• Journal of Medicine and Life Science
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.90-95
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• 2019

The Korea Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention interpreted that recent outbreaks of scarlet fever in Korea since 2011 was resulted from the expansion of scarlet fever notification criteria. To suggest a relevant hypothesis regarding this emerging outbreak, a time series analysis(TSA) of scarlet fever incidence between 2002 and 2016 was conducted. The raw data was the nationwide insurance claims database administered by the Korean National Health Insurance Service. The inclusion criteria were children aged ≤14 years residing in Jeju Province, Korea who received any form of healthcare for scarlet fever from 2002 to 2016. The season was defined as winter (December, January, February; Q1), spring (March, April, May; Q2), summer (June, July, August; Q3), and autumn (September, October, November; Q4). There were seasonal variations with showing peak season on Q1 and Q3. And three phases as 2002 Q2~2005 Q2, 2005 Q2~2009 Q4, and 2010 Q1~2016 Q4 were found between 2002 and 2016. The results from TSA suggested that the recent outbreak of scarlet fever among children in Jeju Province might be a phenomenon from 'unknown birth-related environmental factors' changed after 2010.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제52권3호
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• pp.188-194
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• 2019

Objectives: Outbreaks of scarlet fever in Mexico in 1999, Hong Kong and mainland China in 2011, and England in 2014-2016 have received global attention, and the number of notified cases in Korean children, including in Jeju Province, has also increased since 2010. To identify relevant hypotheses regarding this emerging outbreak, an age-period-cohort (APC) analysis of scarlet fever incidence was conducted among children in Jeju Province, Korea. Methods: This study analyzed data from the nationwide insurance claims database administered by the Korean National Health Insurance Service. The inclusion criteria were children aged ${\leq}14years$ residing in Jeju Province, Korea who received any form of healthcare for scarlet fever from 2002 to 2016. The age and year variables were categorized into 5 groups, respectively. After calculating the crude incidence rate (CIR) for age and calendar year groups, the intrinsic estimator (IE) method was applied to conduct the APC analysis. Results: In total, 2345 cases were identified from 2002 to 2016. Scarlet fever was most common in the 0-2 age group, and boys presented more cases than girls. Since the CIR decreased with age between 2002 and 2016, the age and period effect decreased in all observed years. The IE coefficients suggesting a cohort effect shifted from negative to positive in 2009. Conclusions: The results suggest that the recent outbreak of scarlet fever among children in Jeju Province might be explained through the cohort effect. As children born after 2009 showed a higher risk of scarlet fever, further descriptive epidemiological studies are needed.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.183-187
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• 2017

A군 사슬알균에 의한 감염성 가성동맥류는 심장 수술 과거력이나 혈관 질환이 있는 환자에서 보고 되어 왔다. 저자들은 이전에 건강하던 5세 남아가 성홍열이 의심되는 상태에서 하지 통증을 호소하여 원인을 찾던 중 A군 사슬알균 균혈증과 함께 오른쪽 내장골동맥의 감염성 가성동맥류를 확인한 사례를 경험하였다. 기저 질환이 없던 성홍열 환자에서도 균혈증뿐만 아니라 가성동맥류와 같은 심각한 침습성 합병증이 생길 수 있으므로 성홍열 환자 진료 시 주의가 필요하다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.1133-1140
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• 2003

Clinical feature of the urticaria is characterised by sudden appearance on the certain positions of the body, scarlet or light yellow, enlarging and merging into stretches with scraching. The most common menifestations are burning heat, severe itching, fever, abdominal pain etc. It Is classified on the basis of the color. There are red and white urticaria in the classics of the Oriental medicine. Red urticaria is caused by warm-heat evil on the other hand white urticaria is caused by cold-wetness evil. It is advisable to follow the therapeutic principles of expelling warm-heat and cold-wetness evils, regulating yin-yang.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.438-442
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• 2005

