• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.273-278
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• 2009

The determination of the associated weights in the theory of ordered weighted averaging (OWA) operators is one of the important issue. Recently, Wang and Parkan [Information Sciences 175 (2005) 20-29] proposed a minimax disparity approach for obtaining OWA operator weights and the approach is based on the solution of a linear program (LP) model for a given degree of orness. Recently, Liu [International Journal of Approximate Reasoning, accepted] showed that the minimum variance OWA problem of Fuller and Majlender [Fuzzy Sets and Systems 136 (2003) 203-215] and the minimax disparity OWA problem of Wang and Parkan always produce the same weight vector using the dual theory of linear programming. In this paper, we give an improved proof of the minimax disparity problem of Wang and Parkan while Liu's method is rather complicated. Our method gives the exact optimum solution of OWA operator weights for all levels of orness, $0\leq\alpha\leq1$, whose values are piecewise linear and continuous functions of $\alpha$.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.291-302
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• 2023

Objectives: Disability weights require regular updates, as they are influenced by both diseases and societal perceptions. Consequently, it is necessary to develop an up-to-date list of the causes of diseases and establish a survey panel for estimating disability weights. Accordingly, this study was conducted to calculate, assess, modify, and validate disability weights suitable for Korea, accounting for its cultural and social characteristics. Methods: The 380 causes of disease used in the survey were derived from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network and from 2019 and 2020 Korean studies on disability weights for causes of disease. Disability weights were reanalyzed by integrating the findings of an earlier survey on disability weights in Korea with those of the additional survey conducted in this study. The responses were transformed into paired comparisons and analyzed using probit regression analysis. Coefficients for the causes of disease were converted into predicted probabilities, and disability weights in 2 models (model 1 and 2) were rescaled using a normal distribution and the natural logarithm, respectively. Results: The mean values for the 380 causes of disease in models 1 and 2 were 0.488 and 0.369, respectively. Both models exhibited the same order of disability weights. The disability weights for the 300 causes of disease present in both the current and 2019 studies demonstrated a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.994 (p=0.001 for both models). This study presents a detailed add-on approach for calculating disability weights. Conclusions: This method can be employed in other countries to obtain timely disability weight estimations.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.25-31
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• 2018

In this study, the differences of holding power according to the shape and weight distribution of concrete weight used in shellfish shell fishery were investigated through the experiments. To investigate the differences in shape, five bar-shaped concrete weights with the same length and different cross-sectional shapes were produced. The sectional shape of each weight was square, triangle, circle, small cross, and large cross (SQ, TR, CI, CR-S, CR-L). Ten rectangular parallelepiped weights with different bottom area and cross-sectional area were produced. To investigate the differences by the weight distribution, the holding power on the square model (SQ) with six 50 g weights at different positions was investigated. All the holding power was obtained by measuring the tensile force generated when the concrete weight was pulled at a constant speed on the sand. As a result, there were no differences in holding power between the ten rectangular weights. However, the experiment on weights with different cross-sectional shapes showed differences in holding power. The holding power was higher in the order of CR-L > CR-S > CI > TR > SQ. In the weight distribution test, the holding power was higher as the front side of the weight was heavier. Generally, the frictional force is the same even if the shape is different, when two objects have the same value in the weight and the roughness. On the other hand, it seems to have a large impact when the shape of the bottom is deformed in the course of pulling the object. Particularly, the larger the degree of protrusion like cruciform weights, the more the holding power increased while deeply digging the bottom. It is also likely that the holding power increases as the front weight increases.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1994.04a
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• pp.300-300
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• 1994

