• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.31 no.2 s.51
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• pp.169-177
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• 2005

The propensity to purchase babies' cosmetics is investigated and analysed for this research. The synopsis of this research paper is as follows. The first, the $68\%$ of all respondents do not how a manufacturer or brand name in the reality of variously emerging domestic and import cosmetics for babies. The second, in case of a child haying a fair, sensitive skin or atopy (atopic dermatitis), the respondents are careful in choosing babies cosmetics but in case of a child having a normal skin the older a child grows from a stage of a new-born, a baby and an infant to a primary-school child, the older its mother is, the more respondents use adults' cosmetics in common rather than use cosmetics only for babies. $7.6\%$ of respondents do not use babies' cosmetirs at ail. Especially, in using bathing goods such as a shampoo or a body cleanser, they frequently use adults' cosmetics in common. The third, the qualify is taken into the utmost consideration in purchasing babies' cosmetics. The Quality of imports is trusted and preferred better than that of domestic goods. The cost of purchasing babies cosmetics is less than 10,000 Won. consumers recognize that the price or cosmetics is rather high. The last, the improvement or babies cosmetics is 'the safety of goods', answered by $56.5\%$ of respondents. The respondents are generally not satisfied with babies' cosmetics. So, a baby's skin is threatened by a newly-built house syndrome, the increase of atopic dermatitis, etc., caused by an environmental pollutions, a change of diet and a change of residential life. Under these actual conditions, babies' cosmetics which can protect a delicate and sensitive skin of a baby should be developed immediately. Consumers should have a correct choice with precise recognition and information on a baby's skin and cosmetics and continually use the efficacious and excellent babies' cosmetics to prevent a baby from a skin irritation, and need to show a keen interest in a healthy skin of a baby.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1978.06a
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• pp.4.1-4
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• 1978

The foreign bodies in the food and air passages are frequently observed in the field of otolaryngology, and the foreign bodies in the air passages have much significance in clinical practice because they may cause sudden death. A statistical study was done on 95 cases of foreign bodies in the food and air passages who had visited department of otolaryngology, Chung-Ang university from June, 1968 to April, 1978. The results were as follows; 1. The total cases of foreign bodies in the food and air passages was 95; 89 cases (93.7%) were in the food passage and the remaining (6.3%) were in the air passage. The ratio between the food passage and air passage was about 14. 8 to 1.0. 2. In distribution by sex, 64 cases (67.4%) were in male patients and the remaining 31 cases (32.6%) were in female patients. The ratio between male and female was 2.1 to 1.0. 3. The kinds of foreign bodies in the food in the order of their frequency, were coin, gogame stone and pebble. In the air passages, the peanut and bean were most frequently found. 4. In distribution by age, 64 cases (67.4%) of all foreign bodies were found in children under 5 year old, and coin was the most common kind of foreign body. Except for meat, almost all of foreign bodies were found in children under 10 year old. 5. There was chronologically no significant tendency in incidence; the incidence, however, had decreased during recent 2 years. 6. In the location of foreign bodies in the food passage, 70 cases (78.7%) were found at the first esophageal narrowing. Meat was more frequently found at second esophageal narrowing associated with cicatrical stenosis. Almost all of foreign bodies in the air passage was found in bronchi; 3 cases were in the right side of bronchi, and 2 cases were in the left side of bronchi and 1 case was in glottic region. 7. In duration of lodgement, 50 cases (52.6%) visited our hospital within 24 hours, and 3 cases after 30 days. 8. Under topical anesthesia, 83 cases (93.3%) of the foreign bodies in the food passage were removed by esophagoscopy, by 6 cases (6.7%) failed to be removed. All of the foreign bodies of the air passages (6 cases) were removed by bronchoscopy. Among them, 5 cases under 5 years old were removed by inferior bronchoscopy through tracheostomy site.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2009