우리나라에서는 아직 마이코플라스마 폐렴이 가와사키병에 병발한 경우가 보고된 적이 없으며 마이코플라스마 폐렴의 특성상 다양한 호흡기 외의 증상이 비교적 흔하게 동반되는 점 등을 고려할 때, 적절한 치료에도 불구하고 지속되는 발열을 보이는 마이코플라스마 폐렴의 경우 반드시 비전형적 가와사키병이 감별되어야 할 것이며, 이미 언급한 바와 같이 초항원(superantigen)에 근거해 가와사키병의 병태생리를 규명하고자 하는 연구들을 지지할 수 있는 또 하나의 근거로 생각되어 본 증례를 보고하는 바이다.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.160-166
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• 1997

Toxic shock syndrome(TSS) is a multisystemic disease presenting with high fever, sunburn like rash that subsequently desquamates, and hypotension mainly caused by toxin producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus. It was first reported in 1978 by Todd et al, thereafter many patients have been reported. In children, TSS is rare and must be differentiated from other erythematous febrile diseases such as Kawasaki disease, scarlet fever, drug eruption etc. We experienced a case of TSS associated with staphylococcal cellulitis in 26-month old boy, who was presenting similar symptoms to Kawasaki disease at initial stage of illness. As time passed, the patient represented more typical symptoms of TSS and Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from cellulitis of the right elbow area. Therefore, we report this case with a brief review of related literatures.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.104-110
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• 2007

연구균은 화농성 감염 및 비화농성 감염을 일으키며, 대개 수일의 잠복기를 걸쳐 발열, 등의 임상 증상과 함께 화농성 병변을 보인다. 화농성 병변은 부위 및 질환에 따라서 항생제와 외과적 처치를 적절히 조합하여야 하며, 외과적 처치가 필요한 경우는 이를 지체하여서는 안된다. 저자들은 다른 전신 증상의 동반없이 경부 종괴로 발현한 인두주위 농양 및 심한 전신 증상을 동반한 괴사성 근막염, 복통으로 발현된 괴사성 폐렴 각 1례를 경험하였기에 문헌 고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제45권11호
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• pp.1368-1372
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• 2002

목 적: A군 연쇄구균의 세포벽은 M단백과 T단백으로 구성되어 있고, M단백의 항원성은 현재 90여 가지로 분류되고 있으며 균의 독성과 관련이 있고 질병의 병인론을 연구하는데 도움이 된다. 반면에 T단백은 항원성 분류는 연쇄구균의 역학적 상황을 이해하는데 유효하다고 알려져 있다. 이에 저자들은 지난 3년 동안 서울시내 5개 지역 병의원의 외래 및 입원환자를 대상으로 분리된 A군 연구균의 T단백 분류를 통해 역학적 동태를 알고자 하였다. 방 법: 1998년부터 2000년까지 서울 시내(남부, 북동부, 북부, 북서부, 북부)를 5개 지역으로 분류하여 외래 및 입원환자를 대상으로 분리된 A군 연구균의 T단백의 혈청형 분석을 시행하여 연도별 A군 연구균의 혈청학적 형 분류와 침투성질환에서 분류된 연구균의 혈청학적 형 분류의 특성을 알아보았다. 결 과 :1998년에 5개 지역에서 시행한 92례의 아동에서 A군 연구균을 분리하여 T12, T4, Non-typed(NT)가 72.2%를 차지하였고, 이중 성홍열은 7례가 있었으며 T12와 T4가 각각 3, 4례를 차지하였으며 경부임파선염 1례(T12), 편도농양 2례(T8, NT)이었다. 1999년에는 41례의 아동에서 시행하였으며 T12, T4, T1가 68%의 분포를 보였으며 성홍열은 5례 중 T12, T4가 3례를 차지하였고 폐렴 2례(T4, T1)와 경부임파선염 1례(T8/25)를 나타내었다. 2000년도는 서울 중부를 제외한 지역에서 시행한 83례의 아동에서 T12, T4, T1이 전체의 63.9%를 보였고 성홍열은 3례(T12, T4, T5 각각 1례)와 편도농양 T12 1례와 폐렴 NT 1례, 패혈증 T1 1례를 나타내었다. 결 론: A군 연구균의 T단백의 혈청학적 분석은 서울 내에서의 지역적 특정 분포는 없으나 T12가 감소하는 연도별 차이를 보였다. 성홍열이나 침투성 질환에서 특정 T단백의 분포도를 보이지는 않았다. 이에 T단백의 혈청학적 분석이 질병의 진단과 치료에 도움이 될 것으로 사료되며 앞으로 주기적으로 더 많은 아동을 대상으로 하는 역학적 검사가 이루어 져야할 것이다.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.271-288
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• 2002

