Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2013.14.1.103

Lung Cancer Knowledge among Secondary School Male Teachers in Kudat, Sabah, Malaysia  

Al-Naggar, Redhwan Ahmed (Population Health and Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM))
Kadir, Samiah Yasmin Abdul (Faculty of Medicine, SEGi University)
Publication Information
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention / v.14, no.1, 2013 , pp. 103-109 More about this Journal
Abstract
Background: The objective of this study is to determine knowledge about lung cancer among secondary school male teachers in Kudat, Sabah, Malaysia. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among three secondary schools located in Kudat district, Sabah, Malaysia during the period from June until September 2012. The protocol of this study was approved by ethics committee of Management and Science University, Malaysia. The aims were explained and a consent form was signed by each participant. Respondents were chosen randomly from each school with the help of the headmasters. Self-administrated questionnaires, covering socio-demographic characteristics and general knowledge of lung cancer, were distributed. Once all 150 respondents completed the questionnaire, they passed it to their head master for collecting and recording. All the data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 13. ANOVA and t-test were applied for univariate analysis; and multiple linear regression for multivariate analysis. Results: A total of 150 male secondary school teachers participated in this study. Their mean age was $35.6{\pm}6.5$ (SD); maximum 50 and minimum 23 years old. More than half of the participants were Malay and married (52%, 79%; respectively). Regarding the knowledge about lung cancer, 57.3% of the participants mentioned that only males are affected by lung cancer. Some 70.7% mentioned that lung cancer can be transmitted from one person to another. More than half (56.7%) reported that lung cancer is not the leading cause of death in Malaysian males. As for risk factors, the majority reported that family history of lung cancer is not involved. However, 91.3% were aware that cigarettes are the main risk factor of lung cancer and more than half (52%) believed that second-hand smoking is one of the risk factor of lung cancer. More than half (51.3%) were not aware that asbestos, ionizing radiation and other cancer causing substances are risk factors for lung cancer. Quitting smoking, avoiding second-hand smoking and avoiding unnecessary x-ray image of the chest (53.3%, 96.0%, 87.3%; respectively) are the main preventive measures mentioned by the participants. For the factors that influence the participants knowledge, univariate and multivariate analysis showed that only race was significant. Conclusions: Overall, the knowledge of school male teachers about lung cancer was low. However, few items were scored high: cigarettes are the main risk factor; avoiding second-hand smoking; and avoiding x-rays. Interventions to increase lung cancer awareness are needed to improve early detection behavior. Increase the price of pack of cigarettes to RM 20 and banning smoking in public places such as restaurants are highly recommended as primary preventive measures.
Keywords
Lung cancer; knowledge; school teachers; Malaysia;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Aljunid SM, Rizal AM, Abrizah A, et al (2006). Cost of Smoking Among Patients with Lung Cancer. Malaysian Council for Tobacco Control 2006 portal [online data].
2 Al-Naggar RA (2012) Knowledge and Practice towards lung cancer among university students. J Community Med Health Edu, 2, 134.
3 American Cancer Society (1995). Cancer Facts and Figures. Atlanta: American Cancer Society.
4 Asaria P, Chisholm D, Mathers C, et al (2007). Chronic disease prevention: health effects and financial costs of strategies to reduce salt intake and control tobacco use. Lancet, 370, 2044-53.   DOI   ScienceOn
5 Bartsch H, Nair U, Risch A et al (2000). Genetic polymorphism of CYP genes, alone or in combination, as a risk modifier of tobacco-related cancers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 9, 3-28.
6 Belpomme D, Irigaray P, Hardell L (2007). The multitude and diversity of environmental carcinogens. Environ Res, 105, 414-29.   DOI   ScienceOn
7 Besaratinia A (2008). Second-hand smoke and human lung cancer. Lancet Oncol, 9, 657-66.   DOI   ScienceOn
8 Boffetta P (2004). Epidemiology of environmental and occupational cancer. Oncogene, 23, 6392-403.   DOI   ScienceOn
9 Bouchardy C, Benhamou S, Jourenkova N, et al (2001). Metabolic genetic polymorphisms and susceptibility to lung cancer. Lung Cancer, 32, 109-12.   DOI   ScienceOn
10 Brennan P, Bogillot O, Cordier S, et al (2000). Cigarette smoking and bladder cancer in men: a pooledanalysis of 11 casecontrol studies. Int J Cancer, 86, 289-94.   DOI   ScienceOn
11 Brownson RC, Alavanja MC, Caporaso N, et al (1997). Family history of cancer and risk of lung cancer in lifetime nonsmokers and long-term ex-smokers. Int J Epidemiol, 26, 256-63.   DOI   ScienceOn
12 Cassidy A, Myles JP, van Tongeren M, et al (2007). The LLP risk model: an individual risk prediction model for lung cancer. Br J Cancer, 98, 270-6.