The effect of water temperature on fasting and post-prandial total ammonia excretion (TAN) of the starry flounder Platichthys stellatus (mean body weigh : $42.4{\pm}3.4g$) was studied. The fasting and post-prandial TAN excretions were measured under three different water temperatures (10, 15 and $20^{\circ}C$) for 24 hours using a recirculating system. In each treatment three replicates were set up and total 45 fish were used. Fish were taken to the indoor aquarium, acclimated over 10 days at three temperatures, and transferred to TAN measuring system for measurements of TAN excretion at the same temperatures. After 3 days of starvation, fasting TAN excretion was measured at each temperature. To investigate post-prandial TAN excretion, fish were hand-fed to satiation level with a commercial diet containing 50.2% crude protein for 7 days, two times daily 08 : 00 and 16 : 00 h. The fasting and postprandial TAN excretion increased with increased water temperature (p<0.05). Mean fasting TAN excretion rates at 10, 15 and $20^{\circ}C$ were 10.9, 11.2 and $12.2mg\;TAN\;kg\;fish^{-1}\;h^{-1}$, respectively. The value at $20^{\circ}C$ was higher than those at 10 and $15^{\circ}C$ (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference between $10^{\circ}C$ and $15^{\circ}C$. Mean post-prandial TAN excretion rates at 10, 15 and $20^{\circ}C$ were 33.0, 43.4 and $55.3mg\;TAN\;kg\;fish^{-1}\;h^{-1}$, respectively. Two peaks of post-prandial TAN excretions were observed, and the second peak was always greater than the first. The post-prandial TAN excretion rate reached to the maximum after 10 hours from the first feeding at $10^{\circ}C$($45.3mg\;TAN\;kg\;fish^{-1}\;h^{-1}$), $15^{\circ}C$ ($64.5mg\;TAN\;kg\;fish^{-1}\;h^{-1}$) and $20^{\circ}C$ ($83.2mg\;TAN\;kg\;fish^{-1}\;h^{-1}$), respectively. The TAN loss for ingested nitrogen at $20^{\circ}C$ (48.8%) was higher than that for $10^{\circ}C$ (43.0%) and $15^{\circ}C$ (45.7%). This study provides empirical data for estimating ammonia excretion and managing culture management of starry flounder under given temperatures.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.211-216
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• 2008

The effects of Si impurity on electronic structures and magnetism of bcc Fe are investigated by using a first-principles method by considering spin-orbit coupling. In order to describe the Si impurity, a 27 atomic bcc Fe supercell has been considered. The Kohn-Sham equation was solved in terms of the all-electron full-potential linearized augmented plane wave (FLAPW) method within the generalized gradient approximation (GGA). The effects of spin-orbit coupling were calculated self-consistently by considering spin-diagonal terms based on second variation method. For the ferromagnetic (FM) state without considering SOC, the spin magnetic moment of the Si impurity was calculated to be $-0.143{\mu}B$, while the magnetic moments of Fe atoms were calculated to be $2.214{\mu}B$, $2.327{\mu}B$, and $2.354{\mu}B$ in away from the Si atom, respectively. However, the FM state with considering SOC, the spin magnetic moment of the Si impurity was calculated to be $-0.144{\mu}B$, which is not affected significantly by SOC, but the spin magnetic moments of Fe atoms were calculated $2.189{\mu}B$, $2.310{\mu}B$, and $2.325{\mu}B$, respectively, which are much reduced value compared to those of the FM state without SOC. Comparing the total charge density and spin density, those features are thought to be originated by the screening distortions of the Fe $t_{2g}$ orbital, which can be obtained by considering SOC.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.77-84
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• 2004

Background : We hypothesized that there was a relationship between body weight change and bronchodilator response (BDR) in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) on hemodialysis (HD). Several mechanisms such as pulmonary edema due to water retention or increased permeability of alveolar capillary may play a important role in pulmonary function impairment and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in patients with CRF on HD. But, no studies have been published concerning BDR in patients with CRF on HD. This study was aimed to know the immediate effect of hemodialysis on pulmonary function and BDR in patients with CRF on HD. Methods : This study included 30 patients with CRF on HD. We collected data including age, sex, height, pretibial and pedal pitting edema, interdialysis weight gain, postdialysis weight loss, underlying diseases, duration of HD, $FEV_1$, FVC, $FEV_1/FVC$, and BDR before and after HD. Results : Interdialysis weight gain of the patients was $3.4{\pm}1.0kg$, and postdialysis weight loss was $3.2{\pm}0.7kg$. Before HD,$FEV_1$, FVC, and $FEV_1/FVC$ of the patients were $89{\pm}22%$, $86{\pm}19%$ of predicted, and $87{\pm}10%$. After bronchodilator inhalation, these parameters were changed to $95{\pm}22%$, $90{\pm}19%$ of predicted, and $88{\pm}9%$ respectively. BDR was positive in 15 patients. After HD, $FEV_1$, FVC, and $FEV_1/FVC$ of the patients were $100{\pm}23%$, $94{\pm}18%$ of predicted, and $88{\pm}11%$. After bronchodilator inhalation, these parameters were changed to $102{\pm}23%$, $96{\pm}18%$ of predicted, and $89{\pm}8%$ respectively. BDR was positive in 9 patients. Conclusion : First, HD increases $FEV_1$, FVC, and $FEV_1/FVC$ but little affects BDR. Second, there is no correlation between postdialysis weight loss and increases in $FEV_1$, FVC, and $FEV_1/FVC$ after HD. Third, there is also no correlation not only between interdialysis weight gain and BDR before HD but between postdialysis weight loss and BDR after HD.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.199-213
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• 1967

