• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
• /
• v.9 no.6
• /
• pp.1089-1095
• /
• 2023

Windows are essential and important architectural elements for the organization of architectural spaces, and they give character to the space and have a great impact on the reaction of users. Virtual windows are installed to activate architectural spaces such as underground spaces where windows cannot be installed, and to provide a sense of psychological security to users in hospital clinics, etc. In this study, we reviewed the literature and collected and analyzed the precedents of virtual windows to discuss the factors necessary to improve the realism of virtual windows. The factors that affect the realism of virtual windows are further grouped into five categories: 1. Use of reproduced images or videos for views, 2. Representation of temporality, 3. Responsiveness to changes in the observer's perspective, 4. Realistic reproduction of sunlight, and 5. Provision of non-visual sensory elements. Virtual windows are not just a replacement for traditional windows, but a way to realize a virtual environment using digital media, and it is necessary to expand the discussion to the realization of the virtual environment and the relationship with architectural elements.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.375-390
• /
• 2024

Edge computing architecture has effectively alleviated the computing pressure on cloud platforms, reduced network bandwidth consumption, and improved the quality of service for user experience; however, it has also introduced new security issues. Existing anomaly detection methods in big data scenarios with cloud-edge computing collaboration face several challenges, such as sample imbalance, difficulty in dealing with complex network traffic attacks, and difficulty in effectively training large-scale data or overly complex deep-learning network models. A lightweight deep-learning model was proposed to address these challenges. First, normalization on the user side was used to preprocess the traffic data. On the edge side, a trained Wasserstein generative adversarial network (WGAN) was used to supplement the data samples, which effectively alleviates the imbalance issue of a few types of samples while occupying a small amount of edge-computing resources. Finally, a trained lightweight deep learning network model is deployed on the edge side, and the preprocessed and expanded local data are used to fine-tune the trained model. This ensures that the data of each edge node are more consistent with the local characteristics, effectively improving the system's detection ability. In the designed lightweight deep learning network model, two sets of convolutional pooling layers of convolutional neural networks (CNN) were used to extract spatial features. The bidirectional long short-term memory network (BiLSTM) was used to collect time sequence features, and the weight of traffic features was adjusted through the attention mechanism, improving the model's ability to identify abnormal traffic features. The proposed model was experimentally demonstrated using the NSL-KDD, UNSW-NB15, and CIC-ISD2018 datasets. The accuracies of the proposed model on the three datasets were as high as 0.974, 0.925, and 0.953, respectively, showing superior accuracy to other comparative models. The proposed lightweight deep learning network model has good application prospects for anomaly traffic detection in cloud-edge collaborative computing architectures.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.56 no.9
• /
• pp.3501-3511
• /
• 2024

Titanium alloys play a vital role in optimizing the effectiveness and security of nuclear reactors, strengthening structural durability, and facilitating the effective handling of nuclear waste. The aim of this study is to investigate the gamma-ray, neutron, and transmission properties of four common titanium alloys through the examination of the deposited energy amount in the liquid sodium coolant material, in relation to the mechanical properties of these alloys. MCNP (version 6.3) is utilized for designing the titanium pipes. Next, the pipes were re-designed considering the elemental mass fractions and densities of the investigated titanium alloys. Grade 26 sample is reported with the highest values of mass attenuation coefficients and the lowest HVL values among those investigated alloys. Grade 26 is reported to have the lowest TF value, whereas Grade 12 demonstrated the highest TF value. The highest Effective Removal Cross Section (Σ_R, 1/cm) value against fast neutrons is reported for Grade 26. The utilization of Grade 26 sample as pipe material resulted in the lowest deposited energy amount (MeV/g) and subsequent lowest contamination in the coolant material. Out of the alloys that were chosen for analysis, it has been determined that Grade 26 exhibits the highest level of strength. It can be concluded that the Grade 26 alloy exhibits desirable characteristics for applications in nuclear technologies that require superior gamma-ray and neutron absorption properties, as well as exceptional mechanical properties. Nevertheless, it is essential to emphasize the importance for ongoing studies to enhance the existing material properties of Grade 26, with the aim of achieving improved safety and efficacy in nuclear applications.

