• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.131-142
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the personality traits and cognitive characteristics of the Sasang constitution by comparing the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), Continuous Performance Test (CPT) and Stroop Test. Methods: One hundred and six healthy subjects (age 20 to 40) were analyzed; 45 Taeeumin, 30 Soyangin and 31 Soeumin. The Sasang constitution was diagnosed by a sasang constitutional medicine specialist based on the results of a Two Step Questionnaire for Sasang Constitution Diagnosis (TS-QSCD), the external appearance, temperament and symptoms. The results of the EPQ, TCI, CPT and Stroop Test were compared between Sasang constitutions. Results: Among the seven dimensions of EPQ, Taeeumin and Soyangin scored significantly higher than Soeumin in Extraversion. Soyangin scored significantly higher than Soeumin in Impulsiveness. Among the four temperament dimensions of TCI, Taeeumin and Soyangin scored significantly higher than Soeumin in novelty seeking, reward dependence and persistence. Soeumin scored significantly higher than Taeeumin and Soyangin in harm avoidance. Among the three character dimensions of TCI, Soyangin scored significantly higher than Taeeumin in self transcendence. The results for CPT showed no significant differences between sasang constitutions. Taeeumin had a significantly higher color score in the stroop test than Soeumin. Conclusions: The personality tests showed significant differences between Sasang constitutions, but the neuropsychological test did not show any differences. Further studies should be performed to identify neuropsychological differences between Sasang constitutions.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.95-106
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• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to study the personality traits of Sasang constitutions by comparing the profiles of Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ). Methods : A total of 110 healthy people (20 to 40 years old), except for 2 Taeyangin (TY type), were analyzed; 45 Taeeumin (TE type), 32 Soyangin (SY type), and 31 Soeumin (SE type). A Sasang constitutional medicine specialist diagnosed the Sasang constitution after analyzing the result of a Two Step Questionnaire for Sasang Constitution Diagnosis (TS-QSCD), the external appearance, temperament and symptoms. The dimensions of TCI and EPQ were compared among the different Sasang constitutions, using an analysis of variance, and correlations between TCI and EPQ were analyzed by a Pearson correlation method. Results : Among the four temperament dimensions of TCI, SY type showed a significantly higher score than the SE type in Novelty Seeking. SE type showed significantly higher score than TE and SY type in Harm Avoidance. SY type showed significantly higher score than SE type in Reward Dependence. TE and SY type showed significantly higher score than SE type in Persistence. There were no significant differences in the character dimensions of Self-directness, Cooperativeness and Self-Transcendence. Among the seven dimensions of EPQ, TE and SY type showed significantly higher score than SE type in Extraversion. SE type showed significantly higher score than SY type in Lie. SY type showed significantly higher score than TE and SE type in Impulsiveness. Conclusions : The results demonstrated that there are some significant differences of personality traits among Sasang constitutions. This could help diagnose and understand each Sasang constitution.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.89-100
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• 1995

This study was conducted for the purpose of finding out an objective classification method for Sasang Constitutional medicine, which divides people into 4 groups of constitution and presents comprehensively physiology, pathology, diagnosis, therapy and recuperation regarding each constitution. Questionnaire of Sasang Constitution Classification(I) was administered to 328 inpatients at Kyung Hee Oriental Medicine Hospital. Data was collected during 10 months from June 1994 to Mar. 11, 1995. For the purposes of this study, the collected data was analyzed by crosstabs, variation analysis, and discrimination analysis. The analyzing program was SPSS PC+V4.0. For the purposes of this study, the collected data was analyzed by crosstabs, cariation analysis, and discrimination analysis. The analyzing program was SPSS PC+V4.0. The results were as follows : 1. There was significant differences of each group scales through variation analysis. The questions of each group had Sasang constitutional diagnostic discrimination abilities 2. The diagnostic discrimination abilities(Hit-ratio=56.10%) of the Questionnaire for Sasang Constitution Classification(I) were found to have over 20% improvement than the propotional chance criteria(33.3%), Especially, Hit-ratio for $So{\breve{u}}m$-In(63%) was higher than that of SoYang-In(55%) and $Ta{\breve{e}}um$-In(56.3%). 3. Through discrimination analysis on good questions of each group, the diagnostic discrimination abilities of the Questionnaire for Sasang Constitution Classification(I) was 57.93%. 4. This would be on the ground that the Questionnaire for Sasang Constitution Classification(I) could be used as a tool for Sasang constitution classification.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.165-185
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• 2009

