• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.781-794
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• 2023

In order to directly apply seawater and sea sand in construction without desalination, a type of square concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) encased with prefabricated seawater sea-sand concrete filled Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)/Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) tube column was proposed. Twenty short columns were tested under uniaxial loads, and the test parameters included inner tube types, seawater sea-sand concrete replacement ratios, concrete strength, the wrapping area of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) strips and the thickness of GFRP tube. The effects of the parameters on failure modes, loading capacity, ductility and strain responses were discussed. All the tested specimens failed with serious buckling of the steel tubes and fracture of the inner tubes. The specimens had good residual bearing capacity corresponding to 64% to 88.9% of the peak capacity. The inner GFRP tubes and PVC tubes wrapped by CFRP strips provided stronger confinement to the core concrete, and were good choices for the proposed columns. Moreover, an analytical model for the composite column with different inner tube types was proposed.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.199-212
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• 2009

The community structure of meiofauna was surveyed from six stations in sand mining area near around Sungapdo, Taean five times from April-December, 2007. Ten meiofaunal taxa in total, comprising 5-9 taxa per station were recovered. Nematodes were dominant from four stations in April and from five stations in May. In June, copepods were dominant from all stations except station two, from which sarcomastigophorans were predominant. Copepods were also dominant from three stations in October and four stations in December. The mean density of meiofauna per $10\;cm^{-2}$ was the highest in October (130 individuals) and lowest (68 individuals) in April. Meiofauna mean biomass per $100\;cm^{-2}$ was $3.80-75.26{\mu}gC$ from each station, with the monthly mean biomass being lowest in April ($11.97{\mu}gC$) and highest in October ($39.50{\mu}gC$). The highest biomass was recorded at station five in October ($75.26{\mu}gC$). Eleven families of harpacticoid copepods occurred Ameiridae and Ectinosomatidae were the most frequent. The mean diversity index was 1.21 from all the stations, 1.22 from the sand mining stations, and 1.19 from the reference stations. The nematode:copepod (N/C) ratio was 1.57 from the sand mining stations and 1.37 from the reference stations. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis divided the community into group A (station one, non-sand mining and reference area) and groups B and C in the sand mining area. The present study reports similar numbers of taxa but lower density and biomass of meiofauna compared to previous studies in Korean waters. The variability of the diversity index and N/C ratio may indicate large fluctuation of meiofauna depending on temporal and spatial conditions of the environment in the study area.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제57권3호
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• pp.293-303
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• 2024

River mining, the extraction of sand and gravel from riverbeds, is rising at an alarming rate to keep pace with the increasing demand for construction materials worldwide. The far-reaching deleterious effects of river mining include the lowering of water levels, the augmentation of turbidity, and the erosion of riverbanks, i.e., the disruption of water flow and alteration of river morphology. Aggregates demand, geolocation, and the economy of Bangladesh accelerated illegal extraction. However, limited research has been carried out in this region, despite the severe impact on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. To address the corresponding consequences and direct the scope for further research, it is required to evaluate existing studies of other countries having similarities in river morphology, climate, economy, and other related parameters. In this respect, based on previous studies, the effects of sand extraction are particularly prominent in India, having 54 cross-boundary rivers with Bangladesh. The geological profile of numerous rivers in the past decades has been altered due to natural aggregate mining in the Indian subcontinent. Hence, this study focused on relevant research in this region. However, the existing research only focuses on the regional portion of the aforementioned international rivers, which lacks proper assessments of these rivers, taking into account especially the mining effects. Moreover, several global rivers that have similarities with Bangladeshi rivers, considering different parameters, are also included in this study. The findings of this article underline the pressing need for more efficacious measures to address the adverse effects of river mining and safeguard ecosystems and communities globally, especially in the Indian subcontinent, where the situation is particularly vulnerable. For this reason, targeting the aforementioned region, this review highlights the global evidence in assessing the future effects of river mining and the need for further research in this field.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2008

