• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.391-398
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• 2003

Research was conducted to establish the leaf and petiole sap test to diagnose the nutritional status of tomato. The concentrations of $NO_3$, $PO_4$, K, Ca, Mg and $SO_4$ ions extracted from the leaves and petioles in the different positions in a plant were measured and compared with their corresponding inorganic contents in the leaves analyzed by the chemical method. The ionic concentrations in the leaf and petiole sap showed the different values depending on their positions in a plant. The leaves and petioles in the lower positions of a plant had higher concentrations of $NO_3$, Ca, Mg and $SO_4$ ions. In particular, there were greater changes of ionic concentrations and less increases in the leaf length and width from the 9th compound leaf down from the uppermost cluster. On the other hand, the leaflets in a compound leaf had the same ionic concentrations. Therefore, it appeared that the optimal sampling position of leaf and petiole for the sap test is the leaflets of the 9th compound leaf down from the uppermost cluster. A good correlation between the sap test and the chemical analysis of plant showed that the ionic concentrations in the leaf and petiole sap reflect the nutritional status of tomatoes.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.75-84
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• 2010

This study was performed to investigate change in chemical composition of Acer mono saps collected in Hamyang, Inje, Namyangju and Yeongwol depending on storing period. pH of A. mono sap was in the range of 4.43~5.68, and it was decreased rapidly with the increase of storing period. A. mono sap collected in Yeongwol in Feb. 22 contained 2.06% sucrose. Degradation of sucrose was occurred when storing period was extended, and it caused production of organic acid like pyruvic acid, lactic acid, acetic acid and ethanol. Detected minerals in A. mono sap were K, Ca, Na, Mg, P, Si, Al, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn, however, K and Ca content reached 93%. A. mono sap collected in Inje in Mar. 03 contained 131.72 mg/${\ell}$, which was especially high K content among the A. mono sap. 1.55~3.50 mg/${\ell}$ of Ascorbic acid was found in the A. mono sap. Sap collected in early date was less degraded.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.742-746
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• 1999

Contents of mineral element and cytokinin in the xylem sap of 'Keumdongee' and 'Tongilhwang' oriental melons were compared with those in oriental melons grafted onto 8 rootstocks. The effect of grafting on the fruit quality of oriental melon was also investigated. Flesh firmness varied with rootstocks. Soluble solids contents in the placenta tissue of grafted 'Tongilhwang' were higher than that in the 'Keumdongee'. Electric conductivity of the xylem sap in own-rooted plants was higher in 'Keumdongee' than in 'Tongilhwang', but it increased in 'Tongilhwang' once they were grafted. The sap volume per plant was greater in 'Keumdongee' than in 'Tongilhwang'. The mineral concentrations varied considerably depending on the rootstock used. Xylem sap of grafted oriental melons contained a higher amount of mineral ions, especially $NO_3{^-}$ and $PO_4{^-}$, than did the sap in own-rooted plants. The increase in the mineral levels in sap due to grafting was most apparent in 'Tongilhwang'. Xylem sap from both 'Keumdongee' and 'Tongilhwang' contained trans-zeatin (t-Z), trans-zeatin riboside (t-ZR), and dihydrozeatin riboside (DHZR). Small amounts of isopentenyl adenine (IPA) and isopentenyl adenine riboside (IPAR) were also detected. Trans-zeatin riboside was the most abundant, followed by t-Z. Cytokinin concentration in 'Keumdongee' was not significantly influenced by rootstock type used, although the highest concentration of cytokinins in 'Keumdongee' was obtained with 'Chamtozwa' rootstock. However, the cytokinin concentration in 'Tongilhwang' increased with grafting irrespective of rootstock type used.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.294-300
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• 2007

Three varieties of soy sauce were prepared using saps of bamboo, xylem and gorosoe, with sea salt and bamboo salt, in May. Soy sauce was fermented in the traditional manner. Homemade soy sauce was analyzed after 3 months of aging. The pH and amino-type nitrogen content of soy sauce fermented with xylem sap and sea salt were very high, and malic acid was dominant among four types of organic acid. The content of calcium in soy sauce fermented with bamboo sap and sea salt was fourfold greater than that of the control. The contents of total amino acids in the soy sauces fermented with xylem sap and gorosoe, with the addition of sea salt instead of water, were 2-fold and 1.4-fold greater than that of ordinary soy sauce, respectively. In the DPPH assay, the antioxidant effect of soy sauce fermented with bamboo sap and sea salt was higher than that of other samples. Sensory evaluation showed that the overall acceptability of soy sauce fermented with gorosoe and sea salt was best, among the samples tested.