$Na^{+}$,$K^{+}$-ATPase activity, $Na^{+}$-dependent phosphorylalion, and [$^3$〕ouabain binding in sarcolemma prepared from 4 week old spontaneously hypertensive rat(SHR) ventricles were compared to the same parameters in sarcolemma from age matched normotensive Wistar-Kyoto(WKY) rat ventricles to examine whether the reduced myocardial $Na^{+}$-pump activity in SHR is an inherited enzymatic defect or a second phenomenon due to sustained hypertension. The total body weights, ventricular weights, and blood pressures were the same for SHR and WKY. No significant differences in sarcolemmal protein content and protein recovery were noted between the two pups. Sarcolemma isolated from SHR ventricles showed sigificantly less $Na^{+}$,$K^{+}$-ATPase activity and number of phosphorylation sites when compared to snrcolemma 1mm the WKY ventricles. Equilibrium binding of [$^3H$〕ouabain and the turnovcr number of myocardial $Na^{+}$,$K^{+}$-ATPast however, wee the same for both groups. These results. indicate that the low affinity(${\alpha}$, or ${\alpha}_1$) isoform for ouabain is reduced in SHR compared to WKY but that the high affinity(${\alpha}$+, or ${\alpha}_2$) isoform is the same in ventricles of SHR and WKY. The reduced amount of at isoform of the $Na^{+}$,$K^{+}$-ATPasc in prehypertensive SHR ventricles may play some pole in the development of hypertension.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.305-311
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• 1993

$Na^+,K^+$-ATPase activity, $Na^+$-dependent phosphorylation, and $[^3H]$ ouabain binding in sarcolemma prepared from 4 week old spontaneously hypertensive rat(SHR) ventricles were compared to the same parameters in sarcolemma from age matched nomotensive Wister-Kyoto (WKY) rat ventricles to examine whether the reduced myocardial $Na^+$-pump activity in SHR is an inherited enzymatic defect or a second phenomenon due to sustained hypertension. The total body weights, ventricular weights, and blood pressures were the same for SHR and WKY. No significant differences in sarcolemmal protein content and protein recovery were noted between the two groups. Sarcolemma isolated from SHR ventricles showed significantly less $Na^+,K^+$-ATPase activity ande number of phosphorylation sites when compared to sarcolemma from the WKY ventricles. Equilibrium binding of $[^3H]$ouabain and the tumover number of myocardial $Na^+,K^+$-ATPase, however, were the same for both groups. These reults indicate that the low affinity $(\alpha,\;or\;\alpha^1)\;\alpha$ isoform is the same in ventricles of SHR and WKY. The reduced amount of isoform of the $Na^+,K^+$-ATPase inprehypetensive SHR ventricles may play some role in the development of hypertension.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2009.03a
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• pp.456-463
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• 2009

The preconsolidation pressure has been commonly determined by oedometer test. However, it can also be determined by in-situ test, such as piezocone test with theoretical and(or) empirical correlations. Recently, Neural Network(NN) theory was applied and some models were proposed to estimate the preconsolidation pressure or OCR. However, since the optimization process of synaptic weights of NN model is dependent on the initial synaptic weights, NN models which are trained with different initial weights can't avoid the variability on prediction result for new database even though they have same structure and use same transfer function. In this study, Committee Neural Network(CNN) model is proposed to improve the initial weight dependency of multi-layered neural network model on the prediction of preconsolidation pressure of soft clay from piezocone test result. It was found that even though the NN model has the optimized structure for given training data set, it still has the initial weight dependency, while the proposed CNN model can improve the initial weight dependency of the NN model and provide a consistent and precise inference result than existing NN models.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.10
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• pp.1351-1356
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to compare body weight, ADG, and feed:gain ratio of antibiotic-free pigs from Yorkshire dams and sired by Yorkshire (YY), Berkshire (BY), Large Black (LBY) or Tamworth (TY) boars. All the crossbred pigs in each of three trials were raised as one group from weaning to finishing in the same deep-bedded hoop, providing a comfortable environment for the animals which allowed rooting and other natural behaviors. Birth, weaning and litter weights were measured and recorded. From approximately 50 kg to market weight (125 kg), feed intake and body weights were recorded manually (body weight) or using a FIRE (Feed Intake Recording Equipment, Osborne Industries Inc. Osborne, Kansas) system with eight individual feeding stations. Feed intake data for 106 finishing pigs between 140 and 210 d of age and the resulting weights and feed conversion ratios were analyzed by breed type. Least square means for body weights (birth, weaning and to 240 d) were estimated with Proc Mixed in SAS 9.2 for fixed effects such as crossbreed and days of age within the sire breed. The differences within fixed effects were compared using least significant differences with DIFF option. Individual birth weights and weaning weights were influenced by sire breed (p<0.05). For birth weight, BY pigs were the lightest, TY and YY pigs were the heaviest but similar to each other and LBY pigs were intermediate. For weaning weights, BY and LBY pigs were heavier than TY and YY pigs. However, litter birth and weaning weights were not influenced by sire breed, and average daily gain was also not significantly different among breed types. Tamworth sired pigs had lower overall body weight gain, and feed conversion was lower in TY and YY groups than BY and LBY groups (p<0.05), however, number of observations was somewhat limited for feed conversion and for Tamworth pigs. Overall, no convincing differences among breed types were noted for this study, but growth performance in the outdoor environment was satisfactory.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.3-13
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• 1992

