• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.588-596
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• 2011

Wild grape extract (WGE) was added into hwajeon at different concentrations (0, 5, 15, 30, 50% of water). The resulting hwajeon were analyzed for their physicochemical and sensory properties. With increasing concentrations of WGE, the pH of dough and hwajeon decreased, and their degrees brix and color intensity increased, presumably due to the presence of tartaric acid, sugar, and anthocyanin in the WGE. The WGE-enriched hwajeon showed higher hardness, gumminess, and chewiness than control hwajeon, which might have been because the sugar and tartaric acid in the WGE partially inhibited starch gelatinization during heat processing. Nevertheless, all the sensory properties and preference were higher in WGE-enriched hwajeon than controls, which could be partially attributed to the fact of that the WGE-enriched hwajeon retained relatively higher moisture. It is suggested that WGE-enriched hwajeon with high preference could be prepared without loss of hwajeon quality.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.483-489
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• 2009

Herein, we present the results of our investigation of 61 pesticide residues in 100 samples of green teas obtained from Korean markets. Bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos, dicofol, EPN, chlorfenapyr, tebuconazole, cyhalothrin, difenoconazole, and tebufenpyrad were detected in 22 of the 100 green tea samples. The quantity of pesticide residues for bifenthrin was 0.12 ppm (maximum residue limits (MRLs): 0.3 ppm) in one sample, chlorpyrifos was 0.24-0.78 ppm (MRLs: 2.0 ppm) in three samples, dicofol was 1.64-4.19 ppm (MRLs: 50.0 ppm) in two samples, EPN was 0.13 ppm (MRLs: 0.05 ppm) in one sample, chlorfenapyr was 0.01-1.23 ppm (MRLs: 3.0 ppm) in 16 samples, tebuconazole was 0.71 ppm (MRLs: 5.0 ppm) in one sample, cyhalothrin was 0.05-0.3 ppm (MRLs: 2.0 ppm) in five samples, difenoconazole was 0.23 ppm (MRLs: 2.0 ppm) in one sample, and tebufenpyrad was 0.06-0.07 ppm (MRLs: 2.0 ppm) in two samples. More than two pesticide residues were detected in seven samples. All detected pesticide residues (with the exception of EPN) were within the MRLs.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.124-130
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• 2006

Rice plant extracts of brown planthopper (BPH) resistant rice varieties, Jangseongbyeo (JSB) and Hwacheongbyeo (HCB) at different growth stages (seedling, tillering, heading and ripening) were sequentially fractioned using hexane, ethyl ether, ethyl acetate, butanol, and distilled water. The extracts were applied to BPH susceptible rice variety, Dongjjnbyeo (DJB), to investigate the insecticidal and repellent effects against BPH. BPH insecticidal effects were not clearly observed with almost all of the extract fractions obtained from both JSB and HCB varieties for 12 h, whereas the ethyl ether and hexane extract fractions showed about 10 to 30% of BPH mortality in 24 to 48 h of application periods. An effective BPH repellent activity was found with the applications of ethyl ether extract fractions obtained from JSB variety. The extract fractions obtained from HCB variety did not show any different repellence among the various fractions. The BPH repellent effects of the extract fractions obtained at different growth stages of either JSB or HCB varieties did not show any correlations. The effect of ethyl ether fraction on BPH repellent was continually increased by 30 h after treatment and thereafter decreased. In addition, the first sub-fraction separated by a flash column chromatography eluted with chloroform:methanol (9:1, v/v) from the BPH effective ethyl ether faction in JSB variety might be meaningful to repel BPH from BPH susceptible target rice plants. The results indicated that the ethyl ether fraction obtained from JSB was higher in repellent activity than in insecticidal activity, and suggesting that there might be specific substance(s) in the first sub-fraction (sF1) of the ethyl ether fraction in JSB that could provide repellent activity against BPH.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.575-585
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• 2013