• Magazine of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.43-47
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• 2013

• Magazine of the Korea Institute for Structural Maintenance and Inspection
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.34-38
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• 2016

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.702-709
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• 2014

Luffa cylindrica Roem (sponge gourd) belongs to the Cucurbitaceae family and has been cultivated as an ornamental plant in Korea. Recently, its cultivation area has been increased with an increase in demand for it as an ingredient in cosmetics, herbal medicines, and health supplements. We analyzed inorganic components of sap collected from land race sponge gourds. We also measured antioxidant enzyme activities and antimicrobial activities of the plant, seed, and sap to examine functional properties of sponge gourd. The sap of the sponge gourd contained high levels of K, Ca, P, and Mg, with the most abundant mineral in the sap being K ($470mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$). The amounts of Ca and Mg were 2 and 1.7 times more than those found in cucumber (Cucumis sativus), respectively. Ascorbate peroxidase was more active than catalase and superoxide dismutase in various plant parts of sponge gourd. Antioxidant activities were much lower in stems than in other plant parts such as leaves, roots, flowers, fruits, seeds, and sap. In addition, sap showed a very low level of antimicrobial activity against two food-borne pathogens, Vibrio parahaemdyticus and Propionibacterium acne, and none against the other eight tested food-borne pathogens. Antimicrobial activities against Candida albicans and Malassezia furfur, which causes dermatitis, appeared to be higher in sap than in other parts of sponge gourd plants. Overall, the antimicrobial activity against Malassezia furfur appeared to be higher than against Candida albicans.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.455-460
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• 2010

This study was investigated the effect of the ultra filtration (UF) on extending shelf-life and increasing quality of Acer mono sap. To evaluate the quality changes of Acer mono sap before and after UF, crude ash, crude protein, minerals, free sugar, organic acid, pH, total acidity, browning index, turbidity and total microbial number were measured during storage periods at -1, 4 and $10^{\circ}C$. After UF, the ash, minerals, organic acid, total acidity, browning index and turbidity of Acer mono sap were slightly decreased, while the pH was slightly increased, and total microbial number was not detected. After UF, the pH, total acidity, browning index, turbidity and total microbial number of Acer mono sap were very stable during storage periods at -1 and $4^{\circ}C$. During the storage at $10^{\circ}C$, turbidity and total microbial number was slightly increased, while the pH of before UF was decreased and the total acidity, browning, turbidity and total microbial number was increased during storage periods. As the results of this study indicate application of UF on Acer mono sap could extend the shelf-life and quality without loss of natural minerals and useful components.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.319-324
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• 2014

Red pine is a popular species for making a cutting board in Korea, but easily sap stained. Heat treatment could improve its quality by darkening and equalizing the color of sap stained wood. The color change of sap stained red pine boards was investigated by heat treatment at $190^{\circ}C$. It was observed that the color of heat treated boards got darker and it made the color of sap stain vanished. A colorimeter was used to measure color indexes. It was revealed that the values of the lightness ($L^*$) and the yellowness ($b^*$) decreased as heat treatment repeated while the values of the redness ($a^*$) increased. The average of the color difference (${\Delta}E^*$) between the control and 1st heat treated boards was 16.1, which could be expressed as 'Extremely different' while that between the 1st and 2nd heat treated boards was 8.3, which could be expressed as 'Considerably different'. The fact that heat treatment equalized the color of boards was confirmed by a statistical analysis.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.461-466
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is basically for the use of simulations to enhance productivity. In this paper, the optimal number of allocation in a small and medium industry which produces eleutherococcus senticosus sap, is performed using simulations. The simulation model was developed under considerations of production layout, process & operation, process time, total work time, work in process (WIP), utilization, failure rate, and operation efficient as inputs, and was validated with careful comparisons between real behaviors and outputs of the production line. Therefore, we can evaluate effects and changes in productivity when some strategies and/or crucial factors are changed. Although too many workers and machines could decrease productivity, the eleutherococcus senticosus sap production line in this paper has been maintained many machines. To solve this problem, we determined the optimal number of workers and machines that could not cause any interrupt in productions using simulations. This simulation model considers diverse input variables which could influence productivity, and it is very useful not only for the production line of Eleutherococcus Senticosus Sap, but also for other production lines with various purposes, especially, in the small and medium industries.