1. Objectives This study was designed to research the relationship between Sasang Constitution and Framingham coronary risk score(FRS), 2. Methods 666 people, over 40 years old, were participated in the community-based cohort in Wonju, South Korea from July 2nd to August 30th in 2006, Sasang Constitutional Diagnosis was carried out using PSSC(Phonetic System of Sasang Constitution), face and tongue photos and a checkup list, Framingham coronary risk score(FRS) was calculated using previously studied sheets adopted from KCDC(Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention). 3. Results The average FRS of men was 7,06 and that of female was 8,19 which was significantly higher than that of men. There were significant differences between Taeeumin and other constitutions in women, whereas no differences among male constitutions. Analyzing adjusted ORs for CHD risk intervals according to Sasang constitution, they were 0.96 in Taeeumin and 1.70 in Soyangin to Soeumin. Also 0.55 in Taeeumin and 3.39 in Soyangin to Soeumin in men, 1.96 in Taeeumin and 1.87 in Soyangin to Soeumin in women. Women had highet FRS than men and female Taeeumin group have highet FRS points and CRP than other constitutions. 4. Conclusions Regarding the positive relationship between FRS, APG and CRP, it is thought to be useful to understand APG and CRP results at the same time when calculating FRS. When it comes to prevention and screening of CHD, female Taeeumin should be more careful and female Soyangin also should have a consideration of heart disease.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.95-103
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• 2017

Objectives This study was aimed to analyze characteristics of facial shapes in adult women by sasang constitution using hyungsang classification. Methods Using a digital camera, we took a picture of 1,011 women who participated in clinical study on menstrual pain and acquired their 3D facial images with a face-only scanner. They filled out SSCQ-P(sasang constitution questionnaire for patient) for the diagnosis of sasang constitution. Based on the above photographs and 3D images, one of the hyungsang medicine specialist diagnosed according to five diagnostic criteria. The sasang constitution was diagnosed by referring to questionnaires and photographs. Frequency analysis was performed using the statistical analysis system version 9.4 and chi-square test was performed for validity evaluation. Results In taeeumin, the wide face shape(n=261, 74.36%) was much more than the narrow shape(n=90, 25.64%) and the convex face profile(n=164, 85.86%) was much more than the concave profile(n=27, 14.14%). Regardless of sasang constitution, angular face shape(n=501, 50%) was the most, followed by oval shape(n=317, 31.64%). Subjects with big ears(n=291, 29.19%) were the most, while big eyes(n=104, 10.43%) were the least. Subjects with eyes and nose tip upward(n=615, 78.05%) were the most, while eyes and nose tip downward(n=22, 2.79%) were the least. Conclusions Most Korean adult women have angular face, such as square or diamond, with slanted eyes and upturned nose. Taeeumin women have wide facial shape and convex profile.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.195-207
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• 1999

1. PURPOSE This research is a study on constitutional diagnosis through the external appearances, and for finding shape differences of the hand and foot according to the Sasang Constitution. 2. Method We collected 148 person who were healthy and measured length, breadth, circumference and thickness of their hands and feet with 'The Measurement of R. Martin'. We analyzed shape differences of hand and foot according to the Sasang Constitution and made a certain conclusion. 3. Results and Conclusions We got the morphologic characteristics of hand and foot according to the Sasang Constitution. (1) The physical characteristics. The weight is heaviest in Taeumin. (2) The morphologic characteristics of Hand. (1) The wrist circumference is longest in Taeumin. (2) The finger length / hand length(ratio) is higher Soeumin than Taeumin. (3) The wrist breadth is largest in Taeumin(only male). (4) The wrist breadth is larger Taeumin than Soeumin(only female). (5) The palm length is longer Taeumin than Soyangin(only male). (6) The maximum hand breadth is larger Taeumin than Soeumi (only male). (7) The 2nd, 3rd and 4th finger length is longer Soeumin than Soyangin(only male). (3) The morphologic characteristics of Foot. (1) The foot thickness is thickest in Taeumin. (2) The foot breadth is largest in Taeumin. (3) The ankle circumference is longest in Taeumin(only male).

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.14-22
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• 2013

Objectives The purpose of this study is to know hematologic characteristics of patients with stroke in Sasang Constitutional Medicine which will be helpful for the prevention and treatment of stroke. Methods We collected data from 111 patients who received treatment as a stroke inpatient at one Korean medicine hospital in Busan, Korea. A Sasang Constitutional Medicine(SCM) specialist diagnosed their Sasang Constitutional types based on the four diagnosis standard of SCM and herbal medicine reaction. Results of hematologic tests were classified according to gender, age, stroke types and Sasang Constitutional types and analysed by SAS system. Results 1. Male's mean value of RBC count, Hemoglobin and Hematocrit was lower than normal range. 2. The mean value of hsCRP of above age 65 group was 3.19 times significantly higher than under age 65 group. 3. The mean value of platelet of cerebral hemorrhage group was significantly higher than cerebral infarction group. 4. The mean value of triglyceride of Taeeumin was significantly higher than Soyangin and Soeumin. Conclusions For the prevention of stroke, appropriate treatment of stress, trauma and infections is needed and male require a regular and balanced meals. Especially Taeeumin need to eat small meals to avoid excessive accumulation of energy.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.213-223
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• 2014