• Maritime Security
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.215-240
• /
• 2020

In 2017, the U.S. DARPA coined 'mosaic warfare' as a new way of warfighting. According to the Timothy Grayson, director of DARPA's Strategic Technologies Office, mosaic warfare is a "system of system" approach to warfghting designed around compatible "tiles" of capabilities, rather than uniquely shaped "puzzle pieces" that must be fitted into a specific slot in a battle plan in order for it to work. Prior to cover mosaic warfare theory and recent development, it deals analyze its background and several premises for better understanding. The U.S. DoD officials might acknowledge the current its forces vulnerability to the China's A2/AD assets. Furthermore, the U.S. seeks to complete military superiority even in other nation's territorial domains including sea and air. Given its rapid combat restoration capability and less manpower casualty, the U.S. would be able to ready to endure war of attrition that requires massive resources. The core concept of mosaic warfare is a "decision centric warfare". To embody this idea, it create adaptability for U.S. forces and complexity or uncertainty for the enemy through the rapid composition and recomposition of a more disag g reg ated U.S. military force using human command and machine control. This allows providing more options to friendly forces and collapse adversary's OODA loop eventually. Adaptable kill web, composable force packages, A.I., and context-centric C3 architecture are crucial elements to implement and carry out mosaic warfare. Recently, CSBA showed an compelling assessment of mosaic warfare simulation. In this wargame, there was a significant differences between traditional and mosaic teams. Mosaic team was able to mount more simultaneous actions, creating additional complexity to adversaries and overwhelming their decision-making with less friendly force's human casualty. It increase the speed of the U.S. force's decision-making, enabling commanders to better employ tempo. Consequently, this article finds out and suggests implications for Korea armed forces. First of all, it needs to examine and develop 'mosaic warfare' in terms of our security circumstance. In response to future warfare, reviewing overall force structure and architecture is required which is able to compose force element regardless domain. In regards to insufficient defense resources and budget, "choice" and "concentration" are also essential. It needs to have eyes on the neighboring countries' development of future war concept carefully.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.41 no.3
• /
• pp.1-11
• /
• 2013

This study investigated Chinese Laws on the kind of urban green spaces and the legal requirements for the green spaces of urban habitat and analyzed the specificities of them intending to provide basic data to suggest bringing in or not the relevant Chinese Laws to Korea. This study can be summarized as follows: First, the concept of Chinese urban green spaces(g.s.) classified by 5 kinds(park g.s., production g.s., protection g.s., attachment g.s., the others g.s.) placed the park and green spaces in the same category unlike the Korean urban green spaces that only distinguishes between park and green spaces. The Chinese Urban Park is classified by 4 kinds(composite park, community park, special park, linear park) at the 'Standard for urban green spaces classification' which is below in rank of the legal system. Second, in case of calculation for green spaces ratio of urban green spaces in China, the green rooftop landscaping area should not be included as a green spaces area except the rooftop of a basement or semi basement building to which residents have easy access. The green spaces requirements and compulsory secure ratio by 3 habitat kinds(habitat, small habit, minimum habitat) of when to act as a residential plan is regulated. Third, the green spaces system is obligated to establish at habitat green spaces plan and is specified to conserve and improve existing trees and green spaces. The green spaces ratio on reconstruction for old habitat is relaxed to be lower than for new habitat and a gradient of green spaces is peculiarly clarified. The details and requirements for establishment and the minimum area intending for each classes of the central green spaces(habitat park, children park, minimum habitat's green spaces) are regulated. Especially at a garden style of minimum habitat's green spaces, intervals between the south and north houses and a compulsory security for green spaces area classifying into two groups(closing type green spaces and open type green spaces) by a middle-rise or high-rise building are clarified. System of calculation for green spaces area is presented at a special regulation. Fourth, a general index(area/person) of public green spaces within habitat to achieve by 3 habitat kinds is determined, in this case, the index on reconstruction for a deterioration zone can be relaxed to be lower to the extent of a specified quantity. A location and scale, minimum width and minimum area per place of public green spaces are regulated. A space plot principle including adjacent to a road, greening area ratio against total area, security of open space and the shadow line boundary of sunshine are also regulated to intend for public green spaces. Fifth, the minimum horizontal distance between the underground cables and the surrounding greening trees are regulated as the considerable items for green spaces when setting up the underground cables. The principle to establish green spaces within public service facilities is regulated according to the kind of service contents. It shall be examined in order to import or not the special regulations that only exist in Chinese Laws but not in Korean Laws. The result of this study will contribute to gain the domestic landscape architect's' sympathy of the research related to Chinese urban green spaces laws requiring immediate attention and will be a good chance to advance into the internationalization of Korean Landscape Architectural Laws.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.45 no.4
• /
• pp.23-34
• /
• 2017

