• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.172-183
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• 2017

Vitamin A and its metabolites modulate insulin resistance and regulate stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), which are also known to affect insulin resistance. Here, we tested, whether vitamin A-mediated changes in insulin resistance markers are associated with SCD1 regulation or not. For this purpose, 30-week old male lean and glucose-intolerant obese rats of WNIN/GR-Ob strain were given either a stock or vitamin A-enriched diet, i.e. 2.6 mg or 129 mg vitamin A/kg diet, for 14 weeks. Compared to the stock diet, vitamin A-enriched diet feeding improved hyperglycemia and glucose-clearance rate in obese rats and no such changes were seen in lean rats receiving identical diets. These changes were corroborated with concomitant increase in circulatory insulin and glycogen levels of liver and muscle (whose insulin signaling pathway genes were up-regulated) in obese rats. Further, the observed increase in muscle glycogen content in these obese rats could be explained by increased levels of the active form of glycogen synthase, the key regulator of glycogen synthesis pathway, possibly inactivated through increased phosphorylation of its upstream inhibitor, glycogen synthase kinase. However, the unaltered hepatic SCD1 protein expression (despite decreased mRNA level) and increased muscle-SCD1 expression (both at gene and protein levels) suggest that vitamin A-mediated changes on glucose metabolism are not associated with SCD1 regulation. Chronic consumption of vitamin A-enriched diet improved hyperglycemia and glucose-intolerance, possibly, through the regulation of intracellular signaling and glycogen synthesis pathways of muscle and liver, but not associated with SCD1.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.163-166
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• 2007

The cytotoxic effects of partially purified substances from Bacillus polylfermenticus SCD toward a variety tumor cell lines were studied. Cytotoxic activity was determined with regard to the A549 (human lung carcinoma), AGS (human stomach adenocarcinoma), DLD-1 (human colon adenocarcinoma), HEC-1-B (human uterus adenocarcinoma), SW-156 (human kidney carcinoma), and NIH/3T3 (murine normal fibroblast) cell lines using the MTT assay. Cytotoxic substances were partially purified through Diaion HP-20 columns and extracted with methanol or other organic solvents (n-hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate, and butanol). B. polyfermenticus SCD supernatant showed up to 60% inhibition of cell viability fer all five human cancer cell lines tested. When treated with 10 mg/mL of n-hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate, and butanol extract, HEC-1-B cells showed a 25,62,35, and 63% rate of inhibition respectively, and AGS cells showed a 72, 61, 44, and 67% rate of inhibition, respectively. At a concentration of 10 mg/mL, 100% methanol Diaion HP-20 extracts showed inhibition rates of 97.0% toward A-549 cells, 98.1% toward AGS cells, 81.6% toward DLD-1 cells, 83.5% toward HEC-1-B cells, and 92.7% toward SW-156 cells. These results indicate that partially purified fractions from B. polyfermenticus SCD have the potential to inhibit not only colon cancer cells, but also lung, stomach uterus, and kidney cancer cells. Further studies are needed to characterize the cytotoxic substances released in B. polyfermenticus SCD cultures.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.215-220
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• 2013

Fatty acids (FAs) were considered in activating nuclear hormone receptors that play significant roles in the cellular lipid metabolism by the regulation of several genes. Previously, fatty acid synthase (FASN) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) genes have been known to regulating the FA metabolism. In this study, associations of FASN and SCD genes with fatty acid (FA) composition in broilers were investigated. Tissue samples from 95 Cobb 500 broilers were used for DNA extraction. The g.1222 A>G SNP located in intron 42 of FASN gene and 2 SNPs in SCD gene, one in exon 2 (g.3728A>G) and the other in exon 4 (g.12903G>A), were subjected for genotyping using PCR-RFLP method. One of the SNPs in SCD gene, SNP g.3728A>G had significant association with myristoleic acid (C14:1; P<0.05), palmitic acid (C16:0; P<0.05), palmitoleic acid (C16:1; P<0.05) and saturated FA (SFA; P<0.05). However, the SNP g.1222A>G in FASN gene had only suggestive association with arachidic acid (C20:0; P=0.08). The findings in this study suggest that the SNP in exon 2 of SCD gene can be used as a molecular marker for selecting birds having desirable FA composition in broilers.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.1210-1220
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• 2021