서해 중부에 위치한 배타적경제수역(EEZ) 내에서 이루어지는 바다모래 채굴로 인한 해양수질의 장단기적 변화를 알아보기 위해 2004년부터 2007년까지 8회에 걸쳐 사방 약 30 km의 장방형 해역에 대한 광역적이고 종합적인 현장 조사를 수행하였다. 전체 대상 해역을 바다모래가 실제 채굴되는 구역과 잠재적인 영향 구역, 그리고 비교 구역으로 나누어 조사하였다. 조사항목은 pH, ORP, 수온, 염분 등과 같은 기본적인 항목과 함께 부유물질(SS), 영양염(질산염, 아질산염, 암모니움염, 인산염)과 엽록소-a에 대하여 분석하였다. 이러한 광역 정점 조사와 함께 바다모래가 채굴되는 선박에 근접하여 실제 부유물질 등이 확산되는 경로를 따라 표층, 중층, 저층에서 관측하는 집중 조사도 수행하였다. 광역 조사의 결과, 바다모래 채굴로 인하여 민감하게 영향을 받는 인자는 부유물질, 암모니움염, 질산염, 엽록소-a, ORP로 나타났다. 또한 채굴선박에 인접하여 발생한 현탁류를 따라 집중 조사한 결과, 주변해역의 평균농도보다 큰범위가 부유물질은 표층과 저층에서 남북방향으로 폭 8 km, 동서방향으로 폭 약 5 km를 가진 타원형 형태로 확산되었으며, 이에 비하여 인산염은 매우 좁은 범위 내에 한정되었다. 또한 암모니움염도 좁은 범위에 국한되었으나, 암모니움염의 확산방향에 연장하여 질산염의 높은 농도가 나타나고, 같은 위치에서 높은 N/P와 높은 엽록소-a 농도가 동반되었다. 지난 4년간의 광역조사와 집중조사를 통해 발견할 수 있었던 가장 중요한 사실은 바다모래 채굴의 영향을 일차적으로 민감하게 나타내는 수질인자는 부유물질, 암모니움염, 질산염 및 ORP이며, 이로 인한 이차적인 효과가 높은 N/P 비율과 높은 엽록소-a 로 감지되었다는 점이다. 이 중 부유물질과 ORP는 부이와 자동 측정장비를 사용하여 원거리에서 자료를 얻을 수 있으므로 바다모래 채굴 해역에 대한 지속적인 모니터링에 매우 유용한 수질인자가 될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제26권8호
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• pp.836-843
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• 2005

서해 배타적경제수역내 해사채취구역에서 해저지형 변화를 규명하기 위하여 2회에 걸쳐 단일빔음향측심기를 이용한 측심자료를 획득하였다. 교차점 분석에 의한 측심자료의 정확도는 IHO 표준의 2등급에 해당하였다. 지형도는 폭 300 m, 깊이 10 m의 구덩이 형태를 나타내었으며, 이러한 지형의 변화 과정이 두 지형도 수심차의 분포에서 표현되었다. 그러나 해사채취량을 정량화하기 위해서는 더욱 정확하고 정밀한 자료가 요구된다. 이러한 지형변화는 퇴적환경 및 저서생태 환경에 영향을 미칠 수 있으므로 한정된 모래자원을 관리하고 지속가능한 개발을 위해서는 과학적인 조사자료에 근거한 환경영향평가가 요구된다.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2018년도 춘계 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.330-331
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• 2018

It's prohibited to take sand from southeastern EEZ(Exclusive Economic Zone) from January 2017 in korea. So, the supply of sea sand has been decreased and costs of sea sand are rising as a result in the southeast region. This paper deal with appropriateness of the taking sea sand, circumstance and fisheries damages by extraction of EEZ sand and proposed control measures for ensuring quality of sea sand and consider fishermen support plan for ensuring a stable supply of sand in southeast region of korea.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.195-205
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• 2021