This study focused on a planned site located in Gosangol Village in Daegu Metropolitan City that aims to build an urban agricultural park combining urban agriculture and urban park for the sustainable realization of urban agriculture. Accordingly, this study has significance in two perspectives: firstly, suggesting development strategies to be considered when building an urban agricultural park as a theme park, and secondly, presenting guidelines for spatial programs and facilities to be introduced for actual applications. The results are as follows. Firstly, building an urban agricultural park fills a role as a local community space prompted by the demand-oriented evolution of urban parks, and agricultural behaviors to be incorporated in the theme. In this context, 'building an urban agricultural space focusing on sustainability', 'constructing green space systems focusing on agricultural landscape', and 'structuring leisure spaces for communications in the community' are presented as development strategies. Secondly, key functions that an urban agricultural park should have include production and trade of agricultural products on the production side, soil preservation, resource cycling and green space provision on the environmental side, leisure and experience, community vitalization, education, and social security on the social and cultural side, and entertainment functions, ecological functions, and protective functions as urban park functionality. Thirdly, key facilities needed when building an urban agricultural park include urban agricultural facilities other than park management facilities, landscape facilities, recreational facilities, sports facilities, educational facilities, and convenient facilities, and family gardens as the key facility of the urban agricultural park should be scaled in consideration of various purposes and behaviors of their use. This study has a limitation that the subject site was limited to a specific area but has significance in that it presented a planning model for the spatial structuring of park-type urban agriculture.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
• /
• v.27 no.12C
• /
• pp.1288-1298
• /
• 2002

To implement elliptic curve cryptosystem in GF(2$\^$m/) at high speed, a fast divider is required. Although bit-parallel architecture is well suited for high speed division operations, elliptic curve cryptosystem requires large m(at least 163) to support a sufficient security. In other words, since the bit-parallel architecture has an area complexity of 0(m$\^$m/), it is not suited for this application. In this paper, we propose a new serial-in serial-out systolic array for computing division operations in GF(2$\^$m/) using the standard basis representation. Based on a modified version of tile binary extended greatest common divisor algorithm, we obtain a new data dependence graph and design an efficient bit-serial systolic divider. The proposed divider has 0(m) time complexity and 0(m) area complexity. If input data come in continuously, the proposed divider can produce division results at a rate of one per m clock cycles, after an initial delay of 5m-2 cycles. Analysis shows that the proposed divider provides a significant reduction in both chip area and computational delay time compared to previously proposed systolic dividers with the same I/O format. Since the proposed divider can perform division operations at high speed with the reduced chip area, it is well suited for division circuit of elliptic curve cryptosystem. Furthermore, since the proposed architecture does not restrict the choice of irreducible polynomial, and has a unidirectional data flow and regularity, it provides a high flexibility and scalability with respect to the field size m.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.1-13
• /
• 2012

