• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.28 no.8
• /
• pp.1194-1201
• /
• 2015

This study investigated the effect of oxidized soybean oil in the diet of young chickens on growth performance and intestinal oxidative stress, and indices of intestinal immune function. Corn-soybean-based diets containing 2% mixtures of fresh and oxidized soybean oil provided 6 levels (0.15, 1.01, 3.14, 4.95, 7.05, and $8.97meqO_2/kg$) of peroxide value (POV) in the diets. Each dietary treatment, fed for 22 d, had 6 replicates, each containing 30 birds (n = 1,080). Increasing POV levels reduced average daily feed intake (ADFI) of the broilers during d 1 to 10, body weight and average daily gain at d 22 but did not affect overall ADFI. Concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) increased in plasma and jejunum as POV increased but total antioxidative capacity (T-AOC) declined in plasma and jejunum. Catalase (CAT) activity declined in plasma and jejunum as did plasma glutathione S-transferase (GST). Effects were apparent at POV exceeding $3.14meqO_2/kg$ for early ADFI and MDA in jejunum, and POV exceeding $1.01meqO_2/kg$ for CAT in plasma and jejunum, GST in plasma and T-AOC in jejunum. Relative jejunal abundance of nuclear factor kappa B ($NF-{\kappa}B$) P50 and $NF-{\kappa}B$ P65 increased as dietary POV increased. Increasing POV levels reduced the jejunal concentrations of secretory immunoglobulin A and cluster of differentiation (CD) 4 and CD8 molecules with differences from controls apparent at dietary POV of 3.14 to $4.95meqO_2/kg$. These findings indicated that growth performance, feed intake, and the local immune system of the small intestine were compromised by oxidative stress when young broilers were fed moderately oxidized soybean oil.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
• /
• v.53 no.4
• /
• pp.431-438
• /
• 2015

In Trichinella spiralis infection, type 2 helper T (Th2) cell-related and regulatory T ($T_{reg}$) cell-related immune responses are the most important immune events. In order to clarify which Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are closely associated with these responses, we analyzed the expression of mouse TLR genes in the small intestine and muscle tissue during T. spiralis infection. In addition, the expression of several chemokine- and cytokine-encoding genes, which are related to Th2 and $T_{reg}$ cell mediated immune responses, were analyzed in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) isolated from myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)/TIR-associated proteins (TIRAP) and Toll receptor-associated activator of interferons (TRIF) adapter protein deficient and wild type (WT) mice. The results showed significantly increased TLR4 and TLR9 gene expression in the small intestine after 2 weeks of T. spiralis infection. In the muscle, TLR1, TLR2, TLR5, and TLR9 gene expression significantly increased after 4 weeks of infection. Only the expression of the TLR4 and TLR9 genes was significantly elevated in WT MEF cells after treatment with excretory-secretory (ES) proteins. Gene expression for Th2 chemokine genes were highly enhanced by ES proteins in WT MEF cells, while this elevation was slightly reduced in MyD88/$TIRAP^{-/-}$ MEF cells, and quite substantially decreased in $TRIF^{-/-}$ MEF cells. In contrast, IL-10 and $TGF-{\beta}$ expression levels were not elevated in MyD88/$TIRAP^{-/-}$ MEF cells. In conclusion, we suggest that TLR4 and TLR9 might be closely linked to Th2 cell and $T_{reg}$ cell mediated immune responses, although additional data are needed to convincingly prove this observation.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.58 no.4
• /
• pp.211-217
• /
• 2018

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are useful candidates for tissue engineering and cell therapy. Physiological cell environment not only connects cells to each other, but also connects cells to the extracellular matrix that provide mechanical support, thus exposing the entire cell surface and activating signaling pathways. Hydrogel is a polymeric material that swells in water and maintains a distinct 3-dimensional (3D) network structure by cross linking. In this study, we investigated the optimized cellular function for canine adipose tissue-derived MSCs (cAD-MSCs) using hydrogel. We observed that the expression levels of Ki67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen, which are involved in cell proliferation and stemness, were increased in transwell-hydrogel (3D-TN) compared to the transwell-normal (TN). Also, transforming growth factor-${\beta}1$ and SOX9, which are typical bone morphogenesis-inducing factors, were increased in 3D-TN compared to the TN. Collagen type II alpha 1, which is a chondrocyte-specific marker, was increased in 3D-TN compared to the TN. Osteocalcin, which is a osteocyte-specific marker, was increased in 3D-TN compared to the TN. Collectively, preconditioning cAD-MSCs via 3D culture systems can enhance inherent secretory properties that may improve the potency and efficacy of MSCs-based therapies for bone regeneration process.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
• /
• v.12 no.3
• /
• pp.66-75
• /
• 2021