13 Chawla R, Sathian B, Mehra A, et al (2010). Awareness and assessment of risk factors for lung cancer in residents of pokhara valley. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 11, 1789-93.
14 Colditz GA, DeJong W, Hunter DJ, et al (1996). Harvard report on cancer prevention. Cancer Causes Control, 7, 1-55.
15 Czene K, Hemminki K (2002). Kidney cancer in the Swedish family cancer database: familial risks and second primary malignancies. Kidney Int, 61, 1806-13.   DOI   ScienceOn
16 Denissenko MF, Pao A, Tang M, et al (1996). Preferential formation of benzo[a]pyrene adducts at lung cancer mutational hotspots in P53. Science, 274, 430-2.   DOI   ScienceOn
17 Wakefield, M. and Chaloupka, F. (2000) Effectiveness of comprehensive tobacco control programmes in reducingteenage smoking in the USA. Tobacco Control, 9, 177-86.   DOI   ScienceOn
18 Wasserman J, Manning WG, Newhouse JP, Winkler JD (1991). The effects of excise taxes and regulations on cigarette smoking. J Health Econ, 10, 43-64.   DOI   ScienceOn
19 Whitrow MJ, Smith BJ, Pilotto LS, Pisaniello D, Nitschke M (2003). Environmental exposure to carcinogens causing lung cancer: epidemiological evidence from the medical literature. Respirology, 8, 513-21.   DOI   ScienceOn
20 WHO (2008). International Agency for Research on Cancer. World Cancer Report.
21 Wogan GN, Hecht SS, Felton JS, Conney AH, Loeb LA (2004). Environmental and chemical carcinogenesis. Semin Cancer Biol, 14, 473-86.   DOI   ScienceOn
22 Wright GS, Gruidl ME (2000). Early detection and prevention of lung cancer. Curr Opin Oncol, 12, 143-8.   DOI   ScienceOn
23 Wu AH, Fontham ET, Reynolds P, et al (1996). Family history of cancer and risk of lung cancer among lifetime nonsmoking women in the United States. Am J Epidemiol, 143, 535-42.   DOI   ScienceOn
24 Wingo PA, Ries LAG, Giovino GA, et al (1999). Annual report to the nation on the status of the cancer, 1973-1996, with special section on lung cancer and tobacco smoking. J Natl Cancer Inst, 91, 675-90.   DOI   ScienceOn
25 Sasco A (2004). Secretan MB, Straif K. tobacco smoking and cancer: a brief review of the epidemiological evidence. Lung Cancer, 45, 3-9.
26 Second Report of the National Cancer Registry (2003). Cancer incidence in Malaysia, National Cancer Registry, Malaysia (http://www.crc.gov.my/ncr).
27 Shaper AG, Wannamethee SG, Walker M (2003). Pipe and cigar smoking and major cardiovascular events, cancer incidence and all-cause mortality in middle-aged British men. Int J Epidemiol, 32, 802-8.   DOI   ScienceOn
28 Siahpush M, McNeill A, Hammond D, Fong GT (2006). Socioeconomic and country variations in knowledge of health risks of tobacco smoking and toxic constituents of smoke: results from the 2002 international tobacco control (itc) four country survey. Tob Control, 15, 65-70.
29 Steenland K, Loomis D, Shy C, et al (1996). Review of occupational lung carcinogens. Am J Ind Med, 29, 474-90.   DOI   ScienceOn
30 Surgeon General (1994). Preventing Tobacco use among Young People. US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC.
