• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.147-158
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• 2010

Objectives The study was designed to find out the relationships between low weight and growth, skeletal maturity among children by analyzing body composition and bone age. Methods Subjects were composed of 336 children from six years to seventeen years of age, without any other diseases related to growth, who visited the department of oriental pediatrics East West Neo Medical Center at Kyung Hee University and were measured their body composition and bone age. Results There were significant correlations between decreasing of RH-MPH(%) and low weight. 1. As obesity index decreased, the RH-MPH was also decreased. 2. The RH-MPH(%) of the low weight group according to the obesity index classification was significantly decreased than that of the normal weight group. 3. The skeletal maturity was more decreased in the low weight group. However, the differences between the two group was not significant. 4. The RH-MPH(%) was increased in children who developed secondary sexual character. Skeletal maturity was decreased in children who developed secondary sexual character. 5. The RH-MPH(%), and skeletal maturity was not significantly different between males and females. 6. Only in the case of children without development of secondary sexual character, low weight caused significant RH-MPH(%) decrease. Conclusions Low weight children might be smaller than what it supposed to be. Also, low weight could affect body development more to the children than to the teenager.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.101-114
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• 2006

Objective : In order to educate juveniles with proper sex education and to present advisable sexual culture among them, we researched the revelation age and duration period of secondary sex characteristics of 5th and 6th elementary student in Cheon-an, and compared them with their mother's case. Method : We did a survey among 5th and 6th grade elementary student in Cheon-an, which includes pictures presenting, different stages of breasts and pubic hair development. Results : Results show that in girls, average menarche age was 11.47 while the average of their mother's was 14.25. 3 years of decline was observed. On boys, average pubic hair development age was 11.42, similar to the average age of voice change, 11.43. Girls showed relatively earlier distribution of pubic hair manifestation age of 11.39, than in boys, which was 11.42. Concerning the sexual maturity, 99% of girls were over B2, while 43% of boys were over PH2. Almost all of the female participants manifested secondary sex characteristics, and half of them were in the stage of pubic hair development. Conclusion : We observed that the average age of manifesting secondary sex characteristic among elementary students is getting younger and especially, menarche age of young girls is significantly showing downward tendency compared to their mothers'. Sex education in elementary schools should be carried out considering the development stage of secondary sex characteristics among students.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.88-98
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• 2014

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between bone age, chronological age, anthropometric parameters, and diagnosed pulse rate on child-adolescence's growth according to sex and the revelation of secondary sexual characteristics. Methods: Growth-concerned 44 children and adolescence (from 6 to 16 years) were analyzed in retrospective study. They visited Korean Medical Clinic in Suwon, Korea from January 2012 to October 2013. Individual bone age (BA), chronological age (CA), Risser sign, anthropometric parameters, and pulse rate were measured. The correlations of each variable were done by Pearson analysis, Spearman analysis and Regression analysis. Results: 1. The female group was shown to have stronger negative correlation between pulse rate and BA, CA than the male group. In gender analysis, the female group showed negative correlation between weight and pulse rate. 2. In a further analysis according to the revelation of secondary sexual characteristics, the group of child-adolescent without secondary sexual characteristics was shown to have stronger negative correlation between pulse rate and BA, CA than the group with secondary sexual characteristics. The height percentile and pulse rate were negative correlation in secondary sexual character being. 3. The Risser sign and pulse rate were not correlated in this study. Conclusions: These findings suggested that a regular and continual measurement of pulse rate is effective in estimating potential for growth in child-adolescent group.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.9-19
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• 2012

Objectives This study was designed to find out the relationships between obesity and growth, skeletal maturity among children by analyzing body composition and bone age. Methods Subjects were composed of 577 children from six years to seventeen years of age, without any other diseases related to growth, were measured their body composition and bone age. Results As obesity index was increased, the RH-MPH(%) and skeletal maturity significantly was also increased. The RH-MPH(%) of the obesity group was significantly increased than that of normal weight group; the skeletal maturity was more increased in th obesity group. It means the recent height of obese children was more taller than that of inherited from the parents, while skeletal maturity of obese children was more rapidly progressing. The RH-MPH(%) was increased in children who revealed stage of second sexual character; skeletal maturity was decreased in children who developed secondary sexual character. Conclusions Obesity children might be taller than what it supposed to be. However, obesity could cause the increase of skeletal maturity. It means the growth plate of obese children has been closed early.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.251-265
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• 2017

Purpose: This study is an integrative review to analyze articles about sex education for school age children in Korean journals. This study explored the year, methods, major variables and key findings of previous studies. Methods: Five electronic databases and eleven journals of nursing in Korean language were searched to find studies done until 2017. 75 papers published from 1995 to 2017 were selected (43 were survey studies and 32 were intervention studies). Results: Among the intervention studies, there was no Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) study. Most intervention studies were conducted to change sexual knowledge and sexual attitudes. Among the survey studies, Q methodology and content analysis were used. The subjects' sexual knowledge and sexual consciousness were measured low in some studies. The sex education for school age children was composed of elementary school students' perception, understanding and needs related to sex. In addition, sex education was carried out to improve students' informational aspects such as sexual knowledge, prevention of sexual violence and secondary sexual character as well as emotional aspects such as sexual attitude. However, research on sexual consciousness, sexual values and sexual identity was insufficient. Conclusion: In order to develop an effective sex education program for school age children, it is necessary to consider the degree of their perception, understanding and needs and reflect both the social and cultural aspects as well as the informational and emotional aspects.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.69-83
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• 2009

