• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1999.11a
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• pp.17-22
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• 1999

Convergence characteristics and efficiency of three implicit approximate factorization schemes(ADI, DDADI and MAF) are examined using 2-Dimensional compressible upwind Navier-Stokes code. Second-order CSCM(Conservative Supra Characteristic Method) upwind flux difference splitting method with Fromm scheme is used for the right-hand side residual evaluation, while generally first-order upwind differencing is used for the implicit operator on the left-hand side. Convergence studies are performed using an example of the flow past a NACA0012 airfoil at steady transonic flow condition, i. e. Mach number 0.8 at $1.25^{\circ}$ angle of attack. The results were compared with other computational results in order to validate the current numerical analysis. The results from the implicit AF algorithms were compared well in low surface with the other computational results; however, not well in upper surface. It might be due to lack of the grid around the shock position. Because the algorithm minimizes the errors of the approximate decomposition, the improved convergence rate with MAF were observed.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.24 no.1_2
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• pp.461-470
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• 2007

In CRYPTO 1995, Bellare, $Gu\'{e}rin$, and Rogaway proposed a very efficient message authentication scheme. This scheme is secure against adaptive chosen message attacks, under the assumption that its underlying primitive is a pseudorandom function. This article studies how to weaken that assumption. For an adaptive chosen message attack, we take into account two scenarios. On the one hand, the adversary intercepts the authenticated messages corresponding to messages chosen adaptively by herself, so the verifier does not receive them. On the other hand, the adversary can only eavesdrop the authenticated messages corresponding to messages chosen adaptively by herself, so the verifier receives them. We modify the original scheme. In the first scenario, our scheme is secure if the underlying primitive is a pseudorandom function. In the second scenario, our scheme is still secure under a weaker assumption that the underlying primitive is an indistinguishable-uniform function.

• International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.237-241
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• 2002

In this paper, we describe how to represent hand witten decimal digits by a sequence of one to five fuzzy sets. Each fuzzy set represents an arc segment of the digit and is a Cartesian product of four fuzzy sets; the first is fur the arc length of the segment, the second is for the arc direction, the third is fur the arc shape, and the fourth is a crisp number indicating whether it has a junction point and if it has an end point of a stroke. We show that an arbitrary pair of these sequences representing two different digits is mutually disjoint. We also show that various forms of a digit written in different styles can be represented by the same sequence of fuzzy sets and hence the deviations due to different writers can be modeled by using these fuzzy sets.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 2000.07a
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• pp.189-198
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• 2000

/$t{\partial}n$/, /$d{\partial}n$/, /$t{\partial}l$/ and /d{\partial}l$/, on the one hand, are the typical phonemes of syllabic consonants. On the other hand, /${\int}{\partial}n$/ most plausibly gives rise to the syllabic consonants. /$t{\partial}r$/ and /$d{\partial}r/ can he syllabic. However, because lip-rounded consonants strengthen the character of consonantal phonemes, they are not so appropriate. Apart from phonemes, some familiar words also could be almost always syllabic. From the historical perspective, we can say that the position of syllabic consonants is typically the second syllables of two-syllabic words and 1.hat the underlying schwa does not always exist. In terms of the syllable structure, the syllables which include syllabic consonants are totally different from both stressed syllables and the other unstressed syllables.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.399-408
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• 2000

This study is final focused on developing fruit harvesting robot can distinguish fruit type and status accurately. Multi-joint robot is able to discriminate tree shape and select mature fruit by image processing. The multi-joint robot consists of (a) rotating base, (b)turning first joint-arm, (c)rotating and turning second joint-arm, (d)rotating and turning third joint-arm, (e)rotating and turning last joint and (f)picker hand. The operational ranges of the robot are: horizontal 860~2,220mm, vertical 1,440~2,260mm, 270 degrees’rotation angle, 90 or 270 degrees’turning angle. The robot weighs 330kg. The multi-joint robot was designed in high accuracy and efficiency by getting as close as the movements of human arms and waist.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.492-495
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• 2023

Extra-articular deposition of monosodium urate crystals is a widely recognized manifestation of gout. However, gouty infiltration of flexor tendons in the hand resulting in tendon rupture is exceedingly rare. This case report highlights a patient with gouty infiltration of flexor tendons in the right middle finger resulting in rupture of both the flexor digitorum profundus and flexor digitorum superficialis. Given the extent of gouty infiltration and need for pulley reconstruction, the patient was treated with two-stage flexor tendon reconstruction. Febuxostat was prescribed preoperatively to limit further deposition of monosodium urate crystals and continued postoperatively to maximize the potential for long-lasting results. Prednisone was prescribed between the first- and second-stage operations to prevent a gout flare while the silicone rod was in place. In summary, tendon rupture secondary to gouty infiltration is the most likely diagnosis in patients with a history of gout presenting with tendon insufficiency.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 2022

Purpose: Hydrogen-methane breath tests are used to diagnose carbohydrate malabsorption and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. The COVID-19 pandemic has driven the modification of procedures as breath tests are potentially aerosol-generating procedures. We assessed the effect of delayed analysis of breath samples, facilitating the at-home performance of breath testing. Methods: Children provided two breath samples at every step of the lactose breath test. The samples were brought back to the clinic, and one set of samples was analyzed immediately. The second set was stored at room temperature and analyzed 1-4 days later. Results: Out of the 73 "double" lactose breath tests performed at home, 33 (45.8%) were positive. The second samples were analyzed 20 to 117 hours after the first samples (41.7±24.3 hours). There was no significant difference in the hydrogen concentration between the first and second sets (Z=0.49, p=0.62). This was not the case for methane, which had a significantly higher concentration in the second breath samples (Z=7.6). Conclusion: Expired hydrogen levels remain stable in plastic syringes if preserved at room temperature for several days. On the other hand, the delayed analysis of methane appeared to be less reliable. Further research is needed to examine the impact of delayed analysis on methane and hydrogen concentrations.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.58 no.6
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• pp.348-357
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• 2021

