• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.1-7
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• 2017

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Scrophulariae Radix Water Extract (SR) on the production of inflammatory mediators in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages cells induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Method : We examined effect of Scrophulariae Radix Extract on the cell viability of mouse macrophages cells. Futhermore, After 24 hours treatment we investigated anti-inflammatory effect of Scrophulariae Radix Extract by the production of Bio-Plex cytokine assay, concentrations of various cytokines such NO, $interleukin(IL)-1{\alpha}$, IL-3 and interferon inducible protein-10(IP-10). Result : No significant changes have been found in the mouse macrophge cell viability by the Scrophulariae Radix Extract at the concentration of 25, 50, 100 and $200{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. The water extract of Scrophulariae Radix significantly inhibited the production of NO in the LPS-induced macrophage at the concentration of 25, 50, 100 and $200{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. The water extract of Scrophulariae Radix significantly inhibited the production of $IL-1{\alpha}$, IL-3 and IP-10 in the LPS-induced macrophage at the concentration of 50, 100 and $200{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. Conclusion : The water extract of Scrophulariae Radix significantly inhibited the production of NO, $IL-1{\alpha}$, IL-3 and IP-10 at the concentration of $50{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ or higher in the LPS-induced macrophages with no changes in the cell viability of them. These results suggest that water extract of Scrophulariae Radix has anti-inflammatory effect related with its inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines such as $IL-1{\alpha}$, IL-3 and IP-10 in the LPS-induced macrophages.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2011

Scrophulariae Radix (Scrophulariaceae) has been traditionally used to treat pharyngitis, laryngitis, tonsillitis, fever, and edema. To compare the quality of the Scrophulariae Radix produced from Gyeongbuk with that from China, a quantitative analysis on the major component, E-harpagoside, was performed by reversed-phase HPLC, and a relative inhibitory activity of nitric oxide (NO) was assayed in the Raw 264.7 cells. Using a Luna $C_{18}$(2) column, we carried out quantitative analysis with a gradient of 0.1% phosphoric acid in water and acetonitrile. Our results demonstrated that the content of E-harpagoside in Gyeongbuk's Scrophulariae Radix were three times higher than that of Chinese. Moreover, the inhibitory activity of Scrophulariae Radix of Gyeongbuk's in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO production was higher than that of Chinese.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.591-595
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• 2000

Objective : This experiment was performed in order to study the effects of Scrophulariae Radix on the injured tracheal tissue induced So, in rats. Methods : Healthy adult male rats weighting about 250g were divided into 4 groups - the Normal group, the Control group, the group of Scrophulariae Radix administration for 5 days after $SO_2$, gas exposure(Sample I), and the group of Scrophulariae Radix administration for 10 days before and for 5 days after $SO_2$, gas exposure(Sample II). Results : In the trachea Control group, the lesion of the ciliated epithelium was severe and the mucus secretion of the respiratory tract was increased significantly. In the trachea of Sample I group, the lesion of the ciliated epithelium and the mucus secretion of the respiratory tract were decreased compared with Control group. In the trachea of Sample II group, the lesion of the ciliated epithelium and the mucus secretion of the respiratory tract were decreased compared with Control and Sample I group. conclusions : According to the above results, Scrophulariae Radix has significant effects on the injuried tracheal tissue caused by $SO_2$ in rats.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2023.04a
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• pp.39-39
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to investigate vasodilatation effect of complex saponin separated from Scrophulariae radix, Asparagus cochinchinensis and Liriope platyphylla mixture extract on rabbit carotid artery. In this study, to determine vasodilatation effect of complex saponin separated from Scrophulariae radix, Asparagus cochinchinensis and Liriope platyphylla mixture extract on rabbit carotid artery, arterial rings with intact or damaged endothelium were used for experiment using organ bath, and were contracted by endothelin. complex saponin, major active constituents of Scrophulariae radix, Asparagus cochinchinensis and Liriope platyphylla mixture extract, showed a moderate vasodilatation effect on the basilar arteries of rabbits. Therefore, treatment with complex saponin separated from Scrophulariae radix, Asparagus cochinchinensis and Liriope platyphylla mixture extract may selectively accelerate cerebral blood flow through dilatation of the basilar artery. Theseis result suggest a potential role of complex saponin separated from Scrophulariae radix, Asparagus cochinchinensis and Liriope platyphylla mixture extract as source of vasodilatation agent.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.3 s.67
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• pp.178-186
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• 2006

Objective: The aim was to study experimentally the effects of Radix Scrophulariae (玄蔘) induced by Sodium levothyroxine. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats Were separated into four groups. Except for the normal group, the other three were treated with sodium levothyroxine $160{\mu}g/kg$ for 5 days. Among the three groups, two (except the control) were treated with Radix Scrophulariae extract 0.5g/kg (HNS 1) or 1.0g/kg (HNS II). $T_3-uptake,\;T_3,\;T_4$, TSH, total cholesterol, glucose, ALP, AST, ALT, free fatty acid, $\beta-lipoprotein$, and change in the serum of rats were measured after medication of solid extract of Radix Scrophulariae. Results: As a result of this study, HNS II showed significant decrease in comparison with the control in the serum $T_3-uptake,\;T_3$ ALP and free fatty acid content. HNS I and HNS II showed significant decrease in comparison with the control in the serum of $T_4$ and glucose content. HNS I and HNS II showed significant increase in comparison with the control in the serum of TSH and total cholesterol content. In body weight, HNS I and HNS II showed significant increase in comparison with the control. Conclusion: These results suggest that Radix Scrophulariae is effective to cure hyperthyroidism.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.7-16
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• 2005