Objectives This study was aimed to develop the clinical practice guideline for Soyangin symptomatology. It discussed the principle and method of application of clinical practice guideline for Soyangin symptomatology which focuses on symptomatology, not disease. Methods Based on the previous guidelines, we assessed the guidelines by Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE II). After AGREE II assessment, we chose and revised the clinical practice guideline. Member of writing committee reviewed and examined "Donguisusebowon" and many articles for developing clinical practice guidelines. Draft of clinical practice guideline was reviewed by advisory committee and approved by Society of Sasang Constitutional Medicine. Results & Conclusions By researching and discussing the Soyangin symptomatology, we establish the evaluation criteria for diagnosis including classification, definition and develop diagnostic algorithm and treatment assessing tool.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.42-54
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• 2023

Objectives This study aims to identify differences in clinical manifestations of COVID-19 between different Sasang constitution. Methods Subjects were recruited from August 29, 2022, to July 11, 2023. COVID-19 clinical symptoms were self-reported via questionnaires. Sasang constitutional diagnosis was performed using the K-PRISM, and Sasang constitutional specialist. Results A total of 66 subjects were recruited for the study, and the Sasang constitutional distribution of the subjects was 19 soyangin, 25 taeeumin, and 22 soeumin. For most of the COVID-19 clinical manifestations, the study found that soyangin experienced symptoms at a higher rate than other constitutions. Among the symptoms observed in the study, sore throat, pantalgia, and cough were severe in all subjects regardless of constitution. Soeumin was more likely to experience abdominal pain, chest pain, and diarrhea, while soyangin was more likely to experience chest pain, nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, and cutaneous symptoms compared to other constitutions. Taeeumin had more sputm, nasal congestion, and skin symptoms, but fewer digestive symptoms. There were differences in the onset and duration of symptoms by constitution. Conclusions This study is an important contribution to our understanding of the differences in response to the COVID-19 virus among different Sasang constitutions. Symptomatic differences between constitutions may have important implications for prevention and treatment strategies for infectious diseases, and personalized treatment and management based on these differences may be needed in the future.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.84-102
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• 2005

Objectives The purpose of this study was to objectify the diagnosis of Sasang constitution. It was analyzed the adult female voices into 44 factors with PSSC-2004. Methods The study was conducted on the subjects inputted /a/ 2.5-3 sec of 217 adult women voices to PSSC-2004. The statistical analyses are applied to three groups: total group, under 55 year-old group, over 55 year-old group. The group of total 216 was composed with 8 Taeyangins, 60 Soyangins, 66 Taeumins and 83 Soeumins. The under 55 year-old group was composed with 6 Taeyangins, 53 Soyangins, 55 Taeumins and 76 Soeumins. The over 55 year-old group was composed with 2 Taeyangins, 7 Soyangins, 11 Taeumins and 7 Soeumins. Results 1. In total group and under 55 year-old one, Soeumin's center pitch were significantly high compared with the others(P=0.005)(P=0.019). It was significant for distinction between Taeumin and Soeumin at the result of post mortem. 2. In over 55 year-old group, Soeumin's center freq.(total) and center freq.(1) were significantly high compared with the others(P=0.024)(P=0.016). In under 55 year-old group, Soeumin's center freq.(4) was significantly high(P=0.025). While Taeumin's center freq.(3) in under 55 year-old group and center freq.(4) in over 55 year-old group were significantly high(P=0.049)(P=0.043). 3. In over 55 year-old group, Soeumin's APQ(center), APQ(2/5), APQ(3/5), APQ(4/5) and APQ(2/3) were significantly high compared with the others. It was significant for distinction between Taeumin and Soeumin at the result of post mortem(P=0.004) (P=0.003) (P=0.004) (P=0.013) (P=0.004). 4. In over 55 year-old group, Soeumin's APQ(1/3), APQ(1/2), APQ(2/2) and zeroover APQ were significantly high compared with the others (P=0.013) (P=0.003) (P=0.008) (P=0.012). 5. In over 55 year-old group, Taeyangin's octave 3 shimmer was significantly high compared with the others(P=0.000). 6. In under 55 year-old group, Taeyangin's total energy was significantly high compared with the others(P=0.040). 7. In under 55 year-old group, Taeyangin's zeroover energy sum was significantly high compared with the others(P=0.038). Conclusions From above result, there is the possibility of efficiency standard guide for constitutional diagnosis by analyzation of the voices.