• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.273-285
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• 2022

Objectives: This study compared the nutritional intakes of early and late preterm infants in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and at home. The dietary problems and the need for community care services for premature infants were further investigated. Methods: This is a cross-sectional and descriptive study on 125 preterm infants and their parents (Early preterm n = 70, Late preterm n = 55). The data were collected by surveying the parents of preterm infants and from hospital medical records. Results: No significant differences were obtained between the early and late preterm infant groups when considering the proportion of feeding types in the NICU and at home. Early preterm infants were fed with a greater amount of additional calories at home and had more hours of tube feeding (P = 0.022). Most preterm infants had feeding problems. However, there was no significant difference between early and late preterm infants in the mental pain of parents, sleeping, feeding, and weaning problems at home. Many parents of preterm babies had no external support, and more than half the parents required community care to take care of their preterm babies. Conclusions: Regardless of the gestational age, most preterm infants have several problems with dietary intake. Our study indicates the need to establish community care services for preterm infants.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.93-105
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• 2002

This study was aimed at identifying on the state and knowledge toward smoking and passive smoking in middle school students. The data were collected from 6th. to 18th. August, 2001. Subject were 125 middle school students who were participated in the Smoking Cessation Program of S Health Agency in Busan. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS program for frequency, percent, mean, and chi-square test. The smoking related state and attitude of subjects were as follows; the nurmber of the smoking students are 10(8.0 %) at present, 19(15.2 %) at past experience, 53(42.4 %) having at present smoking friends, 73(58.4 %) having at present smoking family. Also the smoking starting time of present or past smoking experience was the middle school; 12(9.6 %) and elementary school; 11(8.8 %). They started because of the peer group members; 12(9.6 %), curiosity; 8(6.4 %), and looking good; 7(5.6 %). The passive smoking related state and attitude of subjects were as follows; the number of the passive smoking aware rates are very well level; 71(56.8 %), well level; 54(43.2 %). The exposed experience to passive smoking was always; 38(30.4 %), sometimes; 86(68.8 %), not experience; 1(0.8 5). The place of exposure to passive smoking was game rooms; 67(53.6 %), house; 30(24.0 %), fast food place or cafeteria; 10(8.0 %), and street or in a vehicle ; 3(2.4 %). The main smoker to passive smoking exposure was unknown person; 61(48.8 %), grand parents or parents; 43(34.4 %), brothers or friends; 8(6.4 %), teachers; 4(3.2 %). The chief complant of passive smoking exposure was dyspnea; 36(28.8 %), coughing; 34(27.2 5), dizziness; 21(16.8 %), no symptom; 18(14.4 %). The mostly affected smoker to passive smoking exposure was parents; 52(41.6 %), brothers or friends; 48(38.4 %). The health affected perception to passive smoking exposure was very affected; 109(87.2 %), not affected; 3(2.4 %). In conclusion, it can be well recognized that considerable number of middle school students is exposed to the passive smoking in their homes and by unknown persons, but, their knowledge and attitude toward the exposure to passive smoking is not effective. Therefore, it is hoped that regular smoking education program at school and restriction campaign in home and the public place is necessary.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.209-228
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• 2000

Information technology is affecting most areas of society in information society, schools are facing with the change of learning methods by computer and internet. The purpose of this study is to apply internet technology to school library, for maximizing the function of school library in information age. This study designed and implemented th ISLMC(Internet School Library Media Center) using the WWW, that gathers, processes and stores the useful information resources on the internet and effectively provides these to teachers, students and their parents of the learning activities.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.40
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• pp.209-242
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• 2014