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to analyze sexual permissiveness in order to solve the problems it creates for setting up desirable sexual culture. Methods: This study used Walker and Avant's methods for concept analysis. Results: Sexual permissiveness is the favorable attitude that is agreed upon and accepted as physiological, socio-cultural, and moral sexuality of an independent human who was born in man or woman. The property of sexual permissiveness that is accepted overall the humans are sex generously, change over the course of growth. sex consciousness, and attitudes toward sexual activity change based on race, age and religion etc. The values and beliefs of individuals that were formed in social and cultural background are bipolar. It is mutually agreed upon and accepted that volunarary activities should be spontaneous. The antecedents of sexual permissiveness included achievement of sexual development, establishment of the relationship, and mutual agreement between them. The consequences included mature relationship with others, meeting sexual needs, and raising sexual problems. Conclusions: These results suggest further studies are required that refine the diverse attributes of the concept of sexual permissiveness. The sexual education and enlightenment should be conducted at the period of secondary sex character.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.19-35
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• 2008

Objectives : As obese children have been increased, the interest in the impact of obesity on growth also have been increased. This study is to examine relations between obesity and skeletal maturity by analyzing body compositions and bone age. Methods : Subjects were composed of 233 children from 6 years to 17 years of age, without any other diseases related to growth, who visited the department of pediatrics, OO oriental medicine hospital and measured their body composition (body mass index, body fat ratio, fitness score) and bone age. Results : 1. As body mass index was increased, the skeletal maturity significantly was also increased. 2. As the mean of bone maturity was increased, the BMI was increased from the underweight type to the normal type to the overweight type; the bone maturity was increased as the fat ratio was increased from the normal type to the obese type to the excessively obese type; and the bone maturity was higher in the weak, obese type than the normal type when classified according to the Fitness Score. 3. The bone maturity of the overweight group in the BMI classification and excessively obese group in the fat ratio classification significantly were increased. 4. Skeletal maturity significantly was increased in children who developed secondary sexual character. 5. The significance of obesity causing increase of the skeletal maturity was higher in boys than in girls. 6. Only in the case of children without development of secondary sexual character, obesity caused an significant increases in the skeletal maturity. Conclusions : Obesity could cause the increase of skeletal maturity, and the obesity could affect more to the boys than girls and more to the children than teenagers.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.295-303
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• 2005

The sexual dimorphism and intra sexual dimorphism in males of Rhinogobius brunneus were investigated at Jiam stream, a tributary of the Bukhan river from May, 2005. The frequency distributions in standard length were similar for the females and maleLs, but maleSs were smaller than the females and maleLs. The ratio of MaleL (N=79) to males (N=79) was 1 : 0.46. The comparison between female (N=79) and maleL (N=79) gave significant differences (P<0.05) in 18 morphometric characteristics (SNL, AHD, PHD, ML, DL, MW, AHW, IFW, PHW, ED, HL, FDFL, SDFB, CFL, AFB, VFL, PFL, PFB) and 12 characteristics (SNL, AHD, ML, DL, MW, AHW, IFW, PHW, HL, FDFI, CFL, PFB) (P<0.001). Eight morphometric characteristics (SNL, ML, DL, MW, HL, CFL, VFL, PFL) in female (N=36) and males (N=36) had significant differences (P<0.05) and three characteristics (ML, DL, HL) had very significant differences (P<0.001). Eleven characteristics (SNL, AHD, PHD, ML, DL, MW, AHW, IFW, PHW, HL, FDFL) were significantly different in maleL (N=36) and males (N=36) (P<0.05) and six (ML, DL, MW, AHW, HL, FDFL) were very significantly different (P<0.001).

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.112-122
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• 2005

Iksookimia longicorpa was investigated in the upper part of the Seomjin River in Korea from 2003 to 2004. It inhabited pebble and cobble bottoms with water-current velocities of 10~30 cm/sec and depths of 30~100 cm. This species is active during daylight hours from March to October but hibernated in the river bottoms in the winter season. The sex ratio of female to male was 1 : 0.65, and the female was 20~40 mm larger than the male. Female length frequencies in this population indicated that the 65~90 mm group is 1+years old, the 90~110 mm group is 2+ years old, and the 110~130 mm group is 3+ years old. The males developed a secondary sexual character, the lamina circularis at the base of their pectoral fin, after 13~14 months. The spawning season was from early to middle June with water temperatures of $20{\sim}24^{\circ}C$ individuals became sexually mature after the age of 2 years. The average number of eggs in the ovaries was $2,402{\pm}944$. Stomach contents were mainly Chironomidae, Ephemeroptera, Arcellidae and Algae. The feeding rate was highest in April and September; they did not fed in the winter.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.495-497
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• 2017

Thalassemia major is a genetic disorder with a defective synthesis of either the alpha or the beta chain of hemoglobin A. Blood transfusion is crucial for the survival in these patients. Unfortunately, endocrine dysfunction is a very common complication in these patients and is principally due to excessive iron overload as a result of frequent blood transfusions. Although regular blood transfusion may increase life expectancy, disturbances in growth and pubertal development, abnormal gonadal functions, impaired thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal functions, diabetes, and disorderly bone growth are common side effects. We hereby present a case of a 23-year-old, unmarried woman with beta thalassemia major presenting with primary amenorrhea, poor development of secondary sexual character, and short stature. Thorough history, clinical examination, and laboratory investigation, including dynamic function test (insulin tolerance test) were conducted. These tests confirmed that she had multiple endocrinopathies, including hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, growth hormone deficiency, and subclinical adrenal insufficiency, which were caused by iron overload. She required hormone replacement therapy. Early recognition of possible deficiencies in hypothalamo-pituitary-end organ hormones caused by iron overload in thalassemia patients that undergo frequent blood transfusion procedures is essential. Appropriate treatments, including transfusion regimen and chelation therapy, as well as specific treatment of each complication are the crucial for the successful management and improvement of quality of life these patients.