Objective: Unlike mammals, goose fatty liver shows a strong tolerance to fatty acids without obvious injury. Stearyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1 (SCD1) serves crucial role in desaturation of saturated fatty acids (SAFs), but its role in the SAFs tolerance of goose hepatocytes has not been reported. This study was conducted to explore the role of SCD1 in regulating palmitic acid (PA) tolerance of goose primary hepatocytes. Methods: 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide was examined to reflect the effect of PA on hepatocytes viability, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the mRNA levels of several genes related to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, and the role of SCD1 in PA tolerance of goose hepatocytes was explored using RNA interfere. Results: Our results indicated that goose hepatocytes exhibited a higher tolerant capacity to PA than human hepatic cell line (LO2 cells). In goose primary hepatocytes, the mRNA levels of fatty acid desaturation-related genes (SCD1 and fatty acid desaturase 2) and fatty acid elongate enzyme-related gene (elongase of very long chain fatty acids 6) were significantly upregulated with 0.6 mM PA treatment. However, in LO2 cells, expression of ER stress-related genes (x box-binding protein, binding immunoglobulin protein, and activating transcription factor 6), inflammatory response-related genes (interleukin-6 [IL-6], interleukin-1β [IL-1β], and interferon-γ) and apoptosis-related genes (bcl-2-associated X protein, b-cell lymphoma 2, Caspase-3, and Caspase-9) was significantly enhanced with 0.6 mM PA treatment. Additionally, small interfering RNA (siRNA) mediated downregulation of SCD1 significantly reduced the PA tolerance of goose primary hepatocytes under the treatment of 0.6 mM PA; meanwhile, the mRNA levels of inflammatory-related genes (IL-6 and IL-1β) and several key genes involved in the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT), forkhead box O1 (FoxO1), mammalian target of rapamycin and AMPK pathways (AKT1, AKT2, FoxO1, and sirtuin 1), as well as the protein expression of cytochrome C and the apoptosis rate were upregulated. Conclusion: In conclusion, our data suggested that SCD1 was involved in enhancing the PA tolerance of goose primary hepatocytes by regulating inflammation- and apoptosis-related genes expression.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.26-31
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• 2023

In this study, we investigated in vitro inhibitory activity of wild-simulated ginseng (WSG) against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease using HepG-2 cells. T0901317 treatment increased the lipid accumulation in HepG-2 cells, but WSG treatment inhibited T0901317-mediated lipid accumulation. In addition, WSG downregulated T0901317-mediated expression of SREBP-1c, ACC, FAS and SCD-1 protein. In addition, WSG increased the phosphorylation level of LKB1 and AMPK. Compound C treatment blocked WSG-mediated downregulation of SREBP-1c protein. In conclusion, WSG is considered to inhibit the accumulation of lipids and triglycerides in HepG-2 cells by inducing the activation of LKB1 and AMPK successively, thereby reducing the expression of FAS, ACC, and SCD-1 through suppression of SREBP-1c expression.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.245-252
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• 2007

