• Journal of Multimedia Information System
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.203-210
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• 2021

Deep leaning convolutional neural networks (CNN) have successfully been applied to image super-resolution (SR). Despite their great performances, SR techniques tend to focus on a certain upscale factor when training a particular model. Algorithms for single model multi-scale networks can easily be constructed if images are upscaled prior to input, but sub-pixel convolution upsampling works differently for each scale factor. Recent SR methods employ multi-scale and multi-path learning as a solution. However, this causes unshared parameters and unbalanced parameter distribution across various scale factors. We present a multi-scale single-path upsample module as a solution by exploiting the advantages of sub-pixel convolution and interpolation algorithms. The proposed model employs sub-pixel convolution for the highest scale factor among the learning upscale factors, and then utilize 1-dimension interpolation, compressing the learned features on the channel axis to match the desired output image size. Experiments are performed for the single-path upsample module, and compared to the multi-path upsample module. Based on the experimental results, the proposed algorithm reduces the upsample module's parameters by 24% and presents slightly to better performance compared to the previous algorithm.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.65-78
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• 2022

This study aims to 1) verify the validity of the Science self-efficacy scale and 2) perform a latent mean analysis of the background variables about a pre-service teacher. The study uses pre-tests to analyze data from 187 pre-service teachers, which uses Tark's Science self-efficacy scale (2011). To identify the factor structure, exploratory factor analysis was performed. Based on the results of the pilot test, the expert group council revised the scale for the pre-service teachers to respond to the 3-factor structure. In the main test, 354 data were analyzed through a modified Science self-efficacy scale, and exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed. The results of the study are as follows: First, in the pilot test, the pre-service teacher responded to a 3-factor instrument, but the validity of two items was examined further below. Second, the pre-service teachers responded to a 3-factor instrument on 29 items for the modified Science self-efficacy scale. The total reliability of the instrument was .886 and the reliability of each factor was analyzed as .882-.886. Finally, the latent mean analysis by gender showed that females have a higher self-regulation efficacy factor and males have a higher self-confidence factor (Cohen's d > .3). Furthermore, there is a significant difference in task difficulty preference and self-regulatory efficacy factor (Cohen's d > .8) between the college preparatory and science subject preference. This study provides important insights into and contributions to the accurate scientific self-efficacy diagnosis of pre-service teachers, as well as proposes a curriculum to improve the scientific self-efficacy of prospective teachers.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.159-172
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• 2005

Purpose: The Purpose of this study was to development a verbal abuse scale for operating room nurses in Korea. Method: To achieve the purpose of the study, a questionnaire was developed to interview 30 nurses and distributed to 761 nurses who working at 28 general hospital in Korea from september 7 to November 25, 2004. Item analysis and factor analysis were carried out to validate violence predicting scale. Cronbach's Alpha coefficient was used to test reliability of the scale. The data were analyzed by using SPSS/WIN 11.5 program. Result: As a result of the item analysis and factor analysis, 17 items were selected from the total of 30 items, and four factors were labeled as 'self esteem abuse by nurses(7 items)', 'self esteem abuse by physicians(6 items)', 'sexual abuse by physicians(2 items)', 'colleague abuse by physicians(2 items)'. Four factors were explained by 60.8% out of the total variance. The first factor explained 35.456%, second factor explained 12.401% and third factor explained 6.637%. And fourth factor explained 6.304%. Reliability of the factors were tested by Cronbach's Alpha coefficient and result was 0.885. Conclusion: The scale was identified to be a tool with a high degree of reliability and validity. Therefore, this scale can be effectively utilized for assessment of verbal abuse for operating room nurses by nurses and physicians in Korea.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.71-81
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• 2022