This study is to understand sure the primary crime prevention has been incidence as a social problem intended for parents through the analysis of the Crime Prevention Design (CPTED) CPTED element of recognize elements that target crime prevention strategy to effectively help students be and an object of the present invention is to provide a policy suggestion haryeoneunde proposed basic data required for orientation. To achieve the study objectives such as the core framework in this study IPA: Importance-Performance Analysis) also was selected. Subjects of study in 2010 Gyeongju Elementary parents name and were 203 first research group investigating the secondary school population of the region in 2014 to nomadic parents of 297 people sampled selection. Questionnaire that use by this study applies "Important-Performance Analysis : IPA" technique that Martilla & James(1977) presented and analyzed awareness for CPTED elements of strategy for student's crime prevention to elementary school pupil students' parentse. It was the first group, 0.886, 0.920, 0.895 and 2nd group 0.880, 0.906, 0.878 that reliability of (Cronbach' s ${\alpha}$) the importance, and believability of run chart was the first group, 0.880, 0.917, 0.878 and 2nd group, 0.735, 0.840, 0.830. Analysis of the data carried out frequency analysis, reliability analysis, Frequency analysis was performed, paired sample t-Test for the reliability analysis, and the technical statistical analysis of the data is. The analysis of lattice bars execution through the IPA, the importance of the primary parents elements of CPTED strategies are generally very high, but found that the variation depending on the components that Performance. This study, an important element of the strategy to eliminate the school building for students from inside and outside the criminal fears CPTED is a mechanical surveillance in the first group, organizational surveillance, and the second group is the region intensified I'll showed mechanically and organizational factors in the investigation, and request that the investment is urgently important element is also execution low, crime prevention personnel security higher importance than expanding the front door. The analysis result of this study expects that basic data can be used in policy direction presentation that examines closely CPTED elements of strategy for crime prevention of students and applies CPTED's component effectively at elementary school hereafter.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.1320-1333
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to investigate high school students' buying attitudes toward school uniform brands according to clothing conformity orientation. For this research, a survey was carried out to 418 boy and girl students in Seoul and Gyeonggi areas. The data analysis of this study was verified by descriptive analysis, factor analysis, reliability tests, cluster analysis, one-way ANOVA with Duncan-test, and ${\chi}^2$-test. The results are as follows. First, high school students preferred and had strong intentions to buy school uniforms of famous leading brands although they were not satisfied with famous brands. Especially, respondents tended to have favorable attitudes toward sophisticated and luxurious designs of famous school uniform brands. Second, respondents who had a conformity to parents tended to follow parents' opinions by purchasing famous brand uniforms. The conformity group of mass media preferred famous brands, and acquired the information about uniforms from various mass media such as television or magazines. A peer conformity group also preferred leading brands. Based on results of this study, curriculum of home education department should consist of contents for inducing rational consumption of uniforms by considering students' inclination of conformity. In terms of marketing perspectives, school uniforms firms need to reinforce strategies to improve products' quality and value for money.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.31-44
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• 2006

This study examined relationships between children's aggression and the variables such as individual, family, and school adjustment. For this study, individual variables included age, self-esteem, and game-addiction tendency. Family variables included mother's controlling parenting, child-abuse, parents' marital conflict. As for school adjustment, teacher relations, peer relations, classroom and rule adjustment in school were examined. The sample consisted of 642 children of the fifth and sixth grade in Busan. Statistics and methods used for data analysis included frequency, percentage, Cronbach's alpha, factor analysis, two-way Anova, Pearson's correlation, and Hierarchical Regression. Several major results were found from the analysis: First, boys' aggression was higher than girls'. But no age difference was found in children's aggression. Second, game-addiction tendency had a positive correlation with children's aggression. In addition, self-esteem had a negative correlation with boys' aggression. Third, mother's controlling parenting had a positive correlation with children's aggression. Child abuse had a positive correlation with boys' aggression, and parents' marital conflict with girls' aggression. Fourth, teacher relations, peer relations, classroom and rule adjustment in school had a negative correlation with boys' aggression. In addition, rule adjustment in school had a negative correlation with girls' aggression. Fifth, game-addiction tendency, rule adjustment in school, self-esteem, mother's controlling parenting and teacher relations in school were important variables predicting boys' aggression. On the other hand, game-addiction tendency and rule adjustment in school were important variables predicting girls' aggression.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.492-512
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• 2002

