• Current Photovoltaic Research
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.59-62
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• 2017

Surface texturing is affected the uniformity and size of pyramid with saw mark defect density. To analysis the influence of the saw mark defect density, we textured various si wafer. When the texturing process proceeds without the saw mark removal, silicon wafer of low-saw mark defect density showed small pyramid size of $3.5{\mu}m$ with the lowest average value of the reflectance of 10.6%. When texturing carried out after removal of the saw mark using the TMAH solution, we obtained a reflectance of about 11% and the large pyramid size of $5{\mu}m$. As a result, saw mark wafers showed a better pyramid structure than saw mark-free wafer. This result showed that saw mark can take place more smooth etching by the KOH solution and saw mark-free wafer is determined to be a factor that have a higher reflectance and a large pyramid.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.175-176
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• 2012

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.25-31
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• 2015

Background: A chronic condition that has a fine rupture and inflammation that occurs in the plantar fascia medial calcaneal origin or occur during the rough part is called plantar fasciitis heel pain plantar fasciitis. Using functional taping to fix the subtalar joint were investigated through an experiment for how much the elastic taping effect than applying it to correct by applying the inelastic taping. This study was performed to change the balance and walking ability shown by the groups that do not apply to the application of the functional group taping. Methods: 20 people functional taping group 10 patients, deep friction massage was applied to the group to 10 people. The duration of the experiment were divided into groups going deep friction massage and the month after you apply before applying the functional taping. Results: Analysis showed statistically significant improvement in all time in both groups. All functional taping group and deep friction massage group had no significant difference with respect to balance and walking ability. Conclusion: When you saw the results of this study showed functional taping group is plantar fasciitis is the patients for treatment to mark fasciitis patients than those applying deep friction massage effects that increase is believed to help the symptoms of recovery.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.190-195
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• 2014

Because of the temperature gradient occurring during the growth of the ingot with directional solidification method, defects are generated and the residual stress is produced in the ingot. Changing the growth and cooling rate during the crystal growth process will be helpful for us to understand the defects and residual stress generation. The defects and residual stress can affect the properties of wafer. Generally, it was found that the size of grains and twin boundaries are smaller at the top area than at the bottom of the ingot regardless of growth and cooling condition. In addition to that, in the top area of silicon ingot, higher density of dislocation is observed to be present than in the bottom area of the silicon ingot. This observation implies that higher stress is imposed to the top area due to the faster cooling of silicon ingot after solidification process. In the ingot with slower growth rate, dislocation density was reduced and the TTV (Total Thickness Variation), saw mark, warp, and bow of wafer became lower. Therefore, optimum growth condition will help us to obtain high quality silicon ingot with low defect density and low residual stress.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2021

PURPOSE. The study compared the color change, lightness, and translucency of hybrid resin ceramics exposed to toothbrush abrasion and surface treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Four hybrid ceramics [Lava Ultimate (LU), Vita Enamic (EN), Shofu HC (SH), and Crystal Ultra (CU)] were compared with a glass-ceramic (Vita Mark II) control. One hundred and twenty specimen blocks were prepared using a precision saw machine. Specimens in each material were divided into four subgroups based on the surface treatment (polishing or staining) and a storage medium (water or citric acid). Simulated tooth brushing with a mixture of 100 RDA (radioactive abrasives) with 0.3 ml distilled water was used for 3650 cycles (7300 strokes) for each specimen. Measurements for the color change, lightness, and translucency were measured after toothbrushing using a spectrophotometer. Statistical analysis compared outcomes using paired t-test, ANOVA, and Tukey post hoc test. RESULTS. The maximum color change was identified in SH (stained acid) [1.44 (0.40)], whereas the lowest was identified in EN (polished water) [0.66 (0.16)] material. The maximum and minimum loss of surface translucency was observed in SH (polished water) [12.3 (0.52)] and EN (stained acid) [6.5 (0.55)] specimens, respectively. Lastly, loss of lightness was the highest in VM (polished acid) [69 (0.95)], whereas the lowest was observed in CU (stained water) [56.7 (0.86)]. CONCLUSION. The comparison presented a significant effect of toothbrush abrasion on translucency and lightness of the hybrid resin ceramics. Color change was not significantly influenced irrespective of the storage medium employed. Surface staining demonstrated the preservation and stability of color and optical properties under the influence of toothbrush abrasion and chemical trauma.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.118-125
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• 2022