This research was performed to evaluate the recycling feasibility as a construction material of dredged harbor soil mixed with clay and glass frit. Concentration of heavy metals of the dredged soil from D harbor was severly high, showing Zn of 526.0~13,150.1 mg/kg. The dredged soil was maily composed of 48.30 wt% $SiO_2$, 16.60 wt% $Al_2O_3$, 10.10 wt% CaO, 7.75 wt% $Fe_2O_3$. The clay and the glass frit contained 70.82 wt% $SiO_2$ and $Al_2O_3$ 18.78 wt%, and 71.75 wt% $SiO_2$, 13.99 wt% CaO, 8.51 wt% $Na_2O$, respectively. After adding 10~40 wt% to the clay and sintering them at $1,000^{\circ}C$ or $1,100^{\circ}C$, the compressive strength of the sintered specimens showed $132.6{\sim}178.5kgf/cm^2$ or $581.2{\sim}793.7kgf/cm^2$, respectively. In case of SC46 with the addition 40 wt% of the dredged soil to the clay, the compressive strength ($793.7kgf/cm^2$) of specimen sintered at $1,100^{\circ}C$ was over 5 times higher than that at $1,000^{\circ}C$. The specimen mixed with 40 wt% of dredged soil, 60 wt% of clay and 1 wt% of glass frit satisfied the 1st grade standard for clay brick by KS L 4201. The results of all specimens by Korean Standard Leaching Test also satisfied the standard criteria.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.63-73
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• 2011

The relationship between buyers and sellers is changing into a long-term relationship. A number of distribution channel researchers have determined that the behavior of distribution channel members can be characterized by relational exchanges. The members of relational distribution channels may be perceived as strategic partners; however, even within these arrangements, member asymmetries may exist, which can create unequal distributions of power and dependence. Thus, as all distribution channel members may not be equal in power, it is possible that a less-dependent channel leader may emerge. Therefore, leadership in distribution channels is a very important variable. Distribution channel leadership can be defined as the activities undertaken by the distribution channel leader to influence the marketing programs and strategies of channel members. A distribution channel's performance is influenced by the leadership style of the channel leader. Although research on channel leadership styles can be broadly categorized, many researchers have dealt with analyzing distribution channel leadership by using the power-influence approach, which includes looking at variables, such as power, power base, and influence strategies. Moreover, they have examined the direct relationship between leadership styles and performance. Many distribution channel scholars have attempted to justify the application of leadership styles identified in alternative leadership theories to the inter-organizational context of distribution channels. They have made suggestions regarding how great the usefulness of leadership style as a strategy is to secure the compliance of distribution channel members and have conceptually and empirically linked it to channel-related phenomena, such as manifest conflict, cooperation, channel efficiency, and effectiveness. However, as few empirical studies have examined the antecedents and consequences of leadership styles, research on leadership style can be considered nascent. Thus, it is required to investigate the antecedents and consequences of the leadership style of a distribution channel leader. This study aims to empirically identify whether there are influences of the antecedents of leadership on two different leadership styles, and to reveal whether these leadership styles induce any consequences. The research subjects were 220 franchisees. Research findings are as follows: First, the results show a positive effect of technological capability on transformational relationships. However, it does not have a significant effect on transactional leadership. Second, innovation-oriented organizational culture has negatively influenced both leaderships. However, task-oriented organizational culture positively and significantly influenced both forms of leadership. Third, the ethics of leaders has influenced both leadership styles positively and significantly. Fourth, regarding consequences, transformational leadership strengthens financial performances, whereas it weakens relational citizenship behaviors. However, transactional leadership positively influences relational citizenship behavior whilst negatively affecting financial performance.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.211-232
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• 2014

