The growth characteristics (plant height, number of leaves, root length and fresh weight) were greatly influenced by supplemental LED light compared with control treatment, and the growth promotion was the most effective in the red LED illumination. After 60 days of red and mixed LED light treatments, anthocyanin content of dandelion plants was significantly changed. The anthocyanin content was increased by 12~19 mg/100 g under the red LED and the mixed light conditions compared with the control and the blue LED. Results indicate that illumination with red and mix LEDs, compared with other light treatments, is beneficial for promotion of growth and anthocyanin content in dandelion.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.326-332
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• 2001

On a urea-molasses-straw (3:15:82; UMS) based diet effect of graded levels of cottonseed cake (CSC) supplementation on the performance of native (Bos indicus) bulls has been studied for 167 days. Eighteen growing bulls of $129{\pm}13.4kg$ weight and about 14 months old were randomly allocated to three dietary treatments designed in a completely randomized design, having six animals in each treatment. Three dietary treatments were 0, 0.5 and 1.0 kg CSC per head/d. In addition, each animal also received ad lib. UMS, 4 kg Napier (Pennisetum purpureum) grass, 500 g of each of rice and wheat bran and 60 g mineral mix daily. For unit increase in CSC, total DM intake was increased by $1g/kg\;W^{0.75}/d$ but the straw DM intake decreased by $0.54g/kg\;W^{0.75}/d$. Whole gut digestibility of DM and OM was not effected but N and ADF digestibility increased with incremental increase in dietary CSC. For unit (1kg) increase in dietary CSC intake N and ADF digestibility increased by 10 (${\pm}1.155$) and 3 (${\pm}1.732$) unit respectively. Microbial N yield for the 0, 0.5 and 1.0 kg CSC were 5.63, 5.28 and 5.16 g/kg OM apparently fermented in the rumen respectively. For each gram increase in CSC, N intake and N balance increased by 0.626 (${\pm}0.015$) and 0.625 (${\pm}0.0814$) mg/kg $W^{0.75}/d$. High apparent N balance was contrasted with low live weight gain, e.g., for 1 kg increase in CSC supplementation, live weight gain increased by only 0.077 (${\pm}0.00288$) kg/d ($r^{2}=0.99$; p<0.01). The conversion efficiency was 12.98 kg CSC per kg of live weight gain. It was concluded that unless the protein is being protected from the rumen degradation, addition of CSC to UMS diet would have little nutritional or economic advantages.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 1992

To establish the method of direct seeding cultivation in rice (Oryza sativa L.), direct surface seeding with treatments of N application rate, application of growth regulator(PP333), and seeding rate were conducted from May to Oct., 1989 at the experimental field of Sunchon National University. There were no significant differences among treatment means of N application rates, and seeding rates, which seemed to be due to severe occurrence of field lodging. Application of PP333 reduced culm length by 3-4m, but it did not affect the occurrence of lodging. The optimal seeding rate to maximize the number of spikelets per unit area was estimated to be 6kg seed /10a. To obtain stable yield in cultivation of direct surface seeded rice in submerged paddy field, it was necessary to reduce occurrence of field lodging through breeding of lodging resistance genotypes rather than cultural practices.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.364-368
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• 2006

Survival of biocontrol agents and their effective colonization of rhizhosphere are the essential components for successful disease suppression. The effects of hydrogel supplement on bacterial survival and disease control were evaluated in pot and in the field. Addition of 2% hydrogel material to potting soil resulted in significant enhancement of colonization of biocontrol agent Serratia plymuthica A21-4 both in soil and rhizosphere of pepper plants. Rhizosphere colonization of S. plymuthica A21-4 retrieved from 40 days old pepper seedlings indicated 100 times higher bacterial population in hydrogel treated soil than in ordinary pot soil. The pepper plants sown in hydrogelated potting soil showed higher seed germination rate and the better growth of pepper plant than those in ordinary commercial pot soil. Although the suppression of Phytophthora capsid density in the potting soil by treatment of biocontrol agent A21-4 was not significantly different between in hydrogelated soil and ordinary potting soil, the suppression of Phytophthora blight between two treatments was significantly different. A21-4 treatment in hydrogelated potting soil was completely disease-free while same treatment in ordinary potting soil revealed 36% disease incidence. Our field study under natural disease occurrence also showed significantly less disease incidence(12.3%) in the A21-4 treatment in the hydrogelated soil compared to other treatments. Yield promotion of pepper by the A21-4 treatment in the hydrogelated potting soil was also recognized. Our results indicated that hydrogel amendment with biocontrol agent in pot soil would be a good alternative to protect pepper seedlings and increase plant yield.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.230-239
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• 2012