Authors investigated the pathogenesis and treatment of dennatosurgical diseases in the ImJeungJiNamUiAn(臨證指南醫案). 1. The symptoms and diseases of dermatosurgery were as follows; 1) BanSaJinRa(반사진라) : eczema, atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis, lichen planus, pityriasis rosea, hives, dermographism, angioedema, cholinergic urticaria, urticaria pigmentosa, acne, milium, syringoma, keratosis pilaris, discoid lupus erythematosus, hypersensitivity vasculitis, drug eruption, polymorphic light eruption, rheumatic fever, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis(Still's disease), acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis(Sweet's syndrome), Paget's disease, folliculitis, viral exanthems, molluscum contagiosum, tinea, tinea versicolor, lymphoma, lymphadenitis, lymphangitis, granuloma annulare, cherry angioma 2) ChangYang(瘡瘍) : acute stage eczema, seborrheic dermatitis, stasis ulcer, intertrigo, xerosis, psoriasis, lichen planus, ichthyosis, pityriasis rosea, rosacea, acne, keratosis pilaris, dyshidrosis, dermatitis herpetiformis, herpes gestationis, bullae in diabetics, pemphigus, lupus erythematosus, fixed drug eruption, erythema multiforme, toxic epidermal necrolysis, toxic shock syndrome, staphylococcal scaled skin syndrome, scarlet fever, folliculitis, impetigo, pyoderma gangrenosum, tinea, candidiasis, scabies, herpes simplex, herpes zoster, chicken pox, Kawasaki syndrome, lipoma, goiter, thyroid nodule, thyroiditis, hyperthyroidism, thyroid cancer, benign breast disorder, breast carcinoma, hepatic abscess, appendicitis, hemorrhoid 3) Yeok(疫) : scarlet fever, chicken pox, measles, rubella, exanthem subitum, erythema infectiosum, Epstein-Barr virus infection, cytomegalovirus infection, hand-foot-mouth disease, Kawasaki disease 4) Han(汗) : hyperhidrosis 2. The pathogenesis and treatment of dermatosurgery were as follows; 1) When the pathogenesis of BalSa(발사), BalJin(發疹), BalLa(발라) and HangJong(項腫) are wind-warm(風溫), exogenous cold with endogenous heat(外寒內熱), wind-damp(風濕), the treatment of evaporation(解表) with Menthae Herba(薄荷), Arctii Fructus(牛蒡子), Forsythiae Fructus(連翹) Mori Cortex(桑白皮), Fritillariae Cirrhosae Bulbus(貝母), Armeniaoae Amarum Semen(杏仁), Ephedrae Herba(麻黃), Cinnamomi Ramulus(桂枝), Curcumae Longae Rhizoma(薑黃), etc can be applied. 2) When the pathogenesis of BuYang(부양), ChangI(瘡痍) and ChangJilGaeSeon(瘡疾疥癬) are wind-heat(風熱), blood fever with wind transformation(血熱風動), wind-damp(風濕), the treatment of wind-dispelling(疏風) with Arctii Fructus(牛蒡子), Schizonepetae Herba(荊芥), Ledebouriellae Radix(防風), Dictamni Radicis Cortex(白鮮皮), Bombyx Batrytioatus(白？?), etc can be applied. 3) When the pathogenesis of SaHuHaeSu(사후해수), SaJin(사진), BalJin(發疹), EunJin(은진) and BuYang(부양) are wind-heat(風熱), exogenous cold with endogenous heat(外寒內熱), exogenous warm pathogen with endogenous damp-heat(溫邪外感 濕熱內蘊), warm pathogen's penetration(溫邪內陷), insidious heat's penetration of pericardium(伏熱入包絡), the treatment of Ki-cooling(淸氣) with TongSeongHwan(通聖丸), Praeparatum(豆？), Phyllostachys Folium(竹葉), Mori Cortex(桑白皮), Tetrapanacis Medulla(通草), etc can be applied. 