Circulatory and respiratory activities were observed in men exposed to the environment of engine room of a cruising Republic of Korea Navy ship and compared to the control values obtained in an ordinary laboratory room on land. The environment of an engine room of cruising navy ship was presumed to be a multiple stress acting on men. The environment of the engine room included high temperature $(35-42^{\circ}C)$, low relative humidity (20-38% saturation), vibration (about 7 cycles per second), rolling and pitching of ship and noises. Sixteen men were divided into two groups consisted of each 8 subjects. Subjects of sea duty group had experience of continuous on board duty averaging 3.5 years. Men of land duty group had no experience of on board activity. On land observations were made on one day prior to the boarding and leaving the port and four days after landing. In between observations in the engine room were made on the first, 5 th, 9 th, 12 th, and 14 th day of on board activity. The whole experimental period lasted for 20 days. Measurements on circulatory and respiratory parameters were at standing resting state (after 30 minutes standing in the case of on land study and 15 minutes in engine room study) and within one minute after cessation of on the spot running of which rhythm was 30/min. and lasted for 5 minutes. Oxygen consumption and pulmonary function test were done in the period of two minutes from the 3rd to 5th minutes of running. The following results were obtained. 1. Body temperature showed no change regardless of group difference or on land or on board measurements. 2. Pulse rate increased markedly after boarding the ship id both groups. Pulse rate increased from the first day on board at rest and after exercise as compared to the on land control value. This increase in pulse rate was more marked after exercise. Sea duty group showed less increase in pulse rate at rest than the land duty group. Standing and resting pulse rate of sea duty group on lam was 81 and increased to 87 at the 5th day on board and remained smaller than the land duty group throughout the period on board. Control standing and resting pulse rate of land duty group on land was 76 and reached 89 at the 9th day on board and thereafter decreased a little. Pulse rate of land duty group at rest on board remained greater than that of sea duty group throughout the period on board. 3. Systolic blood pressure of sea duty group increased after boarding the ship and remained higher than the control value on land. In the land duty group, however, systolic blood pressure decreased during the period on board the ship. Diastolic blood pressure decreased in both groups. 4. Resting breathing rate of land duty group increased and remained higher than the control value on land. In sea duty group, however, resting breathing rate showed a transient increase on the 1st day on board and decreased thereafter to the control value on land and kept the same level throughout the period of cruise. Absolute value of breathing rate in the sea duty group was greater than the land duty group both at rest and after exercise. 5. There was a lowering of breathing efficiency in both groups. Thus, increases in tidal volume and minute ventilation volume and decreases in maximum breathing capacity, vital capacity, capacity ratio and air velocity Index were observed after boarding the ship. An increase in ventilation equivalent was also observed in both groups. The lowering of breathing efficiency was more marked in the land duty group than the sea duty group. 6. Energy expediture increased in both groups during their stay on the ship and was more marked in the sea duty group. 7, Lactate concentration in venous blood at rest and after exercise increased after boarding the ship and no group difference was observed.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 2020

Purpose Vitamin D is essential for maintaining bone health, controling cell proliferation or differentiation, strengthening immune function by controlling calcium metabolism in the body. Vitamin D deficiency can lead to increase the risk of rickets, osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer. Especially, South Korea is one of the highest population proportion of vitamin D deficiency. Accurate determination of levels of 25-OH-VitD or 25-OH-VitD3 in blood serum is required for the diagnosis and treatment of vitamin D deficiency. In this study, radioimmunoassay of 25-OH-VitD and 25-OH-VitD3 was performed and compared to evaluate the effectiveness of Vitamin D radioimmunoassay. Materials and Methods Serum 25-OH-VitD and 25-OH-VitD3 levels were measured using radioimmunoassay. The interrelationship, reproducibility and population distribution rate were evaluated. In addition, the internal quality control was performed at Asan Medical Center from April 2017 to June 2019 and the result of external quality control (Interagency proficiency evaluation) of first and second half of 2018 hosted by the Korean Society of Nuclear Medicine Technology (KSNMT). Both tests were measured by same manufacturer's reagent. Results 25-OH-VitD showed a strong positive correlation on 97 samples, as 25-OH-VitD3 x 0.9 + 0.3 (R>0.9). In repeated measurement, the average Diff(%) value of the reproducibility evaluation of 25-OH-VitD and 25-OH-VitD3 were 7.7% and 7.4%, respectively. Population distribution results showed no statistically significant differences(p>0.05). The resultant value of internal quality control, which measured from April, 2017 to June 2019 in Blood test room of Nuclear Medicine at Asan Medical Center, showed average (CV%) 6.2% and 6.8%, respectively. As a result of the external quality control (interagency proficiency evaluation) Z value obtained under 2.0, as shown below; Conclusion The interrelationship, reproducibility, population distribution rate, internal quality control and external quality control between 25-OH-VitD and 25-OH-VitD3 radioimmunoassay shows superior outcome. Radioimmunoassay, which can be alone measured in the blood as 25-OH-VitD or 25-OH-VitD3, is considered suitable screening tests for the diagnosis of vitamin D deficiency.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.255-264
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• 2003