31 Tyas SL, Pederson LL (1998). Psychosocial factors related to adolescent smoking: a critical review of the literature. Tobacco Control, 7, 409-20.   DOI   ScienceOn
32 US Department of Health and Human Services (1989). Reducing the health consequences of smoking: 25 years of progress. A report of the surgeon general. Rockville (MD): U.S. Department of health and human services, public healthservice, centers for disease control, center for chronic disease prevention and health promotion, office on smoking and health. DHHS Publ, 89, 8411.
33 US Department of Health and Human Services (1999). USA. Best Practices for Comprehensive Tobacco Control Programs. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services.
34 US Department of Health and Human Services, USA (1982) The Health Consequences of Smoking: Cancer. A Report of the Surgeon General. Bethesda, Maryland: Public Health Service, Office on Smoking and Health.
35 US Department of Health and Human Services, USA (1983). The Health Consequences of Smoking: Cardiovascular Disease. A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, Maryland: Public Health Service, Office on Smoking and Health.
36 US DHHS. The Health Benefits of Smoking Cessation: A report of the Surgeon General.1990.
37 Vainio H, Weiderpass E (2006) Fruit and vegetables in cancer prevention. Nutr Cancer, 54, 111-42.   DOI   ScienceOn
38 van Rens MT, de la Riviere AB, Elbers HR, van Den Bosch JM (2000). Prognostic assessment of 2361 patients who underwent pulmonary resection for non-small cell lung cancer, stage I, II, and IIIA. Chest, 117, 374-9.   DOI   ScienceOn
39 Vineis P, Airoldi L, Veglia F, et al. (2005) Environmental tobacco smoke and risk of respiratory cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in former smokers and never smokers in the EPIC prospective study. BMJ, 330, 277.   DOI   ScienceOn
40 Vital statistics Malaysia 2005. Department of statistics, Malaysia.
41 Liam CK, Pang YK, Leow CH, et al (2006). Changes in the distribution of lung cancer cell types and patient demography in a developing multiracial Asian country. Lung Cancer, 53, 23-30.   DOI   ScienceOn
42 Liu ZY, He XZ, Chapman RS (1991). Smoking and other risk factors for lung cancer in Xuanwei, China. Int J Epidemiol, 20, 26-31.   DOI
43 Lubin JH, Alavanja MCR, Caporaso N, et al (2007). Cigarette smoking and cancer risk:modeling total exposure and intensity. AmJ Epidemiol, 166, 479-89.   DOI   ScienceOn
44 Mathieson A (2005). Lung cancer: spotting the symptoms. CANCER WORLD, 42-43.
45 Mattson ME, Pollack ES, Cullan JW (1987). What are the odds that smoking will kill you? Am J Public Health, 77, 425-31.   DOI
46 Ministry of Health (2003). Clinical Practice Guideline of Tobacco Use and Dependence 2003, Ministry of Health Malaysia.
47 Ministry of Health (2011). Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) Malaysia.Global Tobacco Surveillance System Data (GTSSData). Atlanta, Centre for Disease Control.
48 Mucci LA, Wedren S, Tamimi RM, et al (2001). The role of gene-environment interaction in the aetiology of human cancer: examples from cancers of the large bowel, lung and breast. J Intern Med, 249, 477-93.   DOI   ScienceOn
49 Oetting ER, Donnermeyer JF (1998). Primary socialization theory: the etiology of drug use and deviance. Substance Use and Misuse, 33, 995-1026.   DOI   ScienceOn
50 Parkin DM, Bray FI, Devesa SS (2001). Cancer burden in the year 2000: the global picture. Eur J Cancer, 37, 4-66.
51 Parkin DM, Pisani P, Lopez AD, et al (1994). At least one in seven cases of cancer is caused by smoking. Global estimates for 1985. Int J Cancer, 59, 494-504.   DOI   ScienceOn
52 Peto R, Darby S, Deo H, et al (2000). Smoking, smoking cessation, and lung cancer in the UK since 1950: combination of national statistics with two case-control studies. BMJ, 321, 323-9.   DOI   ScienceOn
53 Peto R, Lopez AD, Boreham J, et al. (1996). Mortality from smoking worldwide. Br Med Bull, 52, 12-21.   DOI   ScienceOn
54 Pride NB, Soriano JB (2002). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the United Kingdom: trends in mortality, morbidity, and smoking. Curr Opin Pulm Med, 8, 95-101.   DOI   ScienceOn
55 Reid DJ, McNeill AD, Glynn TJ (1995). Reducing the prevalences of smoking in youth in Western countries: an international review. Tobacco Control, 4, 266-77.   DOI
56 Report of the Second National Health and Morbidity Survey (1997). Public Health Institute, Ministry of Health, Malaysia.