Coconut (Cocos nucifera L) is one of the predominant plantation crops in Sri Lankan economy which is known to have existed for over thousands of years. During the past decades coconut production had been reduced by a significant quantity. The usage of poor quality planting materials is a major reason for the low coconut production. Thus much attention needs to be paid in coconut nurseries. Weed management is a critical management practice in the nursery. Though glyphosate application is becoming popular in nurseries it can affect weeds as well as coconut seedlings growth. Therefore the effects of glyphosate were evaluated by determining the growth of shoot and root of coconut seedlings. Poly bag nursery was prepared and three treatments were used. Treatments were no glyphosate and manual weeding ($T_1$), application of glyphosate 1.08 ai kg $ha^{-1}$ at 2 monthly interval ($T_2$) and application of glyphosate 1.44 ai kg $ha^{-1}$ at 2 monthly interval ($T_3$). Application of glyphosate at early stage of seedling growth had a no significant effect on growth parameters tested. However, the concentrations of glyphosate negatively affected numbers, volumes and dry weights of secondary, tertiary and quaternary roots at the latter stage of seedling growth. The leaf area and the height of seedling were significantly reduced by the highest concentration of glyphosate. Among the growth parameters tested, seedling girth and shoot dry weight were not affected by the application of glyphosate. These results revealed that the usage of glyphosate at both concentrations negatively affected root growth of coconut seedlings. Based on these results, the both concentration levels of glyphosate should be applied to coconut nurseries before sprouting the seed nuts.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.188-191
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• 2013

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of light, temperature, and priming treatment on the germination of Bidens bipinnata seeds for the purpose of cultivation of new vegetable crop. The results showed that the treatment of $25^{\circ}C$ yielded the highest germination percentages and the highest germination speed in both light and dark conditions. Light condition had no effect on the germination of B. bipinnata. Priming treatments demon-strated the following improved germination percentages: $Ca(NO_3)_2$ 0.1 M (68.3%), $K_3PO_4$ 0.1 M (63.3%), and $KNO_3$ 0.1 M (53.3%), with $Ca(NO_3)_2$ 0.1 M treatment giving the greatest improvement. Consequentially, the results suggested that $25^{\circ}C$ light condition, and $K_3PO_4$ 0.1 M or $Ca(NO_3)_2$ 0.1 M priming treatments would be effective method to improve the germination of Bidens bipinnata seeds.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.10
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• pp.85-90
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• 1971

Dormancy breaking methods were studied on Avenasterilis seeds. The treatments were: application of alcohol, hot water, low temperature, pure oxygen, thiourea and gibberellic acid. Thiourea treatment with 3 different concentrations (0.25 x 10$^{-2}$ M, 0.625 x 10$^{-2}$ M, 1.25 x 10$^{-2}$ M) had little effect in breaking dormancy. Gibberellic acid treatment applied at 5ppm, 50ppm, 500ppm were effective and maximum germination was obtained with 500ppm. Low temperature treatment at 3$^{\circ}C$ for a week in a refrigerator was also very effective in breaking dormancy. Other treatments were not effective. In all cases, primary seeds germinated significantly better than secondary seeds. Different A. sterilis strains varied significantly in their response to gibberellic acid treatment. Different concentrations of gibberellic acid also gave significantly different responses in breaking dormancy.