• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
• /
• v.50 no.11
• /
• pp.725-734
• /
• 2017

The main purpose of this study is to analyze runoff aggregation structure and energy expenditure pattern of Choyang creek basin within the framework of power law distribution. To this end geomorphologic factors of every point in the basin of interest, which define tractive force and stream power as well as drainage area, are extracted based on GIS, and their complementary cumulative distributions are graphically analyzed through fitting them to power law distribution. The results indicate that three distinct behavioral regimes are observed from the complementary cumulative distributions of three geomorphogic factors. Based on the parameter estimation of power law distribution by maximum likelihood drainage area and stream power can be judged as scale invariance factor without finite scale while tractive force as scale dependence factor with finite scale. Furthermore, it is judged that tractive force would not follow power law distribution because it shows limited complex system behaviors only within the small extent of scale. The exponent of power law distribution for drainage area obtained in this study by maximum likelihood is larger than the previous researches due to the difference of parameter estimation methodologies. And the exponent for stream power is smaller than the previous researches due to the scaling property of channel slope for the basin of interest.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.893-916
• /
• 2012

This research investigates gifted students' mothers' rearing stress based on the concept mapping method. For this, 12 gifted students' mothers solicited, gathered and analyzed related statements, and then did multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis. The stress value was .273 which was appropriate for the two level concept mapping study. In addition 101 mothers of gifted students rated for the rearing stresses they experience. Results were as follows. First, 79 concrete statements were solicited and as a result of concept mapping were categorized as 'burden and conflict as mothers of the gifted', 'possible negative characteristics due to the giftedness', and 'self-esteem and pressure by the title of the gifted'. Especially following items showed relatively high average: worrying about how to give the child a specific help for his/her career(M=4.65); worrying that she might be intervening too much in their child's behaviors(M=4.60); getting pressured supporting the child to get involved in the gifted education system continually(M=4.46); worrying if her child is not developing his/her talent enough due to the lack of time and money(M=4.44); being concerned that her high expectations might be putting her child under too much pressure (M=4.43). Implications of the study related to gifted education practices were discussed.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
• /
• v.41 no.1
• /
• pp.64-69
• /
• 2022

Background music is presented simultaneously with target messages. The main content should be kept intact for some time to aid decision making process. The maintenance of this information requires auditory working memory. The temporal compression of background music may often adopted due to the limitation of the presentation time. In this study, auditory working memory and decision making proces were analyzed in terms of temporal compression ratios of the background music. A total of 37 subjects of early twenties joined the study. Selected products were categorized based on eigen values of multi-dimensional scaling. Four presentation conditions were cases with no background music, background music with no compression, background music with low compression, and background music high compression. Matched reponses were analyzed through repeated ANOVA. Results showed that the high involvement product required more working memory resources. However, the increased level of usage did not always lead to the corresponding changes in decision making process. This approach may be useful in analyzing the role of time compression and working memory in consumer behaviors.

• Korean Journal of School Psychology
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.121-151
• /
• 2021

This study aimed to identify the factors that helped and hindered secondary school teachers who experienced student suicide using the concept-mapping approach. Seven South Korean middle and high school teachers were interviewed from which 113 core statements were elicited. The participants sorted these core statements into categories by meaning. Multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis were conducted to identify the underlying structure of the teachers' experiences. Four hindering factor clusters emerged: (1) regret over failing to prevent the suicide, (2) an apathetic atmosphere in the school, (3) a sense of helplessness related to suicide survivors, and (4) approach-avoidance conflicts related to suicide survivors. Six helpful factor clusters emerged: (1) cooperation and care offered between suicide survivors, (2) focusing on the present, busy life, (3) spiritual activity, (4) social support, (5) overcoming grief through altruistic behaviors, and (6) sympathy for the deceased. Two dimensions were found for both the hindering and helpful factors. The hindering factor dimensions were external system-internal experiences and related to suicide survivors-related to suicide decedents. The helpful factor dimensions were distancing from the loss-approaching the loss and professional activities-personal activities. The present study empirically explored and described the underlying structure of teachers' bereavement experiences after student suicides.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
• /
• v.21 no.5
• /
• pp.273-278
• /
• 2012

Over the last decade, the hafnium-based gate dielectric materials have been studied for many application fields. Because these materials had excellent behaviors for suppressing the quantum-mechanical tunneling through the thinner dielectric layer with higher dielectric constant (high-K) than $SiO_2$ gate oxides. Although high-K materials compensated the deterioration of electrical properties for decreasing the thickness of dielectric layer in MOSFET structure, their nano-mechanical properties of $HfO_2$ thin film features were hardly known. Thus, we examined nano-mechanical properties of the Hafnium oxide ($HfO_2$) thin film in order to optimize the gate dielectric layer. The $HfO_2$ thin films were deposited by rf magnetron sputter using hafnium (99.99%) target according to various oxygen gas flows. After deposition, the $HfO_2$ thin films were annealed after annealing at $400^{\circ}C$, $600^{\circ}C$ and $800^{\circ}C$ for 20 min in nitrogen ambient. From the results, the current density of $HfO_2$ thin film for 8 sccm oxygen gas flow became better performance with increasing annealing temperature. The nano-indenter and Weibull distribution were measured by a quantitative calculation of the thin film stress. The $HfO_2$ thin film after annealing at $400^{\circ}C$ had tensile stress. However, the $HfO_2$ thin film with increasing the annealing temperature up to $800^{\circ}C$ had changed compressive stress. This could be due to the nanocrystal of the $HfO_2$ thin film. In particular, the $HfO_2$ thin film after annealing at $400^{\circ}C$ had lower tensile stress, such as 5.35 GPa for the oxygen gas flow of 4 sccm and 5.54 GPa for the oxygen gas flow of 8 sccm. While the $HfO_2$ thin film after annealing at $800^{\circ}C$ had increased the stress value, such as 9.09 GPa for the oxygen gas flow of 4 sccm and 8.17 GPa for the oxygen gas flow of 8 sccm. From these results, the temperature dependence of stress state of $HfO_2$ thin films were understood.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.31-48
• /
• 2003

Objectives: This study evaluated the status of Health-related Behavior in residents from rural areas. A self-administered questionnaire was given to 1,754 people (men; 633 persons, women; 1,121 persons) in rural areas aged over 30 years and under 80 years in Buk-myeon, Uljin-gun and Gigye-myeon, Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do in 2001 and 2002. Methods: The collected data was analyzed using a chi-square test after an age-adjusted and a chi-square trend test. The data was analyzed using a SPSS/win ver. 10.0. Results: The age-adjusted prevalence of the individual unhealthy behavior according to sex was 56.1% in men and 6.8% in women with regard to smoking; 65.4% and 21.6% with regard to drinking; 72.6% and 76.6% with regard to non-exercise on a regular basis; 23.3% and 28.2 with regard to an obese body mass index; 61.5% and 71.1% with regard to non-scaling in the dental service. The rate of alcohol and tobacco consumption increased with increasing age in both men and women (p<0.01). The age-adjusted proportion in the non-screening examination for stomach cancer according to sex was 49.3% in men and 51.4% in women; 64.0% and 70.7% in liver cancer; 88.9% and 87.5% in colon cancer; 58.3% and 59.1% in undergoing a medical health screening. Conclusions: It is essential for health educators to promote Health-related Behavior in residents in rural areas. In addition, it is expected that the health status of residents in rural areas will improve through efforts to encourage them to take more interest in a healthier lifestyle.