This study investigated the effects of conjugated linoleic acid(CLA) on the fat deposition, triglyceride levels and the expression of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1(SCD1) in the livers of male ICR mice that were fed with either soybean oil or beef tallow supplemented with CLA. Mice weighing $25{\sim}30$ g were divided into four groups; soybean oil(SBO), and SBO supplemented with 1% CLA(SBOC), beef tallow(BT) and BT supplemented with 1% CLA(BTC). Each group consisted of 10 mice that were fed the experimental diets for 4 weeks. The experimental diets consisted of 64% carbohydrate, 20% protein, and 16% fat in terms of their contributions to total calories. All other nutrients were identical in the diets. Triglyceride measurements were completed using a kit. Fatty acid compositions were analyzed in the liver using gas chromatography. The levels of SCD1 expression were analyzed by RT-PCR in the liver. No significant differences were found for food intake level, body weight and food efficiency among the experimental groups. However, the weights of epididymal fat pads and plasma triglyceride levels were significantly lower in SBOC and BTC(p<0.05) compared to the SBO and BT groups. These effects were similar in the CLA supplemented groups. The expression level of SCD1 gene and ${\Delta}9$ desaturase index were not significantly different, regardless of the fat used for CLA supplementation. Based on these results, addition of CLA showed decreasing effects on the fat depots weight and the concentration of triglyceride regardless of the fat sources. The SCD1 gene expression and ${\Delta}9$ desaturase index were not influenced by the types of fats with respect to the CLA effects.

• Environmental Sciences Bulletin of The Korean Environmental Sciences Society
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 1998

An instantaneous unit sediment graph (IUSG) model is investigated for prediction of sediment yield from an upland watershed in Northwestern Mississippi. Sediment yields are predicted by convolving source runoff with an IUSG. The IUSG is the distribution of sediment from an instantaneous burst of rainfall producing one unit of runoff. The IUSG, defined as a product of the sediment concentration distribution (SCD) and the instantaneous unit hydrograph (IUH), is known to depend on the characteristics of the effective rainfall. The IUH is derived by the Nash model for each event. The SCD is assumed to be an exponential function for each event and its parameters were correlated with the effective rainfall characteristics. A sediment routing function, based on travel time and sediment particle size, is used to predict the SCD.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 1993

An instantaneous unit sediment graph (IUSG) model is investigated for prediction of sediment yield from an upland watershed In Northwestern Mississippi. Sediment yields are predicted by convolving source runoff with an IUSG. The IUSG is the distribution of sediment from an instantaneous burst of rainfall producing one unit of runoff. The IUSG, defined as a product of the sediment concentration distribution (SCD) and the instantaneous unit hydrograph (IUH), is known to depend on the characteristics of the effective rainfall. The IUH is derived by the Nash model for each event. The SCD is assumed to be an exponential function for each event and its parameters were correlated with the effective rainfall characteristics. A sediment routing function, based on travel time and sediment particle size, is used to predict the SCD.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.443-449
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• 2006

Bacillus polyfermenticus SCD was studied for its increasing stability by encapsulation, using 2, 3, and 4% sodium alginate. In these cases, 3% alginate resulted in the maximum survival of B. polyfermenticus SCD in artificial gastric juice for 3 h. Effects of several biopolymers on the encapsulated B. polyfermenticus SCD by 3% sodium alginate were investigated. Encapsulation with 0.5% methylcellulose showed the highest survival rate for 3 h in artificial gastric juice. Therefore, the optimized encapsulation material was 3% alginate with 0.5% methylcellulose. Furthermore, the survival of encapsulated B. polyfermenticus SCD was shown to be 122%, when 1% bile salt was added. Freeze-dried encapsulation resulted in lower survival than with non-dried encapsulation. Therefore, encapsulation was the most effective when 3% sodium alginate was used with 0.5% methylcellulose, but without freeze-drying.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.852-858
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• 2004

The morbidity and mortality of colon cancer are increasing, because of the westernization of food habit. Probiotics such as lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been known to play an important role in retarding colon carcinogenesis by possibly influencing metabolic, immunologic, and protective functions in the colon. In this study, we evaluated the effect of B. polyfermenticus SCD on N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) induced DNA damage in CHO-K, cells and human lymphocytes, and on proliferation of human colon cancer cell. Using the Comet assay to detect DNA damage, we found that B. polyfermenticus SCD protected cells from the DNA damage induced by MNNG in $CHO-K_1$ cells and in human lymphocytes. B. polyfermenticus SCD was also found to inhibit the growth of colon cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner, detected by the MTT assay. These results indicate that B. polyfermenticus SCD has the potential to inhibit not only DNA damage induced by a carcinogen, but also the proliferation of colon cancer cells.