Landscape Garden tradition of excellent examples of places that are focused on hydroponics management. South Korea and China, this thing was noticeable among them South Korea which emphasizes the natural contours of the natural streams in accordance with the basic idea to use examples that feature will do. Gardens in China by constructing a flat terrain also naturally expect to find examples of conscious ideas depending on the water and the mountains are characterized. These differences and similarities through the Gardens of the tradition of separating the two countries to build their Garden by site Soswaewon and Zolzengwon appear in the target hand is to identify the characteristics between the director. Research methods literature survey, field survey of the natural environment through the plantation, background history, the people who intend to study, to configure the ground water space, Jian, construction and management has been studied in hydroponics. As a result, Damyang-gun, Jeollanam-do, South Korea in the Garden of the Soswaewon(瀟灑園) organization with inner garden and outer garden of a small, but the scale of production to Yang San-Bo's 'eunilgwan' implement security based rock mooring takes the form of a linear channel and the water came down from riding pending to avoid artifacts gathered again took the form of streams flowing into that. Hutton was a rubble pile structure Jian. Building an Gwangpunggak, Jewoldang, as Daebongdae consist, respectively, depending on the purpose of the mooring was deployed by focusing. The other hand, is located at Suzhou, Jiangsu of China Zolzengwon(拙政園) flat terrain is located on. Largely divided eastern gardens, Central Gardens and the Gardens of the West was conducted by five thirds of the total area of Water accounted for. Pavilion the center of the pond, Seokgasan achieve a variety of landscapes and architectural features that are most of the Ming. The two countries, each region's natural environment and human environment, different, unique characteristics to each other in the implementation of a unique hydroponic Garden tube and ideological backgrounds, but especially the 'eunilgwan' and the terrain that is divided according to the conditions of this study, so fulfilling Garden was conducted.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.49 no.3
• /
• pp.78-103
• /
• 2016

This research is a study on the side framework structure of the hipped and gable roof of Muryangsujeon at Buseoksa Temple. There is a record that Muryangsujeon was deconstructed and repaired in the period of Japanese Occupancy, and its authenticity has continuously been called into question because the structure of the hipped and gable side roofs, and the bonding of the rafters and eaves were not in good order and very different from those of Joseon Dynasty. Scholars date it differently. It is either dated at 13th century or 12th century. This study compares the non-planar configuration of the middle and front proportions of Muryangsujeon's hipped-and-gable-roof framework with those of the Tang(唐) and Song(宋) Dynasties in China. It concludes that the hipped-and-gable-roof framework of those architecture were built with the same technique. The style of architecture that side rafters directly touch the internal security (梁), like in Muryangsujeon, is not usual even among the hipped and garble roofs of the Tang(唐) and Song(宋) Dynasties. The technique of constructing the hipped roofs developed much further after the Tang Dynasty because they began to use garble eaves to build the side structure. The technique seems to have developed greatly by the period of Ming and Qing Dynasties. It also seems that the parallel-flat (平行輻射椽) rafter, which is the form of rafters used between the parallelrafter period and the half-flat-rafter period is very similar to the construction style of the current rafters of Muryangsujeon. However, the Muryangsujeon's eaves do not touch the corner rafter from the middle part. This seems to be a unique style, which is not common in China. In conclusion, the style of the side roof framework of Muryangsujeon at Buseoksa Temple is not of the China's southern regions, but of the northern regions of Tang(唐), Song(宋) and Liao(遼) Dynasties. And when considering the construction year and proportions of the middle front and side front on the same flat, this must be an ancient technique of the northeastern regions of Asia. Since it is likely that the structure of the side roof framework of Muryangsujeon at Buseoksa Temple has not been altered but is a unique style of hipped and gable roofs, this roof can serve as a good guide to restoring the hipped and garble roofs of the pre-Goyreo Dynasty period.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.98 no.4
• /
• pp.479-490
• /
• 2009

This research was carried out to understand the actual condition of Forest Management Agency System, Cooperative Forest Program and People's Forest Program with Public Participation and to boost the program. To carry out a quantitative survey among selected 5 Regional Forest Service and 27 National Forest Office, we investigated the activity-awareness concepts of officers on Importance, Performance, and problems of program. As a results, the difference of understanding on National Forest Management System involved with the results of agreement achieved. Also most serious problem of Forest Management Agency System were the shortage of participation will and the limitation of security benefit. The prime reason for the program problem is lack of investment in People's Forest Program. The final results on survey of National Forest Management System with the Importance and Performance as followed. It indicated that I(Keep Up Good Work) have 5 Factors, II(Concentrate Here) have 2 Factors, III(Low Priority) have 6 Factors, and IV(Possible Overkill) have 2 Factors. Base on above investigation, we finally suggest that new organization exclusive responsible for the improvement of management and encouragement of Build Transfer Operate.