The daily life activities of primary school children have been increasingly diversified. This research examined the spatio-temporal characteristics of primary school children's daily life activities. The time allocation of primary school children's daily activities was monotonous. They tended to spend most of their time in school activities, private lessons after school, and studying at home. The daily trip to school has been diversified as the result the of increase in the number of double-income families, car owners, facilities for pastime, and educational facilities for private lessons after school. The selection of educational facilities for private lessons was strongly influenced by accessibility to the residence because of the limited time budget of primary school children and the controlled trip behavior by parents. The leisure activities were considered as a minor function and took place in the interval of performances of study-related activities. The high proportion of leisure activities was found in the indoor play. The amount of the time for leisure activity was very insufficient. The spatial range and time budget were strongly influenced by the institutional conditions of parents.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.78-92
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• 1993

The purpose of this study is to find out the stress causes of the primary students in Korea, through the three major methods, life event score, multiple regression about stress causes and G.H.Q. path-diagram. A survey was made of 889 students who were selected among students of six primary schools in seoul and Ka-pyeng, from Sep. 28 to Oct. 2. 1992. The results of this study are summarized as follows : 1. Life event score Among the children's life events, (deaths of family) (degrade of school record) (the increase of absence days) (divorce of parents) (trouble with relationship) are high ranking in life event score. Besides, (scolded by teacher and parents) (beginning of extracurricular work) are spread stress causes. In conclusion, these stress causes are shown by two aspects, home, school, and so children are under stress circumstance in both places. These stress causes vary with area and sex. 2. Multiple regression about stress causes and G.H.Q. This study analysed how a stress caused by home life affects the children's health of mind and body. The most influential factors are , and these factors vary with area and sex. 3. Path-diagram This study proved that socio-psychological school environment raises children to secede from school, and this secession that operates as a stress cause affects children's health of mind and body. This serial process is analysed by path analysis, and made out a path-diagram. In conclusion, as expected socio-psychological,school environment affects the children's health of mind and body. This is shown by two aspects : positive, negative. This stress causes vary with area and sex.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.167-185
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to analyze the actual states of the elementary school and the middle school mathematics education as a curriculum quality-management. To this end, this study surveyed the input, process and output phase in the school curriculum to the teachers, students and parents. The results are like these: First, the achievement standards contents in the elementary school and the middle schools are relevant in the input phase. Second, the teachers in the elementary school have more concern on the teaching & learning methods than those in the middle school in the process phase. Third, students and parents' satisfaction on the cognitive and affective domain in the elementary school is higher than that in the middle school in the output phase. This study suggests that these result has to be affected to make ways to apply the new curriculum, and the curriculum revision system has to be established to revise the curriculum as an important method of quality management.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.60-75
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• 1998