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 are cytokines secreted by immune cells. Cytokines induce the proliferation of macrophages or promote the differentiation of secretory cells. The initiation and progression of allergic inflammatory diseases, such as asthma, are dependent on cytokines acting through related receptor complexes. IL-4 and IL-13 are N-glycoproteins. Glycan structures in glycoproteins play important roles in protein folding, protein stability, enzymatic function, inflammation, and cancer development. Therefore, the glycan structure of IL-4 and IL-13 needs to be elucidated in detail for the development of effective therapies. We report the first attempt to characterize the site-specific N-glycosylation of recombinant IL-4 and IL-13 via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. The tandem mass spectra of intact N-glycopeptides were identified using the Integrated GlycoProteome Analyzer (I-GPA) platform, which can automatically and rapidly analyze multiple N-glycopeptides, including their glycan composition and amino acid sequences. The recombinant IL-4 and IL-13 were identified with amino acid sequence coverages of 84% and 96%, respectively. For IL-4, 52 glycoforms on one N-glycosylation site were identified and quantified. In IL-13, 232 N-glycopeptides from three N-glycosylation sites were characterized, with the site Asn52 being the most extensively glycosylated (~80%). The complex glycans were the most abundant glycan on IL-4 and IL-13 (~96% and 91%, respectively), and the biantennary glycans were the most abundant in both recombinant IL-4 and IL-13 proteins.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.4.1-4.14
• /
• 2024

Background: Lawsonia intracellularis is the causative agent of proliferative enteropathy and is associated with several outbreaks, causing substantial economic loss to the porcine industry. Objectives: In this study, we focused on demonstrating the protective effect in the mouse model through the immunological bases of two vaccine strains against porcine proliferative enteritis. Methods: We used live-attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) secreting two selected immunogenic LI antigens (Lawsonia autotransporter A epitopes and flagellin [FliC]-peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein-FliC) as the vaccine carrier. The constructs were cloned into a Salmonella expression vector (pJHL65) and transformed into the ST strain (JOL912). The expression of immunogenic proteins within Salmonella was evaluated via immunoblotting. Results: Immunizing BALB/c mice orally and subcutaneously induced high levels of LI-specific systemic immunoglobulin G and mucosal secretory immunoglobulin A. In immunized mice, there was significant upregulation of interferon-γ and interleukin-4 cytokine mRNA and an increase in the subpopulations of cluster of differentiation (CD) 4⁺ and CD 8⁺ T lymphocytes upon splenocytes re-stimulation with LI antigens. We observed significant protection in C57BL/6 mice against challenge with 10^6.9 times the median tissue culture infectious dose of LI or 2 × 10⁹ colony-forming units of the virulent ST strain. Immunizing mice with either individual vaccine strains or co-mixture inhibited bacterial proliferation, with a marked reduction in the percentage of mice shedding Lawsonia in their feces. Conclusions: Salmonella-mediated LI gene delivery induces robust humoral and cellular immune reactions, leading to significant protection against LI and salmonellosis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.30 no.6
• /
• pp.878-885
• /
• 2017

Objective: Glucose is an essential fuel in the energy metabolism and synthesis pathways of all mammalian cells. In lactating animals, glucose is the major precursor for lactose and is a substrate for the synthesis of milk proteins and fat in mammary secretory (alveolar) epithelial cells. However, clear utilization of glucose in mammary cells during lactogenesis is still unknown, due to the lack of in vitro analyzing models. Therefore, the objective of this study was to test the reliability of the mammary alveolar (MAC-T) cell as an in vitro study model for glucose metabolism and lactating system. Methods: Undifferentiated MAC-T cells were cultured in three types of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium with varying levels of glucose (no-glucose: 0 g/L, low-glucose: 1 g/L, and high-glucose: 4.5 g/L) for 8 d, after which differentiation to casein secretion was induced. Cell proliferation and expression levels of apoptotic genes, Insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF1) receptor, oxytocin receptor, ${\alpha}S1$, ${\alpha}S2$, and ${\beta}$ casein genes were analyzed at 1, 2, 4, and 8 d after differentiation. Results: The proliferation of MAC-T cells with high-glucose treatment was seen to be significantly higher. Expression of apoptotic genes was not affected in any group. However, expression levels of the mammary development related gene (IGF1 receptor) and lactation related gene (oxytocin receptor) were significantly higher in the low-glucose group. Expressions of ${\alpha}S1-casein$, ${\alpha}S2-casein$, and ${\beta}-casein$ were also higher in the low-glucose treated group as compared to that in the no-glucose and high-glucose groups. Conclusion: The results demonstrated that although a high-glucose environment increases cell proliferation in MAC-T cells, a low-glucose treatment to MAC-T cells induces higher expression of casein genes. Our results suggest that the MAC-T cells may be used as an in vitro model to analyze mammary cell development and lactation connected with precise biological effects.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.345-353
• /
• 2002