Background: A time course analysis was undertaken to evaluate how perioperative process-of-care and outcome measures evolved after implementation of an enhanced recovery after thoracic surgery (ERATS) program. Methods: Outcome and process-of-care measures were compared between patients undergoing major elective thoracic surgery during a 9-month pre-ERATS implementation period to those at 1-3, 4-6, and 7-9 months post-ERATS implementation. Outcome measures included length of stay, the 30-day readmission rate, 30-day emergency department visits, and minor and major adverse events. Process measures included first time to activity, out-of-bed, ambulation, fluid diet, diet as tolerated, as well as removal of the first and last chest tube, epidural, patient-controlled analgesia, and Foley and intravenous catheters. Results: In total, 704 patients (352 pre-ERATS, 352 post-ERATS) were included. Mobilization-related process measures, including time to first activity (16.5 vs. 6.8 hours, p<0.001), out-of-bed (17.6 vs. 8.9 hours, p<0.001), and ambulation (32.4 vs. 25.4 hours, p=0.04) saw statistically significant improvements by 1-3 months post-ERATS implementation compared to pre-ERATS. Time to Foley removal improved by 4-6 months post-ERATS (19.5 vs. 18.2 hours, p=0.003). Outcome measures, including the 30-day readmission rate and emergency department visits, steadily decreased post-ERATS. By 7-9 months post-ERATS, both minor (18.2% vs. 7.9%, p=0.009) and major (13.6% vs. 4.4%, p=0.007) adverse events demonstrated statistically significant improvements. Length of stay trended towards improvement from 6.2 days pre-ERATS to 4.8 days by 7-9 months post-ERATS (p=0.06). Conclusion: The adoption of ERATS led to improvements in multiple process-of-care measures, which may collectively and gradually achieve optimization of clinical outcomes.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.219-228
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• 2018

This study was conducted twice to investigate egg purchase behavior and perception on animal welfare of Korean consumers. This study included women, who were the main decision makers and caretakers in the household, and men with one-person household. This survey was conducted with by the Computer Assisted Web Interview and Gang Survey methods. On the key considerations factor, the highest response rate was considered to be 'price', and the response rate of considering 'packing date' increased in the second survey. At a reasonable price based on 10 eggs, the response rate was the highest at 53.8% and 42.9% in both the first and second surveys and the appropriate price averages were 2,482 won and 2,132 won, respectively. The highest rate of purchase of egg consumers from 'Large Mart' followed by 'Medium sized supermarket' and 'Chain supermarket'. As for the awareness about animal welfare, the recognition ratio (73.5%) was higher in the result of the second survey than the first. The cognitive period of animal welfare was 59.0% before the insecticide egg crisis and 41.0% thereafter. Regarding whether or not they have ever seen an animal welfare certification mark and an animal welfare animal farm certification mark, 59.6% of respondents said that they saw it for the first time and 37.6% answered that they knew the animal welfare certification mark. On the animal welfare system, the 'free-range' response rate was the highest at 85.8%. The 'free-range' fit response decreased by 34.2%p, while the 'barn' and 'European type' fit response increased by 13.2%p and 24.1%p, respectively. The number of 'I have never seen' and 'I have ever eaten' responses to the recognition and eating experience of animal welfare certified eggs decreased while the number of those who answered 'Have ever seen' and 'Have eaten' increased. The answer of purchasing animal welfare certified eggs at department stores, organic farming cooperatives, and internet shopping malls was higher than that of buying conventional eggs. Of the total respondents, 92.0% were willing to purchase an animal welfare egg before the price was offered, but after offering the prices of animal welfare eggs, the intention to purchase was 62.7%, which was about 30%p lower than before. The reason for purchasing an animal welfare certified egg was the highest score of 71.0% for 'I think it is likely to be high in food safety', and 38.1% for 'I think the price is high' for lack of intention to purchase. In the sensory evaluation of animal welfare eggs, egg color and skin texture of conventional eggs were significantly higher than those of certified welfare eggs (P<0.05), and boiled eggs showed that egg whites of animal welfare certified eggs were more (P<0.05). As a result, the results of this study will contribute to the activation of the animal welfare certification system for laying hens by providing basic data on consumer awareness to animal welfare certified farmers.