• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.100-107
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• 2009

Objective : The purpose of this study is to investigate the antibacterial activity of Saussurea lappa for the applications of herb-based extracts to both cosmetic and medicinal industries. Methods : Antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of Saussutes lappa (ESL) was assessed using agar diffusion and broth dilution methods, and determined by whether clear zone was formed around paper disc and in terms of the size (mm) of clear zone, Results : ESL provided activity against Staphylococcus aureus KCTC 1927 in concentration of 1 mg/ml with an clear zone of 16 mm, and showed an activity against Staphylococcus epidermids KCTC 1917 in concentration of 1 mg/ml with an clear zone of 18mm. Moreover, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ESL against S. sureus and S. epidermidls were 1 mg/ml for both bacterial species. However, ESL showed no growth inhibition against Pseudomonas aeruginosa KCTC 12513, Enterobactet aerogenes KCTC 2190, Escherichia coli KCTC 2571, Salmonella typhimurium KCTC 1925 and Propionibacterium acnes KCCM 41747. Conclusions : Antibacterial activity of ESL against Staphylococcus sureus and Staphylococcus epidermids causing eye and skin diseases was proved. The result suggest that ESL may be useful as a natural preservative on behalf of synthetic preservatives.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.48-53
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• 1999

Isolation and quantitative determination of costunolide from Saussurea lappa Clarke (Compositae) has been conducted by using HPLC method. Costunolide in an acetone extract from the crude drug was separated on a RP-18 column using a $MeOH-H_20$ mixture (65:35) as an eluent and the average content is about $1.32{\sim1.42%.$ The content of costunolide in dried extract was decreased by about 24% in seven days. However it showed a slight decrease in solution. It is highly recommended that quantitative determination of costunolide from Saussureae Radix should be conducted as early as possible after solvent extraction.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.22-26
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• 2000

In order to study the cytotoxic properties of sesquitepenes, dehydrocostus lactone (DL) and costunolide from Saussurea lappa, cytotoxicity was measured by SRB method using various human cancer cell lines. Dehydrocostus lactone(DL) and costunolide exhibited significant cytotoxicity against A-549, SK-OV-3, SK-MEL-2, XF-498 and HCT 15 cells. The U937 human leukemia cells treated with DL showed several apoptotic evidences like chromosome condensation and formation of apoptotic bodies. From the results of FACS analysis, early apoptosis was observed by phosphatidylserine externalization detected by annexin V-FITC. Furethermore, these studies determined hypodiploid contents and effects on the cell phase distribution of DL-treated U937 cells. After exposure of U937 cells to $30\mu\textrm{M}$ DL effectively led to G2/M modified cell cycle distribution within 24hr. These observations suggest that DL can be used efficiently for the cancer treatment.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.421-428
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• 2010

A foliage contact herbicidal substance was separated from ethyl ether fraction in n-hexane extract of Saussurea lappa roots and identified as dehydrocostus lactone [(3aS,6aR,9aR,9bS)-3,6,9-trimethylidene-3a,4,5,6a,7,8,9a,9b-octahydroazuleno[5,4-d]furan-2-one](DHCL). When DHCL at 4,000 ppm was foliage-applied to two grasses and two broadleaf plants, greater than 85% necrotic injury was obtained from large crabgrass, maize and soybean, whereas only about 40% necrotic injury appeared in black nightshade, indicating that DHCL has no gross morphological selectivity, but shows difference in contact response among the plant species tested. Conductivity in incubation medium of the leaf disks treated with DHCL increased as the incubation time continued. Relatively low contact injury in black nightshade as compared with the other three plant species tested was attributed to decrease in absorption of DHCL due to relatively high amount of cuticle. DHCL did not require light in the herbicidal action and there were no inhibitory effects on seed germination and cell elongation. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity was inhibited by 30% and 58% at $100\;{\mu}M$ and $1000\;{\mu}M$ DHCL, respectively. These results suggested that the herbicidal action of DHCL was related with inhibition of fatty acid synthesis which in turn caused to weaken cell membrane integrity.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.1195-1199
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• 2005