57 Richard A, Matthay MD (2002). Clinics in chest medicine. Lung Cancer, 23.
58 Ries LAG, Eisner MP, Kosary CL, et al. (2004). SEER Cancer Statistics review, 1975-2001. Belthes MD: National Cancer Intstitute;. Available from http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975-2001.
59 Salber EJ, Macmahon B (1961) Cigarette smoking among high school students related to social class and parental smoking habits. Am J Public Hlth, 51, 1780-9.   DOI
60 Dubrow R, Wegman DH (1983). Setting priorities for occupational cancer research and control: synthesis of the results of occupational disease surveillance studies. J Natl Cancer Inst, 71, 1123-42.
61 Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, et al (2010). Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide. GLOBOCAN 2008: IARC cancer Base. Lyon, France: International agency for research on cancer.
62 Gandini S, Botteri E, Iodice S, et al (2008). Tobacco smoking and cancer: a meta-analysis. Int J Cancer, 122, 155-64.   DOI   ScienceOn
63 Gao YT, Blot WJ, Zheng W, et al (1987). Lung cancer among Chinese women. Int J Cancer, 40, 604-9.   DOI
64 Ghaffar A, Reddy KS, Singhi M (2004). Burden of noncommunicable diseases in South Asia. BMJ, 328, 807-10.   DOI   ScienceOn
65 Godtfredsen NS, Prescot E, Osler M (2005). Effect of smoking reduction on lung cancer risk. JAMA, 294, 1505-10.   DOI   ScienceOn
66 Greenwald P (2005). Lifestyle and medical approaches to cancer prevention. Recent Results Cancer Res, 166, 1-15.   DOI
67 Hackshaw AK, Law MR, Wald NJ (1997). The accumulated evidence on lung cancer and environmental tobacco smoke. BMJ, 315, 980-8.   DOI   ScienceOn
68 Hahn WC, Weinberg RA (2002). Modelling the molecular circuitry of cancer. Nat Rev Cancer, 2, 331-41.   DOI   ScienceOn
69 Henley SJ, Thun MJ, Chao A, Calle EE (2004) Association between exclusive pipe smoking and mortality from cancer and other diseases. J Natl Cancer Inst, 96, 853-61.   DOI   ScienceOn
70 Hopland DR (1995). Tobacco use and its contribution to early cancer mortality with a special emphasis on cigarette smoking. Environ Hlth Perspect, 103, 131-42.
71 Irigaray P, Newby JA, Clapp R, et al (2007). Lifestyle-related factors and environmental agents causing cancer: an overview. Biomed Pharmacother, 61, 640-58.   DOI   ScienceOn
72 Kebede Y (2002). Cigarette smoking and khat chewing among college students in North West Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Dev, 16, 9-17.
73 Divisi D, Di Tommaso S, Salvemini S, et al (2006). Diet and cancer. Acta Biomed, 77, 118-23.
74 Doll R, Petro R, Borelian J, et al (2004). Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years' observations on male British doctors. BMJ, 328, 1519.   DOI   ScienceOn
75 Keeler TE, Hu TW, Barnett PG, et al (1993). Taxation, regulation, and addiction: a demand function for cigarettes based on time-series evidence. J Health Econ, 12, 1-18.   DOI   ScienceOn
76 Kofahi MM, Haddad LG (2005). Perceptions of lung cancer and smoking among college students in Jordan. J Transcult Nurs, 16, 245-54.   DOI
77 Koo LC, Ho JH, Lee N (1985). An analysis of some risk factors for lung cancer in Hong Kong. Int J Cancer, 35, 149-55.   DOI
78 Lan Q, He X, Costa DJ, et al (2000). Indoor coal combustion emissions, GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes, and lung cancer risk: a case-control study in Xuan Wei, China. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 9, 605-8.