Bone morphogenetic proteins(BMPs) are secretory signal molecules which have a variety of regulatory functions during morphogenesis and cell differentiation. To evaluate roles of BMPs and their receptors on mouse sagittal suture development, we have examined their expression patterns in serial sections of sagittal sutures by in situ hybridization during embryonic stages(E15-E18). BMP-2 and BMP-3 were expressed in the osteogenic front and parietal bone on embryonic 15day, from E16 in hair follicle. BMP-4 was strongly expressed in the osteogenic front and weakly expressed in the mesenchyme and parietal bone. BMP-S was expressed in the hair follicles. BMP-6 was not expressed in this study. BMP-7 was expressed in parietal bone during embryonic stage. BMPR-IB was expressed in the osteogenic front, but BMPR-IA was not. From these datas, we suggest that the BMP-4 regulates the early commitment of mesenchymal cells to the osteogenic lineages, the BMP-2 and BMP-3 may be involved in regulating the differentiation of osteoblast precursor cells. BMP-7 was involved in maintenance of differentiated osteoblasts. BMPs were key signaling molecules that regulate early calvarial bone morphogenesis, mediated by BMPR-IB.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• v.39 no.1
• /
• pp.57-64
• /
• 2009

The trapping leaves of Drosera capture insects by secreting sticky mucilage from numerous glandular trichomes (GTs) that are developed on the leaf epidermis. The present study examines and compares the structural features of those trichomes in Drosera binata and D. pygmy with the use of light and electron microscopy. The study focuses primarily on the development and differentiation pattern of the GTs during growth. Upon examination, the upper and lower epidermis were readily distinguishable by the features of GTs in developing leaves. In particular, the GTs were dense in the upper epidermis and along the leaf margin. In D. binata, the capitate GTs with elongated stalk and sessile peltate GTs were found most commonly, whereas only capitate GTs with varying degrees of the stalk length were observed in D. pygmy. Up to ca. $2.2{\sim}3.4\;mm$ long capitate GTs were seen in the leaf margins of D. binata and ca. $3.7{\sim}4.2\;mm$ long GTs having racket-like head with adaxial hemispheric structures, otherwise known as tentacles, were noted in the leaf margin of D. pygmy. The peltate GTs were found to be distributed in the lower epidermis of D. binata. In both species, head cells were dense with cytoplasm containing high numbers of Golgi bodies, ER, mitochondria and small vesicles. Secretory materials accumulated within numerous small vacuoles, then fused together to form a single large vacuole, which serves as a secretory cavity. Flection movement of the marginal GTs and leaf blade GTs, and increased mucilage secretion from the head cells upon contact with prey during the capturing process are considered to be major factors in their active insectivorous mechanism. The findings of this study will be useful in comparisons to similar findings in other species that form adhesive trapping leaves, such as Drosophyllum or Pinguicula., further contributing a better understanding of the function and structure of the trapping leaves of carnivorous plants.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.49 no.5
• /
• pp.577-584
• /
• 2007

Adipocyte-specific secretory factor(ADSF)/resistin, an hormone, is a small cysteine-rich protein secreted from adipose tissue and ADSF/resistin has been implicated in modulating adipogenesis in human and rodents. Although the exact role of ADSF/resistin in bovine has not been identified, it may have directly or indirectly involved in adipocyte differentiation. The objective of this study was to investigate its DNA polymorphism associated with carcass traits in Korean Native Cattle(Hanwoo). To investigate DNA polymorphism in Hanwoo ADSF/resistin gene, blood samples were taken from 295 Hanwoo steers belonging to progeny testing at Hanwoo Improvement Center in Korea. Seven single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) were found in intron regions but not in any other regions including promoter (1.7kb) and 4 exons. The highest frequency among SNPs was C186A(0.16/0.84) following G964A (0.156/0.884). The significant correlation(P<0.05) between the SNPs and economic traits was found on 764Ains associated with marbling but not from any other SNPs determined.  A computer simulation was also conducted to assess the efficiency of marker assisted selection(MAS) versus the conventional breeding scheme.  Results revealed that MAS was more efficient as a breeding tool compared to the conventional. In conclusion, ADSF/Resistin gene is one of candidate genes to evaluate the quality, especially marbling score, in Hanwoo.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.43 no.4
• /
• pp.531-539
• /
• 2003

Changes in the rat testis interstitium from birth to adulthood were studied using Sprague Dawley rats of 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 40, 60, and 90 days of age to investigate Leydig cell differentiation. In addition, serum testosterone concentrations and luteinizing hormone stimulated (LH; 100 ng/ml) testosterone secretory capacity per testis in vitro were determined via radioimmunoassay. Fetal Leydig cells were present in rat testes from birth to 21 days, and they were only steroidogenic cells in the testis at days 1 and 7. The average volume of a fetal Leydig cell and the absolute volume of fetal Leydig cell per testis were similar at all ages of experimental groups except at day 21 when lower values were observed for both parameters. The number of fetal Leydig cells per testis remained constant from birth through 21 days. Adult Leydig cells were recognized at day 14 and their absolute volume and number per testis increased linearly from 14 to 90 days. The average volume of an adult Leydig cell increased significantly with age and reached maximum size by 60 days of age where the volume was nearly three times bigger than that of at day 14. Total testosterone production per testis in vitro and serum testosterone concentrations were not significantly different at day 1 compared with 7, 14, and 21 days of age. Significant increases were observed at days 40 and 60. Values at days 60 and 90 were not significantly different.