In the present study, Inhibitory effects of the ethanol extract of Saussurea lappa (S. lappa) on the growth, acid production, adhesion and water-insoluble glucan synthesis of Streptouccus mutans (S. mutans) were examined. The growth and acid production of S. mutans were Inhibited by the presence of ethanol extract of S. lappa (0.5-4 mg/ml) significantly. The ethanol extract of S. lappa (0.25-4 mg/ml) also significantly lowered the adherence of S. mutans in a dose dependent manner. In water-insoluble glucan synthesis assay, 2-4 mg/ml of the ethanol extract of S. lappa significantly inhibited the formation of water-insoluble glucan. These results suggest that S. lappa may inhibit the caries-inducing properties of S. mutans. Further studies are necessary to clarify the active constituents of S. lappa responsible for such biomolecular activities.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.84-95
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• 2006

Costunolide is an active sesquiterpene lactone isolated from the root of Saussurea lappa Clarke and is known to exhibit a variety of biological activities, including anti-carcinogenic and anti-inflammatory effects. Nevertheless, the pharmacological pathways of costunolide have not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, its cytotoxic effects were examined using AGS gastric cancer cells. Its treatment resulted in apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The effects were attributed to the regulation of pro-apoptotic molecules and suppression of anti-apoptotic molecules. These results suggest that costunolide may be a candidate to deal with gastric cancers by chemopreventive agents.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.169-178
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• 2013

Objectives : Many cancers acquired resistance to chemotherapy, thus limiting its anticancer efficacy. It is known that Glutathione (GSH) is related to the development of drug resistance. The expression of GSH synthesizing glutamylcysteine ligase (GCL) was controlled by nuclear factor-E2-related factor(Nrf2). Previous studies showed that pharmacological depletion of GSH results in ROS increase, apoptotic response, and sensitization to oxidizing stimuli. In the current study, we examined Saussurea Lappa (SL) have the inhibitory effect on Nrf2 activity using human lung cancer A549 cells overexpressing Nrf2. Methods : Cell viability of A549 cells on SL treatment was determined by MTT assay. To detect the apeptosis in SL-treated A549 cells, sub-G1 population was measured by flow cytometry analysis (FACS). The level ROS was determined by FACS and fluorescence microscopy. To investigate whether SL have effect the suppression on Nrf2, we performed western blotting analysis. The GSH content was measured since GSH plays an important role in response to oxidative stress and was regulated by Nrf2. Results : A549 cells treated with an SL extract showed a substantial decrease in cell viability, along with a concomitant increase in apoptosis compared to untreated cells. Treatment of the SL extract led to increased Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and a suppression of Nrf2. In addition, the antioxidant NAC attenuated SL-induced ROS generation, Nrf2 inhibition, and apoptosis. Taken together, these data show that the SL extract induced the production of ROS, and the inhibition of Nrf2, consequently resulting in A549 cell death. Conclusions : These results suggest that SL might be an effective agent to enhance anticancer drug sensitivity via Nrf2 inhibition.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.12-19
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• 1999

