• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.216-220
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• 2011

This experiment was conducted to select the right artificil soil for the purpose of artificial cultivation by effect of NaCl and different artificial soil treatment on plant growth in Salicornia herbacea that live in coastal areas. The experimental plants were planted in light and easy-to-use artificial porous soil, vermiculite, perlite, and mixed soil and were cultured for 4 month treated by hyponex solution fertilizer and 200 mM NaCl. The height, fresh weight, and dry weight of plant growth was good in a mixed soil of porous soil and pearlite. NaCl treatment on growth and chlorophyll contents, regardless of soil type decreased. Proline content of control was showed higher than salt treatment in planted by poros soil and perlite and antioxidant activity was similar value in all treatment. The antioxidant of Salicornia in different soil and salt treatment was not affected.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.417-421
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• 2016

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Panax ginseng breeding line 'G07006', showing higher salt tolerance, was confirmed by de novo assembly using whole genome next-generation sequences. The complete chloroplast (CP) genome size is 156,356 bp, including two inverted repeats (IRs) of 52,060 bp, separated by the large single-copy (LSC 86,174 bp) and the small single-copy (SSC 18,122 bp) regions. One hundred fourteen genes were annotated, including 80 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and 4 rRNA genes. Among them, 18 sites were duplicated in the inverted repeat regions. By comparative analyses of the previously identified CP genome sequences of nine cultivars of P. ginseng and that of G07006, five useful SNPs were defined in this study. Since three of the five SNPs were cultivar-specific to Chunpoong and Sunhyang, they could be easily used for distinguishing from other ginseng accessions. However, on arranging SNPs according to their gene location, the G07006 genotype was 'GTGGA', which was distinct from other accessions. This complete chloroplast DNA sequence could be conducive to discrimination of the line G07006 (salt-tolerant) and further enhancement of the genetic improvement program for this important medicinal plant.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.648-660
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• 2014

Doenjang, a traditional Korean fermented soybean paste, is made by mixing and ripening meju with high salt brine (approximately 18%). Meju is a naturally fermented soybean block prepared by soaking, steaming, and molding soybean. To understand living bacterial community migration and the roles of bacteria in the manufacturing process of doenjang, the diversity of culturable bacteria in meju and doenjang was examined using media supplemented with NaCl, and some physiological activities of predominant isolates were determined. Bacilli were the major bacteria involved throughout the entire manufacturing process from meju to doenjang; some of these bacteria might be present as spores during the doenjang ripening process. Bacillus siamensis was the most populous species of the genus, and Bacillus licheniformis exhibited sufficient salt tolerance to maintain its growth during doenjang ripening. Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium, the major lactic acid bacteria (LAB) identified in this study, did not continue to grow under high NaCl conditions in doenjang. Enterococci and certain species of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) were the predominant acid-producing bacteria in meju fermentation, whereas Tetragenococcus halophilus and CNS were the major acid-producing bacteria in doenjang fermentation. We conclude that bacilli, LAB, and CNS may be the major bacterial groups involved in meju fermentation and that these bacterial communities undergo a shift toward salt-tolerant bacilli, CNS, and T. halophilus during the doenjang fermentation process.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.216-225
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• 2020

An esterase gene, estA1, was cloned from Alteromonas sp. 39-G1 isolated from the Beaufort Sea. The gene is composed of 1,140 nucleotides and codes for a 41,190 Da protein containing 379 amino acids. As a result of a BLAST search, the protein sequence of esterase EstA1 was found to be identical to Alteromonas sp. esterase (GenBank: PHS53692). As far as we know, no research on this enzyme has yet been conducted. Phylogenetic analysis showed that esterase EstA1 was a member of the bacterial lipolytic enzyme family IV (hormone sensitive lipases). Two deletion mutants (Δ20 and Δ54) of the esterase EstA1 were produced in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells with part of the N-terminal of the protein removed and His-tag attached to the C-terminal. These enzymes exhibited the highest activity toward p-nitrophenyl (pNP) acetate (C₂) and had little or no activity towards pNP-esters with acyl chains longer than C₆. Their optimum temperature and pH of the catalytic activity were 45℃ and pH 8.0, respectively. As the NaCl concentration increased, their enzyme activities continued to increase and the highest enzyme activities were measured in 5 M NaCl. These enzymes were found to be stable for up to 8 h in the concentration of 3-5 M NaCl. Moreover, they have been found to be stable for various metal ions, detergents and organic solvents. These salt-tolerant and chemical-resistant properties suggest that the enzyme esterase EstA1 is both academically and industrially useful.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.112-117
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• 2011