Time effect on the deformation and strength characteristics of geogrid reinforced sand retaining wall has become an important issue in geotechnical and transportation engineering. Three physical model tests on geogrid reinforced sand retaining walls performed under various loading conditions were simulated to study their rate-dependent behaviors, using the presented nonlinear finite element method (FEM) analysis procedure. This FEM was based on the dynamic relaxation method and return mapping scheme, in which the combined effects of the rate-dependent behaviors of both the backfill soil and the geosynthetic reinforcement have been included. The rate-dependent behaviors of sands and geogrids should be attributed to the viscous property of materials, which can be described by the unified three-component elasto-viscoplastic constitutive model. By comparing the FEM simulations and the test results, it can be found that the present FEM was able to be successfully extended to the boundary value problems of geosynthetic reinforced soil retaining walls. The deformation and strength characteristics of the geogrid reinforced sand retaining walls can be well reproduced. Loading rate effect, the trends of jump in footing pressure upon the step-changes in the loading rate, occurred not only on sands and geogrids but also on geogrid reinforced sands retaining walls. The lateral earth pressure distributions against the back of retaining wall, the local tensile force in the geogrid arranged in the retaining wall and the local stresses beneath the footing under various loading conditions can also be predicted well in the FEM simulations.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2005년도 춘계 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.280-285
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• 2005

At present, there are several problems related with sand mat which is used as a way to accelerate consolidation settlement, act like an underground drainage layer and increase trafficability simultaneously. First of all, the unbalance oft he demand and supply of sand is the one of the biggest problems, which makes not only price advance of sand but also delays a term of total construction work. Secondly, the damage of ecosystem and scenery is triggered by thoughtless sand dredging or mining. So, the need that the sand for sand mat should be replaced with a new environmental friendly material has been increased. Fiber mat may be one of the proper materials that suits the need. Therefore, we intended to compare the drainage properties of sand mat with those of fiber mat by experimental model tests. On the basis of the test results, fiber mat took shorter period of consolidation than sand mat and it's amount of settlement showed a little bit bigger than the other. In conclusion, the substitutability of fiber mat for sand mat could be placed highly in view of drainage efficiency. Furthermore, when Fiber mat is used, it has an advantage that spoil soil of the construction site or nearby site can be used for the purpose of increasing trafficability in addition to a role of drainage layer.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.90-97
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• 1994

PIXE( Proton Induced X- ray Emission ) analysis has been applied to the analysis of aerosol for the Purpose of pollution monitoring. Coarse and fine Particle fractions were sampled selectively, using Nuclepore filter in stacked filter units, once a month from February to September in 1993 at urban and rural sites. Concentration of 9 elements, Si, S, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and Pb was determined without Pretreatment of Samples. Comparison of data between urban and rural site revealed higher elemental concentration level in urban aerosol. From April to May aerosol sampling was carried out daily to observe the effect of Yellow Sand on the composition of aerosol in the Korean Peninsula. During the Yellow Sand period, Si, Ca, Fe content level in aerosol became more than 5 times higher than normal. The elemental concentration of the aerosol samples of Daejeon City was compared with that of two foreign cities. S and Pb( which are fuel- derived elements) levels in Daejeon City aerosol appeared to be lower than those of foreign cities. And it may be due to the leaded-fuel restriction policy of Korean government since 1987.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제43권7호
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• pp.657-666
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 하도준설 및 골재채취에 의한 교란하천의 적응과정을 정량적으로 파악하기 위하여 이동상 실내실험을 수행하였으며, 하상경사 및 골재채취를 위한 준설 규모의 변화에 따른 하도의 응답 특성을 분석하였다. 웅덩이의 되메우기가 진행 중일 때에는 웅덩이의 이동속도는 일정하지만, 되메우기가 완료된 후에는 웅덩이(pit)의 이동속도가 빠르게 진행된다. 또한 웅덩이가 되메워지는 동안에 웅덩이의 수중 안식각은 일정하게 유지되었다. 하상경사가 급할 경우에, 웅덩이가 되메워지는 시간과 이동속도가 증가하였다. 골재채취에 의한 하천준설의 규모가 증가하게 되면, 웅덩이의 되메워지는 시간이 증가하게 되며, 웅덩이의 규모가 증가할수록 적응시간이 증가하였다. 무차원 마찰속도가 증가하면 무차원 웅덩이 깊이는 감소하고 무차원 웅덩이 이동속도가 증가하였다. 웅덩이 이동속도가 증가하면 무차원 웅덩이 깊이가 감소하였다. 무차원 사주의 이동속도가 증가하면, 웅덩이의 이동속도가 증가하였다. 상류에서 발달한 사주의 이동이 편향되면, 흐름이 집중되는 사주의 선단부의 위치에 따라 웅덩이의 형상이 변형되어 하류로 이동하였다.