Objectives : Scrophulariae Radix (SRE) is commonly used in combination with other herbs as a nutrient and health strengthening agent, and to remove 'heat' and replenish vital essence. The water-based extract of this herb can lower blood pressure in both anesthetized and concious animals, and exhibits an anti-inflammatory activity. But, there is lack of studies regarding the effects of SRE on the immunological activities in molecular levels. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of SRE on the regulatory mechanism of cytokines and nitric oxide (NO) in Raw 264.7 cells. Method : After the treatment of Scrophulariae Radix methanol extract, cell viability was measured by MTT assay, NO production was monitored by measuring the nitrite content in culture medium. COX-2 and iNOS were determined by Immunoblot analysis, and levels of cytokine were analyzed by sandwich immunoassays. Results : Results provided evidence that SRE inhibited the production of nitrite and nitrate (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), $interleukin-1{\beta}\;(IL-1{\beta})$ and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and the activation of phospholylation of inhibitor ${\kappa}B{\alpha}\;(p-I{\kappa}B{\alpha})$ in Raw 264.7 cells activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Conclusion : These findings suggest that Scrophulariae Radix can produce anti-inflammatory effect, which may playa role in adjunctive therapy in Gram-negative bacterial infections.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.127-137
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• 2007

Objects : This study was designed to determine origin-plants of 3 kinds of Scrophulariaceae herbs reported worldwide 220 families 3000 species, domestic 21 families 55 species by researching efficacy of each herb. Furthermore the objects of study were confirmation of genuine species and substitution species standing on the results. Methods : In this studies, the origin-plants and efficacy were determined by bibliographic method. Results : The results indicate that 1. There were total 15 species of original plants of Scrophulariaceae herbs, 9 species for Radix Scrophulariae, 4 species for Radix Rehmanniae Recens, 2 species for Rhizoma Picrorrhizae. 2. In the view of authenticity of Radix Scrophulariae, there were 2 genuine species, 1 species for substitution, and study of 6 species later on. 3. In the view of authenticity of Radix Rehmanniae Recens, there were 2 genuine species, 1 species for substitution, and study of 1 species later on. 4. In the view of authenticity of Rhizoma Picrorrhizae, all the original species was genuine species. 5. The each efficacy of origin-plants were reported in the main subject. Conclusions : The 15 original plants were present among the 3 medicinal herbs in the common family scrophul ariaceae. There were 2 genuine species in Radix Scrophulariae and Rhizoma Picrorrhizae. All the original species was genuine species in Rhizoma Picrorrhizae.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.328-331
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• 1999

A new method for quantitative determination of p-methoxycinnamic acid in Scrophulariae radix by high performance liquid chromatography was established. A reversed-phase system with SPHERI-5 RP-18 5 micron $(250\;{\times}\;4.6\;mm)$ column using TFA (0.05%) and acetonitrile as a mobile phase was developed. p-Methoxycinnamic acid and N-(p-methoxycinnamoyl)-p-aminophenol as an internal reference were detected at 310 nm and the analysis was successfully carried out within 50 min.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.1-11
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• 2008

Objectives : Cerebral ischemia resulting from transient or permanent occlusion of cerebral arteries leads to neuronal cell death and eventually causes neurological impairments. Scrophulariae radix is the roots of Scrophularia buergeria. In the present study, we investigated the effects of the aqueous extract of Scrophulariae radix on apoptotic cell death in the hippocampal dentate gyrus following transient global ischemia in gerbils. Methods : For this study, step-down avoidance task, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, and immunohistochemistry for caspase-3 were performed. Results : The present results showed that apoptotic cell death in the hippocampal dentate gyrus was significantly increased following transient global ischemia in gerbils. Treatment with the aqueous extract of Scrophulariae radix suppressed the ischemia-induced apoptosis in the dentate gyrus and thus facilitated the recovery of short-term memory impairment induced by ischemic cerebral injury. Conclusions : Here in this study, we have shown that Scrophulariae radix has a positive effect on-and possesses protective qualities against ischemia-induced apoptotic neuronal cell death, and it can be used for the treatment of ischemic brain diseases.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.15-18
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• 2007

Scrophulariae Radix(Scrophulariaceae) is a perennial growing in all parts of korea, China and Asia. It has been used as a folk medicine in treating guttural diseases acting as an antiphlogistics, antipyretics and analgesics. In this report, to compare with Korea and China product, quantitative analysis of harpagoside and p-methoxy cinnamic acid(4-MCA) was performed by HPLC method. Using a Luna $C_{18}(2)$ column, we carried out quantitative analysis with 0.1% phosphoric acid in water and acetonitrile as gradient condition. Harpagoside and 4-MCA were detected at retention time of about 11.5 and 15.0 min, respectively. Contents of harpagoside and 4-MCA proved that Korean products were higher than China more than twice.