People search a certain object or a person so many time in a day. Besides the information about what the target is, perceptual information of the target can influence on the search process. In the current study, using an eye-tracker we aimed to examine whether the perceptual information of previewing target stimuli on the visual search process of the target and the task performance. Participants had to identify the previewing target stimulus presented in the middle of the screen, and then had to search the target among 8 items presented in a circle array, and had to decide whether the size of the target in the search display was same as that of the previewing stimulus. The experimental conditions were divided into 8 within-subject conditions by whether the search display was consisted of all the same size items or different size items (homogeneous search display vs. inhomogeneous search display), by the size of the preview target stimulus, and by the size of the target stimulus in the search display. Research hypothesis is that the size information of the previewing influence on the visual search process of the target and task performance when the items in the search display are in different sizes. In the results of behavioral data analysis, the reaction time showed the main effect of the search display, and the size of the target stimulus in the search display. and the interaction between the size consistency effect of target stimulus and the search display condition. In the results of analysis of eye-movement information, the Initial Saccade to Target Ratio measurement showed the interaction between the size consistency effect of target stimulus and the search display condition as the reaction time measurement did. That is, the size consistency effect of target stimulus only in the inhomogeneous search display condition indicated that participants searched the items in the same size as that of preview target stimulus. Post-hoc analyses revealed that the search and task performance in the inhomogeneous display condition were faster when the target size was consistent, but rather slower when the target size was inconsistent.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 1992

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of plant growth retardants on the growth and characters related with lodging in rice. The results are summarized as follows. Plant height which is closely related to lodging was significantly inhibited by the application of inabenfide, paclobutrazol, and uniconazole. Among the tested application times, inabenfide, paclobutrazol, and uniconazole were the most effective in inhibiting plant height at 30, 20, 20 days before heading respectively. Inabenfide was markedly effective in reducing the lower (4th) internode length, whereas paclobutrazol and uniconazole were more effective in reducing the upper (3rd and 2nd) internode length. Internode wall of rice plant treated with chemicals was tended to be thickened as compared with control. Heading date was not influenced by inabenfide, but paclobutrazol and uniconazole were inhibited 1 or 2 days in heading date as compared with control. Lodging index was the most reduced when inabenfide was applied 30 days before heading with 160g ai whereas paclobutrazol and uniconazole were applied 15 days before heading with 12, 1.2g ai per 10a, respectively. All the treatments inhibited the lodging of rice but control was completely lodged. Yield treated with these chemicals was prevented by 10-12% of yield decrease occurred by lodging. As a conclusion, inabenfide with 120 or 160g ai at 40 or 30 days before heading, paclobutrazol with 12g ai at 15 days before heading, arid uniconazole with 1.2g ai at 15 days before heading appear to be the most practical application time and rate for preventing lodging in paddy rice.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.31-43
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• 1997

This study was carried out to investigate classfication of weedy rice (Oryza sativa) based on isozymes esterase and peroxidase, growth and developmental difference of weedy rices and rices grown under dry and water condition, and weedy rice control and tolerant difference of weedy rices in various herbicides using weedy rices collected from thirteen strains of Chonnam, one Chonbuk, two Kyeongki and two rice cultivars. 1. The collected weedy rices were classified into three groups based on isozyme esterase and peroxidase using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE) method. The classified groups were not same each other. 2. Plant height was taller in collected weedy rices than rice cultivars at 18 days after seeding under dry and water conditions, but number of leaves, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight and root length were not significantly different between collected weedy rices and rice cultivars. In addition, growths of collected weedy rices were greater in dry- than water-condition. 3. After thiobencarb(S-4-chlorobenzyl diethythiocarbamate), molinate(S-ethyl hexahydro-1H-azepine-1-carbothioate) and oxadiazon(5-tert-butyl-3(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-one) were applied at 6 days before seeding, the weedy rices controlled 100% by thiobencarb at 2.1kg ai/ha and 024kg ai/ha oxadiazon treatment but controlled 26% to 67% by molinate at 6.5kg ai/ha. Rice due to the herbicides was injured severely(25% to 100%) in flood condition at time of rice seeding after oxadiazon at 0.48kg ai/ha and 2.1kg ai/ha thiobencarb application, except for molinate which injured rice slightly(4% to 13%) in drain condition. The collected weedy rices to all experimented herbicides showed slight intraspecific variations. The intraspecific variations of weedy rices decreased in the order of thiobencarb>molinate>oxadiazon.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.114-121
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• 1996