In order for electro-optical tracking system (EOTS) to have accurate target coordinate, accurate navigation results are required. If an integrated navigation system is configured using an inertial measurement unit (IMU) of EOTS and the vehicle's navigation results, navigation results with high rate can be obtained. Due to the time-delay of the navigation results of the vehicle in the EOTS and scale factor errors of the EOTS IMU in high-speed and high dynamic operation of the vehicle, it is much more difficult to have accurate navigation results. In this paper, an integrated navigation system of EOTS which compensates time-delay and scale factor error is proposed. The proposed integrated navigation system consists of vehicle's navigation system which provides time-delayed navigation results, an EOTS IMU, an inertial navigation system (INS), an augmented Kalman filter and integration Kalman filter. The augmented Kalman filter outputs navigation results, in which the time-delay of the vehicle's navigation results is compensated. The integration Kalman filter estimates position, velocity, attitude error of the EOTS INS and accelerometer bias, accelerometer scale factor error, gyro bias and gyro scale factor error from the difference between the output of the augmented Kalman filter and the navigation result of the EOTS INS. In order to check performance of the proposed integrated navigation system, simulations for output data of a measurement generator and land vehicle experiments were performed. The performance evaluation results show that the proposed integrated navigation system provides more accurate navigation results.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.49-64
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to develop the Daily Hassles Scale for children in Korea. The subject were 444 children of 184 fourth graders and 260 sixth graders selected form five elementary schools in Seoul(217 male and 227 female). A questionnaire consisting of 90-item daily hassles scale, demographic questions, and some additional questions was used as a methodological instrument. statistics used for data analysis were X2, cramer's V, factor analysis, multi-regression, Pearson's r, Cronbach's α. The major findings of this study were as follows. 1) 87 items of the 90-item scale were acceptible through item discriminant method. The discriminant coefficients of the items(Cramer's V) ranged form .28 to .73. 2) 6 factors(parents, home environment, friends, studies, teachers & school, the surroundings) were extracted from factor analysis. Multi-regression analysis conducted to reduce the length of scale have drawed 42 items for 'the Daily Hassles Scale for Children in Korea'. The correlation between this scale and the Quality of Life Scale(Olson & Barnes, 1982) was conducted to test the criterion-related validity, and the coefficient was significant(r=-.52, p<.001).3) Finally, reliability coefficients(Cronbach'α) of this scale was. 85.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.2450-2463
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• 2024

Many legacy information systems are currently being clouded. This is due to the advantage of being able to respond flexibly to the changes in user needs and system environment while reducing the initial investment cost of IT infrastructure such as servers and storage. The infrastructure of the information system migrated to the cloud is being integrated through the API connections, while being subdivided by using MSA (Micro Service Architecture) internally. DBMS (Database Management System) is also becoming larger after cloud migration. Scale calculation in most layers of the application architecture can be measured and calculated from auto-scaling perspective, but the method of hardware scale calculation for DBMS has not been established as standardized methodology. If there is an error in hardware scale calculation of DBMS, problems such as poor performance of the information system or excessive auto-scaling may occur. In addition, evaluating hardware size is more crucial because it also affects the financial cost of the migration. CPU is the factor that has the greatest influence on hardware scale calculation of DBMS. Therefore, this paper aims to calculate the conversion factor for CPU scale calculation that will facilitate the cloud migration between heterogeneous DBMS. In order to do that, we utilize the concept and definition of hardware capacity planning and scale calculation in the on-premise information system. The methods to calculate the conversion factor using TPC-H tests are proposed and verified. In the future, further research and testing should be conducted on the size of the segmented CPU and more heterogeneous DBMS to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed test model.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.151-165
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• 1989

The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument for assessing Korean mother's child rearing attitudes. The study attempted to explore dimensionality of maternal attitudes and formulated conceptual framwork. The items of maternal behaviour scale were tested on 300 mothers of 4th∼6th grade elementary school children living in urban areas. By the method of reliability analysis and factor analysis, 43 items were finally selected for the scale. The reliability of the new scale was ranged from .57 to .80. The construct validity of the scale was supported by the results of factor analysis.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.63 no.2
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• pp.319-336
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• 2011