In this paper, the generalized hydrodynamic force and response of a flexible body are calculated at different reference coordinate systems. We generalize the equation of motion for a flexible body by using the conservation of momentum (Mei et al., 2005). To obtain the equations in the generalized mode, two different reference coordinates are adopted. The first is the body-fixed coordinate system by a rigid body motion. The other is the inertial coordinate system which has been adopted for the analysis. Using the perturbation scheme in the weakly-nonlinear assumption, the equations of motion are expanded up to second-order quantities and several second-order forces are obtained. Numerical tests are conducted for the flexible barge model in head waves and the vertical bending is only considered in the hydroelastic responses. The results show that the linear response does not have the difference between the two formulations. On the other hand, second-order quantities have different values for which the rigid body motion is relatively large. However, the total summation of second-order quantities has not shown a large difference at each reference coordinate system.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.103-109
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• 2013

Background: The objective of this study is to determine knowledge about lung cancer among secondary school male teachers in Kudat, Sabah, Malaysia. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among three secondary schools located in Kudat district, Sabah, Malaysia during the period from June until September 2012. The protocol of this study was approved by ethics committee of Management and Science University, Malaysia. The aims were explained and a consent form was signed by each participant. Respondents were chosen randomly from each school with the help of the headmasters. Self-administrated questionnaires, covering socio-demographic characteristics and general knowledge of lung cancer, were distributed. Once all 150 respondents completed the questionnaire, they passed it to their head master for collecting and recording. All the data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 13. ANOVA and t-test were applied for univariate analysis; and multiple linear regression for multivariate analysis. Results: A total of 150 male secondary school teachers participated in this study. Their mean age was $35.6{\pm}6.5$ (SD); maximum 50 and minimum 23 years old. More than half of the participants were Malay and married (52%, 79%; respectively). Regarding the knowledge about lung cancer, 57.3% of the participants mentioned that only males are affected by lung cancer. Some 70.7% mentioned that lung cancer can be transmitted from one person to another. More than half (56.7%) reported that lung cancer is not the leading cause of death in Malaysian males. As for risk factors, the majority reported that family history of lung cancer is not involved. However, 91.3% were aware that cigarettes are the main risk factor of lung cancer and more than half (52%) believed that second-hand smoking is one of the risk factor of lung cancer. More than half (51.3%) were not aware that asbestos, ionizing radiation and other cancer causing substances are risk factors for lung cancer. Quitting smoking, avoiding second-hand smoking and avoiding unnecessary x-ray image of the chest (53.3%, 96.0%, 87.3%; respectively) are the main preventive measures mentioned by the participants. For the factors that influence the participants knowledge, univariate and multivariate analysis showed that only race was significant. Conclusions: Overall, the knowledge of school male teachers about lung cancer was low. However, few items were scored high: cigarettes are the main risk factor; avoiding second-hand smoking; and avoiding x-rays. Interventions to increase lung cancer awareness are needed to improve early detection behavior. Increase the price of pack of cigarettes to RM 20 and banning smoking in public places such as restaurants are highly recommended as primary preventive measures.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.356-360
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• 2009

Purpose: Lipofibromatous Hamartoma(LFH) of nerve is a tumor - like lipomatous process principally involving the young persons. This is rare disease characterized by a soft slowly growing mass surrounding and infiltrating major nerves and their branches of the palm and digits. LFH of nerve usually affects the median nerve, with the most common sites of presentation being the distal forearm and hand in the wrist or palm. It may cause symptoms of compression neuropathy and is associated with macrodactyly. Recently, MRI plays a major role in confirming the diagnosis of LFH. Therefore, we present two cases of LFH in the hand with MRI features and surgical management. Methods: One is 6 - years - old female who presented with macrodactyly involving both the soft tissue and bony parts of the second, third and forth digits of her right hand. The other one is 16 - years - old man who presented involving the soft tissue of the second and third digits of his right hand, with pain and numbness, along with motor and sensory deficits in the median nerve distribution. To evaluation about LFH, we enforced preoperative MRI and physical examination. After confirming the diagnosis of LFH, we proposed decompression of all compromised peripheral nerve to help alleviate pain and paresthesia to reduce the likelihood of permanent motor and sensory sequelae. Results: A characteristic feature on MRI is the appearance of serpentiform nerve fascicle surrounded by fibro - fatty tissue within the expended nerve sheet. Distribution of fat between fascicles is asymmetric. Two cases were treated by limited debulking of the redundant tumor tissue and excision of epineurial fatty tissue. These cases were performed with relief of symptom. Conclusion: MRI not only confirms the diagnosis, it also provides a detailed assessment of nerve involvement preoperatively. Especially, on coronal images, the nerve has a spagetti - like appearance that is pathognomonic of LFH. Recommendations for early treatment include decompression of the carpal tunnel, debulking of the fibro - fatty sheath, microsurgical dissection of the neural elements and excision of involve nerve with or without grafting.