This study was conducted to investigate seed germination, seedling growth, and responses to herbicides of Bidens tripartita L. When the field-collected seeds were stored under a dry-room temperature, dry-low temperature, wet-low temperature, or dry-high temperature condition, no seeds were germinated in a growth chamber with 14 hr photoperiod up to 35 days after the storage. Exceptionally, however, some seeds stored under a wet-room temperature condition were germinated after 25 days of the storage. This might be due to the fact that the seed coats were damaged by fungi which developed during the storage. Seeds stored under a wet-low temperature condition (stratification) began to be germinated after 3 months of the storage and the germination rate increased with a prolonged stratification. Almost all seeds were germinated after 9 months of the stratification. These results suggest that the dormancy of B. tripartita L. seeds relate to the seed coat and thus several attempts were made to induce seed germination through damaging or weakening the seed coat. Freezing($-20^{\circ}C$), drying($100^{\circ}C$), or swelling($40^{\circ}C$) of the seeds was not effective to induce the germination. Treatments of concentrated sulfuric acid, $KNO_3$, or gibberellin to the seeds had no effect on inducing the germination. However, ethrel had a stimulatory effect on the germination of the seeds with an optimum concentration of 250ppm. A seed cutting was also effective to induce the germination, but seedlings from the seeds had cutted cotyledons. Germination of the stratified seeds varied with the temperature condition to which they were subjected, but not with light. The germination rate was the highest at 35 - $40^{\circ}C$. Although the seeds were not able to germinate under a submerged condition, seedlings after 2-leaf-stage exhibited better growth under a submerged or a subirrigated condition than under an upland condition. Among the herbicides tested, pyrazosulfuton-ethyl, linuron, and bentazone were found to be effective for controlling B. tripartita L., having more herbicidal effect with an earlier application.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.99-106
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of supplementation of mulberry powder, mulberry extract and silkworm powder during the 8 weeks of resistance exercise on Androgen receptor(AR) mRNA and Myogenic regulatory factors(MRFs) expression of rats muscle. Fifty males, Sprague-Dawley rat, were randomly divided into 5 groups: CON(control group, n = 10), REG(resistance exercise group, n = 10), MP REG(mulberry powder intake and resistance exercise group, n = 10), ME REG(mulberry extract intake and resistance exercise group, n = 10) and SP REG(silkworm powder intake and resistance exercise group, n = 10). After climbing the ladder without weights during the 1 week of adaptation period, the rats in the resistance exercise group were trained to climb a 0.98-m vertical(80 degree incline) ladder with weights in their tail during 7 weeks(10 times each day, 2 days per week). After exercise, the skeletal muscle was extracted from the flexor hallucis longus. After separating the total ribonucleic acid (RNA) of each group, quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to analyze RNA quantitatively. AR mRNA and MRFs expression revealed that all of the treated groups had significantly difference. AR mRNA expression increased in ME REG $6.24{\pm}1.85$ and SP REG $9.68{\pm}0.28$ fold compared to CON. Myod mRNA expression increased in MP REG $6.04{\pm}0.47$, ME REG $4.31{\pm}1.58$ and SP REG $8.11{\pm}0.57$ fold compared to CON. And myogenin mRNA expression increased in MP REG $4.11{\pm}0.42$, ME REG $4.12{\pm}0.45$ and SP REG $6.50{\pm}0.61$ fold compared to CON. In conclusion, during the resistance exercise, providing mulberry and silkworm gives positive effect on AR mRNA and MRFs expression increase.