This research was conducted to determine the effect of the pre-treatment of mulberry charcoal on the salt tolerance response in Kentucky bluegrass 'Perfection'. As this results, 400 mM NaCl treatment reduced turf growth such a fresh and dry weight, and induced physiological damages like decreased chlorophyll content and increased electrolyte leakage. The pre-treatment of mulberry charcoal, however, mitigated those growth and physiological responses associated with NaCl stress, regardless of the concentrations of charcoal solution. Furthermore, it was observed that higher K ion concentration by mulberry charcoal pre-treatment reduced Na ion in shoot. This research suggests to be a possibility of planting turf grasses in reclaimed land or higher salt accumulated area using a mulberry charcoal treatment.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1846-1849
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• 2018

Recent human gut microbiome studies have supported that the genus Bifidobacterium is one of the most beneficial bacteria for human intestinal health. To develop a new probiotic strain for functional food applications, fourteen fecal samples were collected from healthy Koreans and the strain BCBR-583 was newly selected and isolated from a 25-year-old Korean woman's fecal sample using the selective medium for Bifidobacterium. Subsequent fructose-6-phosphate phosphoketolase (F6PPK) test and 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis of the strain BCBR-583 confirmed that it belongs to B. longum subsp. longum. The stress resistance tests showed that it has oxygen and heat tolerance activities (5- and 3.9-fold increase for 24 h at 60 and 120 rpm, respectively; $78.61{\pm}6.67%$ survival rate at $45^{\circ}C$ for 24 h). In addition, gut environment adaptation tests revealed that this strain may be well-adapted in the gut habitat, with gastric acid/bile salt resistance ($85.79{\pm}1.53%$, survival rate under 6 h treatments of gastric acid and bile salt) and mucin adhesion ($73.72{\pm}7.36%$). Furthermore, additional tests including cholesterol lowering assay showed that it can reduce $86.31{\pm}1.85%$ of cholesterol. Based on these results, B. longum BCBR-583 has various stress resistance for survival during food processing and environmental adaptation activities for dominant survival in the gut, suggesting that it could be a good candidate for fermented food applications as a new probiotic strain.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.122-128
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• 1998

Characteristic changes in chlorophyll fluorescence from thalli of red alga, Porphyra, under high salt stress and during subsequent recovery were investigated, and the differences in the sensitivity to the stress among four species of Porphyra with different intertidal distributions were compared. By the treatment of NaCl with $9\%$ or higher concentrations, photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) decreased in a biphasic pattern: a rapid decrease was observed within 1­3 h and followed by a slow decline. The decrease of Fv/Fm was mainly due to the increase of Fo without significant increases of Fm. When the thalli treated with $15\%$ NaCl for 6 h were returned to natural sea water for recovery, the increase of Fv/Fm also showed a biphasic pattern: a rapid increase of Fv/Fm was observed within 2 h and followed by a slow increase. Differences in the sensitivity to salt stress among the four species could be found during recovery after the treatment of severe salt stress. After the treatment of $20\%$ NaCl for 6 h, Fv/Fm decreased below 0.3 in all of the four Porphyra species, and the species living in upper parts of the intertidal zone (P. suborbiculata and P. pseudolinearis) could recover better compared with the species in lower parts of the intertidal zone (P. seriata and P. yezoensis), during recovery for 24 h. The species collected from the coast of the South Sea seemed to be more tolerant than those in the East Sea.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.37 no.11
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• pp.795-803
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• 2014