There is recent recognition that the approach toward family members is crucial for understanding problems in multi-cultural families by emerging from typical approach focused on migrant women. While researches have reported serious conflicts and adaptation problems from cultural difference between parent-in-law and foreign daughter-in-law, cultural stress of parent-in-law has not been systematically examined. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a scale to measure acculturation stress of parent-in-law who have a foreign daughter-in-law. The sample consisted of 266 parents-in-law from three provinces of South Korea. Initially, 16 items were generated based on the existing scale of acculturation stress and they are tested by item-analysis through the descriptive and correlational analysis. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted to investigate the factor structure of the scale and a confirmatory factor analysis was used to validate the scale. By item-analysis, five items were deleted from initial scale items because of redundancy. Findings from an exploratory factor analysis provided the evidence that the scale consists of three factors which are the perception of prejudice and discrimination, conflicts from different cultural value, and daily discomfort. Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ for the scale is 0.86. Multiple fit indices from confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the hypothesized three-factor model for acculturation stress achieved a good fit with the data. Results showed the evidence for the reliability and validity of the scale for acculturation stress of the parent-in-law who have foreign daughter-in-law. The scale would have potential effects for assessing psychological stress for parent-in-law in research and clinical practice. Further implications and limitation of the study and suggestions for future studies were discussed.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.596-608
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• 2017

This study was carried out in order to develop and validate the Korean Version of Strengths Scale for individuals with mental illness. The first step taken to develop the scale was to construct sample items for the Strengths Scale using literature research and three focus group interviews of individuals with mental illness. Secondly, two professors of the Social welfare Department of a University and two mental social workers reviewed these sample items to select and compile a final version of the scale. Lastly, the scale's reliability and validity was verified through an empirical study of 478 individuals with mental illness who conduct the survey items. The explanatory factor was that the sample items can be grouped into seven factors. Factor 1 was 'Vocation', Factor 2 was 'Family and Social Support', Factor 3 was 'Optimism', Factor 4 was 'Resources Utilization', Factor 5 was 'Coping Behavior', Factor 6 was 'Leisure', Factor 7 was 'Health'. The Confirmatory analysis showed that the model demonstrated a goodness- of-fit. Finally, the Korean Version of Strengths Scale for individuals with mental illness was developed consisting 40 items and was proposed a mental health social work implications.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.190-200
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• 2002

Purpose; The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument to measure sexual satisfaction in Korean adults. Method: Development of items for the instrument was done by a collecting, reorganizing, reducing and selecting process based on the literature. A total of 19 items were selected in this process. For evaluation of the appropriateness of the 19 items, questionnaires were given to an expert group consisting of 18 professionals (7 men and 11 women). Eighteen items having a response of 70% in 'very good' item or 'good' item were included as items for the instrument. With these 18 items, a 5 point Likert scale was developed, and reliability and validity tests of the scale were done. The subjects for the test were 1,127 Korean adults living in 11 areas in Korea, Data were collected from Dec. 1, 2000 to Feb. 28, 2001 and analyzed with SPSS/PC+ 10.0 program. Item analysis and factor analysis were used to assess the reliability and validity of the scale. Chronbach alpha and corrected item-total correlation were obtained to verify internal consistency, and principal component analysis with the varimax rotation was used to identify structure validity of the developed tool. Result: Reliability of the scale was .9503 and corrected item-total correlations of the items were distributed from .5208 to 7899. As a result of the factor analysis, the items were categorized into three factors. The cumulative variance of the three factors was 67.1%, and all of the variances of the factors were above 5%. Because factor 1 (8 items) indicated a special feeling of psychological satisfaction with sexual activity, it was named 'psychological factor'. Factor 2 (8 items) indicated a feeling of satisfaction in the interaction with sexual partner through communication and variation, therefore it was named 'interactional factor'. Factor 3 (2 items) was about the frequency and duration of sexual intercourse and indicated physical dimensions of satisfaction, so it was named 'physical factor'. The average score for sexual satisfaction of the 1,127 subjects was 65.32 (${\pm}12.71$), and histogram of the score showed a normal distribution with skewness - .425. Conclusion: Finally, a Korean Sexual Satisfaction Scale(KSSS) was accepted as a 5 point Likert scale with 18 items after the statistical test for reliability and validity. In conclusion, KSSS is a useful instrument which is valid and reliable can be used to understand the sexuality of Korean adults.