4) When the pathogenesis of JeokBan(적반), BalLa(발라), GuChang(久瘡), GyeolHaek(結核), DamHaek(痰核), Yeong(？), YuJu(流注), Breast Diseases(乳房疾患) and DoHan(盜汗) are stagnancy's injury of Ki and blood(鬱傷氣血), gallbladder fire with stomach damp(膽火胃濕), deficiency of Yin in stomach with Kwolum's check (胃陰虛 厥陰乘), heat's penetration of blood collaterals with disharmony of liver and stomach(熱入血絡 肝胃不和), insidious pathogen in Kwolum(邪伏厥陰), the treatment of mediation(和解) with Prunellae Spica(夏枯草), Chrysanthemi Flos(菊花), Mori Folium (桑葉), Bupleuri Radix(柴胡), Coptidis Rhizoma(黃連), Scutellariae Radix(黃芩), Gardeniae Fructus(梔子), Cyperi Rhizoma(香附子), Toosendan Fructus(川？子), Curcumae Radix(鬱金), Moutan Cortex(牧丹皮), Paeoniae Radix Rubra(赤芍藥), Unoariae Ramulus Et Uncus(釣鉤藤), Cinnamorni Ramulus(桂枝), Paeoniae Radix Alba(白芍藥), Polygoni Multiflori Radix (何首烏), Cannabis Fructus (胡麻子), Ostreae Concha(牡蠣), Zizyphi Spinosae Semen(酸棗仁), Pinelliae Rhizoma(半夏), Poria(백복령). etc can be applied. 5) When the pathogenesis of BanJin(반진), BalLa(발라), ChangI(瘡痍), NamgChang(膿瘡). ChangJilGaeSeon(瘡疾疥癬), ChangYang(瘡瘍), SeoYang(署瘍), NongYang(膿瘍) and GweYang(潰瘍) are wind-damp(風濕), summer heat-damp(暑濕), damp-warm(濕溫), downward flow of damp-heat(濕熱下垂), damp-heat with phlegm transformation(濕熱化痰), gallbladder fire with stomach damp(膽火胃濕), overdose of cold herbs(寒凉之樂 過服), the treatment of damp-resolving(化濕) with Pinelliae Rhizoma(半夏), armeniacae Amarum Semen(杏仁), Arecae Pericarpium(大腹皮), Poria(백복령), Coicis Semen(薏苡仁), Talcum(滑石), Glauberitum(寒水石), Dioscoreae Tokoro Rhizoma(？？), Alismatis Rhizoma(澤瀉), Phellodendri Cortex(黃柏), Phaseoli Radiati Semen(？豆皮), Bombycis Excrementum(?沙), Bombyx Batryticatus(白？?), Stephaniae Tetrandrae Radix(防己), etc can be applied. 6) When the pathogenesis of ChangPo(瘡泡), hepatic abscess(肝癰) and appendicitis(腸癰) are food poisoning(食物中毒), Ki obstruction & blood stasis in the interior(기비혈어재과), damp-heat stagnation with six Bu organs suspension(濕熱結聚 六腑不通), the treatment of purgation(通下) with DaeHwangMokDanPiTang(大黃牧丹皮湯), Manitis Squama(穿山甲), Curcumae Radix(鬱金), Curcumae Longae Rhizoma(薑黃), Tetrapanacis Medulla(通草), etc can be applied. 7) When the pathogenesis of JeokBan(적반), BanJin(반진), EunJin(은진). BuYang(부양), ChangI(瘡痍), ChangPo(瘡泡), GuChang(久瘡), NongYang(膿瘍), GweYang(潰瘍), Jeong(정), Jeol(癤), YeokRyeo(疫？) and YeokRyeolpDan(疫？入？) are wind-heat stagnation(風熱久未解), blood fever in Yangmyong(陽明血熱), blood fever with transformation(血熱風動), heat's penetration of blood collaterals(熱入血絡). fever in blood(血分有熱), insidious heat in triple energizer(三焦伏熱), pathogen's penetration of pericardium(心包受邪), deficiency of Yong(營虛), epidemic pathogen(感受穢濁), the treatment of Yong & blood-cooling(淸營凉血) with SeoGakJiHwangTang(犀角地黃湯), Scrophulariae Radix(玄參), Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix(丹參), Angelicae Gigantis Radix(當歸), Polygoni Multiflori Radix(何首烏), Cannabis Fructus(胡麻子), Biotae Semen(柏子仁), Liriopis Tuber(麥門冬), Phaseoli Semen(赤豆皮), Forsythiae Fructus(連翹), SaJin(사진), YangDok(瘍毒) and YeokRyeoIpDan(역려입단) are insidious heat's penetration of pericardium(伏熱入包絡), damp-warm's penetration of blood collaterals(濕溫入血絡), epidemic pathogen's penetration of pericardium(심포감수역려), the treatment of resuscitation(開竅) with JiBoDan(至寶丹), UHwangHwan(牛黃丸), Forsythiae Fructus(連翹), Curcumae Radix(鬱金), Tetrapanacis Medulla(通草), Acori Graminei Rhizoma(石菖蒲), etc can be applied. 