Eleven out of 118 herbal medicines which are frequently used in Korean traditional prescriptions for inflammatory diseases exhibited more than 50% of inhibition on $TNF-{\alpha}$ production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells by their total ethanol extracts with 0.1 mg/ml as a final concentration. The active 11 total extracts were prepared from Angelica koreana, Coptis japonica, Cynanchum paniculatum, Magnolia frgesii, Magnolia officinalis, Panax ginseng, Patrinia scabiosaefolia, Pterocarpus santalius, Rhapontica uniflora, Saussurea lappa. Of them, Coptis japonica, Magnolia fargesii and Saussurea lappa also significantly inhibited $TNF-{\alpha}$ production in vivo. These total extracts were sequentially fractionated with n-hexane, methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water. Among the solvent-fractionated extracts with 0.05 mg/ml as a final concentration, inhibitory effects of Angelica koreana, Magnolia fargesii, Magnolia officinalis, Pterocarpus santalinus, Rhapontica uniflora and Saussurea lappa markedly showed in one or two solvent fractions suggesting that the principles may be concentrated by subfractionation as the main compounds.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.12 no.3 s.18
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• pp.117-130
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to introduce the differential standard of Mok-Hyaeng Radix species. We established the classificatory standard according to the external and internal morphology and the pattern in 4 kinds of Mok-Hyaeng Radix. The results follow: 1. On the external morphology, Radix of Vladimiria souliei had a sticky material in the head of roots and it was yellowish white in the cut surface. It attached to teeth during chewing. Radix of Aucklandia lappa (=Saussurea lappa) was dark grayish brown and was grayish brown in the cut surface. It had special odor and was not attache to teeth chewing it. On the other hand, Radix of Inula helenium was dark brown. In the cut surface, cortical layer was different from wood layer. Radix of Aristolochia contorta was yellowish brown. In the cut surface, it was not smooth and cortical layer was different from wood layer. 2. On the internal morphology, Radix of Vladimiria souliei had many fascicular fibers and scattered large oil chambers in the bast ray, xylem ray, and parenchyma. On Radix of Aucklandia lappa (=Saussurea lappa), it was difficult to find out the trace when the cork layer was exfoliated. The cambium formed circle and the large oil chambers were scattered in the phloem and xylem. On the other hand, external cortical layer of Radix of Inula helenium was detached and cambium was formed to indistinct circle and large oil chambers were scattered in the phloem and xylem. On Radix of Arustolochia contorta, the large oil chambers were scattered in the surface later, bast part was relatively broad and cambium formed circle. 3. On the TLC pattern, Radix of Aristolochia contorta, Inula helenium, Aucklandia lappa, and Vladimiria souliei were chromogenic to violet and purple according to sulfuric acid colour pattern, especially faint on Aristolochia contorta. 4. On the pattern analysis of HPLC, we compared the content and the pattern of constunolide and dehydrocostus lactone, Radix of Aucklandia lappa was similar to Radix of Vladimiria souliei and Radix of Aristolochia contorta was similar to Radix of Inula helenium. On the total HPLC component pattern, constunolide and dehydrocostus lactone were similar in all four types, but it showed the Rf 5-6 peak was only in Radix of Aristolochia contorta, not in Radix of Inula helenium, Aucklandia lappa, and Vladimiria souliei. It is considered the results of this study will be furnished the basis to succeeding studies and it is needed to extensive comparative study for the same genus-degree of relatedness.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.197-200
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• 2007

This study was carried out to assess anticariogenic activity from natural products. The hexane extracts of 11 medicinal plants were tested for the antimicrobial activities against a cariogenic bacterium, S. sobrinus B13. The hexane extracts of 11 medicinal plants such as Alisma orientale, Cyperus rotundus, Saussurea lappa, Atractylodes japonica, Kalopanax pictus, Angelica gigas, Salvia miltorrhiza, Lonicera japonica, Gardenia jasmoides, Aurantii nobilis percarpium and Bupleurum lorgiradiatum were used for this study, and S. sobrinus B13 was cultured with 0.5% extracts of the medicinal plants, in trypticase soy broth medium under 5% $CO_2$ for 0, 6, 12, 24 hours at $37^{\circ}C$. The obtained results were as follows. Immediately after culturing for inoculation, Kalopanax pictus and Cyperus rotundus showed better antimicrobial activities than those of others. After culturing for 6 hours, the order of effective antimicrobial activity was Salvia miltorrhiza, Angelica gigas. After incubation for 12 hours, Salvia miltorrhiza showed the best antimicrobial activity. After incubation for 24 hours Salvia miltorrhiza, Cyperus rotundus, Saussurea lappa, Atractylodes japonica had better antimicrobial activity than others. In conclusion, among Hexane extracts of 11 medicinal plants, Cyperus rotundus, Saussurea lappa, Atractylodes japonica showed effective antimicrobial activity.