To withstand ever-changing environmental stresses, plants are equipped with phytohormone-mediated stress resistance mechanisms. Salt stress triggers abscisic acid (ABA) signaling, which enhances stress tolerance at the expense of growth. ABA is thought to inhibit the action of growth-promoting hormones, including brassinosteroids (BRs). However, the regulatory mechanisms that coordinate ABA and BR activity remain to be discovered. We noticed that ABA-treated seedlings exhibited small, round leaves and short roots, a phenotype that is characteristic of the BR signaling mutant, brassinosteroid insensitive1-9 (bri1-9). To identify genes that are antagonistically regulated by ABA and BRs, we examined published Arabidopsis microarray data sets. Of the list of genes identified, those upregulated by ABA but downregulated by BRs were enriched with a BRRE motif in their promoter sequences. After validating the microarray data using quantitative RT-PCR, we focused on RD26, which is induced by salt stress. Histochemical analysis of transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing RD26pro:GUS revealed that the induction of GUS expression after NaCl treatment was suppressed by co-treatment with BRs, but enhanced by co-treatment with propiconazole, a BR biosynthetic inhibitor. Similarly, treatment with bikinin, an inhibitor of BIN2 kinase, not only inhibited RD26 expression, but also reduced the survival rate of the plant following exposure to salt stress. Our results suggest that ABA and BRs act antagonistically on their target genes at or after the BIN2 step in BR signaling pathways, and suggest a mechanism by which plants fine-tune their growth, particularly when stress responses and growth compete for resources.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.766-771
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• 2008

The proteolytic enzyme from Saccharomyces sp. B101 was purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate fractionation, ultrafiltration, diethyl aminoethyl (DEAE)-Sephadex A-50 ion-exchange chromatography, and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration chromatography from the culture supernatant of Saccharomyces sp. B101. The specific activity and the purification fold of the purified enzyme were 4,688.9 unit/mg and 18, respectively. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was estimated to be 33 kDa by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The optimum pH and temperature for the enzyme activity were pH 8.5 and $30^{\circ}C$, respectively. The enzyme activity was relatively stable in the pH range of 6.5-8.5 at below $35^{\circ}C$. The salt-tolerance and stability for the enzyme activity were relatively stable even at NaCl concentrations of 10 and 15%. The activity of enzyme was inhibited by $Ag^{2+}$ and $Fe^{2+}$, and activated by $Mn^{2+}$. In addition, the enzyme activity was potently inhibited by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and phenylmethyl sulfonylfluoride (PMSF). Based on these findings we concluded that the purified enzyme was a serine protease. Km and Vmax values for hammastein milk casein were 1.02 mg/mL and 278.38 unit/mL, respectively.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.11-18
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• 2006

Salt stress is one of major environmental factors influencing plant growth and development. To identify salt tolerance determinants in higher plants, a large-scale screen was conducted with a bialaphos marker-based T-DNA insertional collection of Arabidopsis ecotype C24 mutants. One line for salt stress-sensitive mutant (referred to as ssm1) exhibited increased sensitivity to both ionic (NaCl) and nonionic (mannitol) osmotic stress in a root growth assay. This result suggests that ssm1 mutant is involved in ion homeostasis and osmotic compensation in plant. Molecular cloning of the genomic DNA flanking T-DNA insert of ssm1 mutant was achieved by mutant genomic DNA library screening. T-DNA insertion appeared in the first exon of an open reading frame on F3M18.7, which is the same as AtSYP61. SSM1 is SYP61/OSM1 that is a member of the SNARE superfamily of proteins required for vesicular/target membrane fusions and factor related to abiotic stress.