Resultant compressions on the L5/S1 joint of six subjects were studied as they lif- ted light weights in sitting and standing work postures. The subjects activities were photographed and analysed later by a static biomechamical computer model. Statistically significant differences were found between the result of the two postures analyses. Sitting posture showed significantly high compressions on the joint when doing several material handling tasks having the same work loads from the hip joint. Therefore, it is recommended that working with light weights in standing is less hazardous than doint the same work sitting postures, although both the maximum compression forces are under the Action Limit suggested by NIOSH.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.67-88
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• 2007

This study is to estimate the factor weights for a successful sea-ranching project using the Analytical Hierarchy Process. Furthermore, it investigates the policy implications revealed by the differences in group opinions throughout fishermen, government officials, researchers and the scholars when the weights are assessed. The hierarchy is constructed for the 3 levels of factors which must be evaluated for a successful sea-ranching project. The top level of factors is divided by the ecological factors and the socioeconomic factors. As the middle level of factors, there are 3 factors such as the choice of fish, the habitat environment and the production technology under the ecological factors and another 3 factors such as the stability of fishery society, economic factors, and the law & system under the socio-economic factors. And then, at the bottom level of the hierarchy, the economic factors have two different sub-factors such as the fishing revenue and cost. The law & system has also 3 sub-factors such as the accessibility to sea-ranching area, fishing method, and surveillance. The fishermen and government officials show us quite opposite tendencies in assessments of the weights while both the researchers and scholars reveal almost the same opinions positioned at somewhere between first two groups. The study also reports the evaluations of efficiency measures for resource recovery methods among the sea-ranching project, artificial reef, release of fish seeds, and marine protection area. Both the sea-ranching project and marine protection area have the same efficiency in terms of resource recovery while the artificial reef and release of fish seeds are revealed as somewhat less efficient methods comparing to the former two methods.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.637-641
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• 2002

In order to convert the one ryang of Guizhi-tang into the modern weights and measures, herbs whose dose was expressed by number in Treatise on Feverile Disease of Zhongjing were measured actually. The results obtained are as follows. 1. Size of Jujubae fructus in Guizhi-tang is an average and if remove the seed, 12 Jujubae fructuses corresponds to 20g. These weights are the same as Belamcandae Rhizoma, Persicae Semen, Gleditsiae Fructus, Gardeniae Fructus and Armeniacae amarum Semen whose dose was expressed by number in Treatise on Feverile Disease of Zhongjing. If one ryang corresponds to 6.5g, 20g corresponds to three ryang. If one ryang corresponds to 15.6g, 20g corresponds to 1.3 ryang. When herbs were added in Guizhi-tang, the used weights were two more ryang. Almost unit of weights in Formulae of Zhongjing is the constantly multiplied. 2. Half sheng(升) of Pinelliae Rhizomae is 15 Pinelliae Rhizomas and corresponds to two and a half ryang. 14 Pinelliae Rhizomas are contained in 50 mL egg. 3.1 geun(斤), maximal amount of Gypsum Fibrosum and amount of one egg are the same weight supposing one ryang corresponds to 6.5g. 4. 2 ryang of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma is the 6.8 balls(碁子) of baduk and similar as 5-6 balls of baduk of Jisilchijasi-Tang. 5. General dose of Glycyrrhizae Radix is two ryang and 20mL, the size of thumb is 13g. 6. Half geun approaches the 3 flattened spoons. Consequently the presumption that one ryang in Guizhi-tang is 15.6g is wrong. One ryang is assumed as 6.5g.