A study was conducted to determine the effects of pig slurry application on forage yield and growth of fazing Hanwoo heifer in a mixed pasture. To each of three treatments 1.4ha were alloted a control applied with only chemical fertilizer (N-P-K=150-150-120kg/ha), two pig slurry lots applied with the amount to allow 100% (150 kg/ha) or 150% (225 kg/ha) of N used in the control. A randomized block design was used without replication. Cattle were allowed to graze continuously during the experimental period. Results obtained were as follows: Total dry matter yield was 16,291, 15,632 and 16,320 kg/ha for chemical fertilizer. pig slurry 100% and 150％, respectively. The pasture was dominated by perenial ryegrass during the first gazing season, but by orchard grass and perenial ryegrass (60∼70%) and red clover (20∼30%) during the second grazing season. Average gazing rate per ha was 2.75∼2.76 animal units and daily weight gain of grazing cattle was not different among treatments ranging from 0.563 to 0.580 kg. Total weight gain of grazing cattle per ha during the grazing period was 541, 541 abd 555 kg for chemical fertilizer, pig -slurry 100 and 150%, respectively. RBC, WBC, total protein and albumin etc. concentrations in blood were normal in all treatments.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.53-62
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• 2017

Electric power which is the energy source of economy and industries requires long distance transportation due to regional difference between its production and consumption, and it is supplied through the multi-loop transmission and distribution system. Prior to its actual use, electric power flows through several transformations by voltage transformers in substations depending on the characteristics of each usage, and a transformer has the structure consisting of the main body, winding wire, insulating oil and bushings. A transformer fire that breaks out in substations entails the primary damage that interrupts the power supply to houses and commercial facilities and causes various safety accidents as well as the secondary economic losses. It is considered that causes of such fire include the leak of insulating oil resulting from the destruction of bottom part of bushings, and the chain reaction of fire due to insulating oil that reaches its ignition point within 1 second. The smoke detector and automatic fire extinguishing system are established in order to minimize fire damage, but a difficulty in securing golden time for extinguishing fire due to delay in the operation of detector and release of gas from the extinguishing system has become a problem. Accordingly, this study was carried out according to needs of active mechanism to prevent the spread of fire and block the leak of insulating oil, in accordance with the importance of securing golden time in extinguishing a fire in its early stage. A bushings fireproof structure was developed by applying the high temperature shape retention materials, which are expanded by flame, and mechanical flame cutoff devices. The bushings fireproof structure was installed on the transformer model produced by applying the actual standards of bushings and flange, and the full scale fire test was carried out. It was confirmed that the bushings fireproof structure operated at accurate position and height within 3 seconds from the flame initiation. It is considered that it could block the spread of flame effectively in the event of actual transformer fire.

• Journal of the Institute of Convergence Signal Processing
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.149-155
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• 2015

Tooth implant is located in oral cavity and affects neck, skull base, and facail image. These magnetic inhomogeneities are usually frequency encoding direction which cause artifacts due to change of signal strength and geometric distortion. First, to evaluate signal to noise ratio (SNR) of magnetic resonance image caused by tooth implant this study uses meat phantom which is similar to human body and is consisted with fat, muscle, and water to measure signal to noise ratio. Second, signal to noise ratio by using custom-made fixed phantom is measured, and then signal to noise ratio size of different tooth implant types is compared and analyzed. The measured signal to noise ratio values of Brushite, HSA, Metal, and RBM for meat phantom were 2.76, 2.22, 1.88, and 1.57 on T1 SE, 1.88, 1.78, 1.65, and 1.79 on T2 FLAIR, 2.28, 2.25, 2.88, and 2.05 on T2 FSE, and 2.74, 1.94, 1.67, and 1.48 on T2 GRE. The measured signal to noise ratio values of Brushite, HSA, Metal, and RBM for fixed water phantom were 1.2, 1.06, 1.12, and 1.22 on DWI, 1.93, 1.87, 1.93, and 2.06 T1 SE, 1.83, 1.76, 1.82, and 1.92 on T2 FLAIR, 1.85, 1.79, 7.86, and 1.97 on T2 FSE, and 1.97, 1.93, 1.99, and 2.06 on T2 GRE. By considering through the results, patients and dentists need to consider some impacts from testing many aspects although their main purpose of having tooth implants is a dental restoration. Moreover, depending on the tooth implant characteristics of individual patients this study results can be used as baseline data when choosing test protocol.