9) When the pathogenesis of SaHuSinTong(사후신통), SaHuYeolBuJi(사후열부지), ChangI(瘡痍), YangSon(瘍損) and DoHan(盜汗) are deficiency of Yin in Yangmyong stomach(陽明胃陰虛), deficiency of Yin(陰虛), the treatment of Yin-replenishing(滋陰) with MaekMunDongTang(麥門冬湯), GyeongOkGo(瓊玉膏), Schizandrae Fructus(五味子), Adenophorae Radix(沙參), Lycii Radicis Cortex (地骨皮), Polygonati Odorati Rhizoma(玉竹), Dindrobii Herba(石斛), Paeoniae Radix Alba(白芍藥), Ligustri Lucidi Fructus (女貞子), etc can be applied. 10) When the pathogenesis of RuYang(漏瘍) is endogenous wind in Yang collaterals(陽絡內風), the treatment of endogenous wind-calming(息風) with Mume Fructus(烏梅), Paeoniae Radix Alba (白芍藥), etc be applied. 11) When the pathogenesis of GuChang(久瘡), GweYang(潰瘍), RuYang(漏瘍), ChiChang(痔瘡), JaHan(自汗) and OSimHan(五心汗) are consumption of stomach(胃損), consumption of Ki & blood(氣血耗盡), overexertion of heart vitality(勞傷心神), deficiency of Yong(營虛), deficiency of Wi(衛虛), deficiency of Yang(陽虛), the treatment of Yang-restoring & exhaustion-arresting(回陽固脫) with RijungTang(理中湯), jinMuTang(眞武湯), SaengMaekSaGunjaTang(生脈四君子湯), Astragali Radix (황기), Ledebouriellae Radix(防風), Cinnamomi Ramulus(桂枝), Angelicae Gigantis Radix(當歸), Ostreae Concha(牡蠣), Zanthoxyli Fructus(川椒), Cuscutae Semen(兎絲子), etc can be applied.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.710-714
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• 2007

Ligularia fischeri (LF) has been used to treat jaundice, scarlet-fever, rheumatoidal arthritis, and hepatic diseases. This study was carried out to determine the antioxidant activity of the extract from the leaves of LF by using various established in vitro systems with ${\alpha}$-tocopherol as positive control. The results showed that the ethanol extract of LF (0.05-0.5 mg/mL) displayed a strong free radical scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, ${O_2}^{{\cdot}-}$, and $H_2O_2$ radicals. It was observed that LF extract (1 mg/mL) significantly decreased the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) to 69 and 89% of control, measured by ferric thiocyanate (FTC) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) test, respectively. LF extract (0.5-2 mg/mL) was also found to inhibit significantly the amount of malondialdehyde formed from liver homogenate to 69-56% of control. Similarly, in the high $Fe^{2+}/ascorbate$ induction system LF extract (1-2 mg/mL) inhibited carbonyl formation measured by 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine reaction to 89-79% of control. Like antioxidant activity, the reducing power of LF extract was excellent at concentration of 0.5-2 mg/mL. These results indicate that LF could be used as a potential source of natural antioxidant.