The parents have much expectation upon the pregnancy and child birth, and in most cases, they expect the healthy parturient child. However, we can be placed on the high-risk conditions which have the physical, social and immature infant, due to the unexpected results, among the new-born. Accordingly, these high-risk newborn and premature infants will be mostly in NICU, which the concentrated medical treatment can be given, upon their conditions. After their birth and during these periods, they will be divided from the parents, and the nurse will accomplish the bringing-up activities which they can take care of the infant, expected by the parents after their birth. The hospitalization of high-risk newborn including these premature infants is the shocking experience to the parents of family, and thus they can feel the fear and uneasiness, and these reactions of parents are troubled in the behavior at the usual days, and cause the disorder and spiritless status, and these results break the supporting ability of parents, and cause the obstruction. Also, the unavoidable division between the parents and the children as like hospitalization of children can make the parents to feel the alienation emotionally, and this causes the results which the pride on the bringing-up ability of baby gets to be lost. These problems can cause the difficulties on the bonding or the parenting in the further days, and can be related to the neglect and abuse of children. Also, it is gradually increased to study and report which the emotional division by the physical division between the mother and the baby obstructs the normal affection course between the parent and the infant. The stress caused by the birth and the hospitalization of high-risk newborn, as like this, is important in the points which it can uncertainly affect the potential energy for the relationship of parent-child who are finally healthy. Accordingly, the significance and purpose of this study are to understand the contents and degree of stress which the parents of high-risk newborn including the immature child can be experienced from the hospitalization of ICU for their new borns, and thus to offer the basic program to the nursing intervention program for these. The subject of this study is the mother of newborn in NICU of 10 General Hospitals located at the 3one of Pusan, Korea from September 1997 to October 1997, and thus makes the subject of 95 person of parents who agreed to take part in the study and it is descriptive study related to the stress of mother having the newborn in NICU. The method is based on the preceding study related to the stress of mother having the experience of child hospitalization and chronic disease child, and then acquires the advice of specialists group as like 5 nursing professors, and then is amended and supplemented. Total number of questions is 43 items and consists of 5 factors as like medical treatment &nursing procedures, disease status & prognosis, role of parents, communication & inter-personal relationships, hospital environment, and is 5 point Likert Scale. The reliability of this study method is very highly shown to be Cronbach α=0.95. The collected data is analysed as Average, Frequency, Standard Deviation, T-test, ANOVA, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, Duncan multifulrange test by use of SPSS /PC (V7.5). The results of this study is summarized as under. 1. Every characteristics of subject is which the party of mother is 28.70age(±7.48) in the average ages, 51% in the high-school graduate, 38.5% in the christianity, total monthly income is 212.55 thousand won(±1.971), 74.5% in the housewife, 72.9% in the parents and children together living and the number of children to be 1.48person(± 0.6) in average, the recognition on the prognosis of baby is 74.0% in 'Don't know', the relationship with the husband after the hospitalization of babyis 37.3% in 'More Intimate', the relationship with the family of husband to be 48% in 'No-change', and the degree which is consulted with the husband about the baby is 55% in 'very frequently' and the visiting number per week is 4.59(±1.63) in average and the accompanying person in the time of visiting is which the number of husband is 56.3% and thus is the highest. The characteristics of baby is which the age is 21.88days(±16.47) after the birth in average, the sex to be 50 person in the female 52.1% and the order of birth to be 54.2% in the first chid, and the weight in the birth to be 2770gm(±610) and the height in the birth to be 46.26cm(±7.62) in aver age. The medical diagnosis is 37.5% in the premature infant, the career of hospitalization is 96.9% in 'None', and the operation plan is 90.6% in 'None' and the execution of operation is 88% in 'None' and the nursing of incubator is 55.2% in 'Yes', and the method of feeding is 50.5% in 'Oral' and the contents of feeding is 46.9% in the 'Milk'. 2. The total stress degree of subject is almost highly shown to be as 3.36(±0.86). If it is compared upon each cause, 'stress on disease status & prognosis' is highest 3.79(±1.28), and it is in the order of 'stress on medical treatment & nursing procedures' 3.70(±0.93), 'stress on hospital environment' 3.14(±0.86), 'stress on role of parents' 3.18(±0.92) and 'stress on communication & inter personal relationship' 2.62(± 0.77) 3. As the results of checking the notworthiness of stress degree upon each variable of subject, the variable showing the noted difference was the birth weight(γ=-0.16, P=0.04), birth height(γ=-0.23, P=0.03), nursing in the incubator(F=8.93, P=0.04), feed method(F=2.94, P=0.04). That is to say, it is shown which the smaller the birth weight is, the higher the stress degree of mother is noteworthily. Also, the smaller the birth height baby is, the higher the stress of mother is. In the incubator, it os shown which the mother whose baby is nursing in the incubator is higher in the stress degree than other mothers. Upon the feeding method of baby, that is to say, TPNis the highest, and it is shown in the order of NPO, Tube feeding, and P.O. feeding. When we review the above-mentioned results, as the status is serious, it is thought which we include the supporting nursing for coping with the stress of parents in the setting-up od nursing plan for the baby in the NICU.