• Proceedings of the Korean Nuclear Society Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.319.2-319
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• 2002

Synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy has been applied to determine the changes in bulk oxidation state of uranium oxides in molten salt. From an analysis of XANES data, one can determine the cahnges in bulk oxidation-state of U compounds in salts(LiCl/KCl). XAFS spectroscpy is a powerful tool for probing the changes in valence state and structure of uranium compounds in colten salt as well as in noncrystalline form and doped in other matrices.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.62 no.4
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• pp.533-542
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• 2020

The objective of this study was to observe the interactions between salt-soluble proteins extracted from beef and elephant foot yam (Amorphophallus campanulatus) flour in heat-induced gel matrix development. The effect of salt concentration; 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0% in weight/weight basis (w/w), during protein extraction on pH, salt-soluble protein concentration and myofibril fractions of beef extract was determined firstly, and no significant effect was found. The beef salt-soluble proteins extracted using salt solution at different concentrations were then added with elephant foot yam flour at 5%, 10%, and 15% w/w, gelatinized at 90℃ for 20 min, and cooled down at 4℃ for 12 h. The interactions between beef salt-soluble proteins and elephant foot yam flour resulted in an improved gel strength (p < 0.01) and the addition level of elephant foot yam flour affected the pH, instrumental color, moisture, crude protein, and ash content significantly. The addition of elephant foot yam flour also reduced the size of the pores in the gel matrix as shown by scanning electron microscope (SEM) photographs. These suggest that elephant foot yam flour well interacts with beef salt-soluble proteins to form gel matrix.

• Proceedings of the Korean Radioactive Waste Society Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.180-185
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• 2003

The reductions in final waste form and material costs, which were induced from an introduction of salt waste regeneration system, have been estimated and compared with those of the present pyrochemical process, which is under development in KAERI. The results calculated on the basis of published data and proper assumption showed that the final waste form of LiCl waste from the Advanced Conditioning Process would be reduced about 3.7 to#ton HM (from 5.4 to 1.7 ton/ton HM). For the case of LiCl-KCl eutectic salt waste from the electro-refining process, the final waste form would be reduced 2.3 ton/ton U. Thus, these estimation suggested that the introduction of salt waste regeneration system was essential to improve the economical efficiency of the pyrochemical process.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.373-382
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• 2020

This study proposes a method of separating uranium (U) and minor actinides from rare earth (RE) elements in the LiCl-KCl salt system. Several RE metals were used to reduce UCl₃ and MgCl₂ from the eutectic LiCl-KCl salt systems. Five experiments were performed on drawdown U and plutonium (Pu) surrogate elements from RECl₃-enriched LiCl-KCl salt systems at 773 K. Via the introduction of RE metals into the salt system, it was observed that the UCl₃ concentration can be lowered below 100 ppm. In addition, UCl₃ was reduced into a powdery form that easily settled at the bottom and was successfully collected by a salt distillation operation. When the RE metals come into contact with a metallic structure, a galvanic interaction occurs dominantly, seemingly accelerating the U recovery reaction. These results elucidate the development of an effective and simple process that selectively removes actinides from electrorefining salt, thus contributing to the minimization of the influx of actinides into the nuclear fuel waste stream.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.259-268
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• 2022

Molten salt consisting primarily of eutectic LiCl-KCl is currently being used in electrorefiners in the Fuel Conditioning Facility at Idaho National Laboratory. Options are currently being evaluated for storing this salt outside of the argon atmosphere hot cell. The hygroscopic nature of eutectic LiCl-KCl makes is susceptible to deliquescence in air followed by extreme corrosion of metallic cannisters. In this study, the effect of occluding the salt into a zeolite on water sorption/desorption was tested. Two zeolites were investigated: Na-Y and zeolite 4A. Na-Y was ineffective at occluding a high percentage of the salt at either 10 or 20wt% loading. Zeolite-4A was effective at occluding the salt with high efficiency at both loading levels. Weight gain in salt occluded zeolite-4A (SOZ) from water sorption at 20% relative humidity and 40℃ was 17wt% for 10% SOZ and 10wt% for 20% SOZ. In both cases, neither deliquescence nor corrosion occurred over a period of 31 days. After hydration, most of the water could be driven off by heating the hydrated salt occluded zeolite to 530℃. However, some HCl forms during dehydration due to salt hydrolysis. Over a wide range of temperatures (320-700℃) and ramp rates (5, 10, and 20℃ min^-1), HCl formation was no more than 0.6% of the Cl^- in the original salt.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.59-64
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• 2018

In case of high contents of rare earths in the LiCl-KCl salt, it is not easy to recover U and TRU metals as a usable resource form from LiCl-KCl eutectic salts generated from the pyroprocessing of spent nuclear fuel. In this study, a conversion of $UCl_3$ into an oxide form using $K_2CO_3$ and an electrodeposition of $NdCl_3$ into a metal form in $LiCl-KCl-UCl_3-NdCl_3$ system were conducted to resolve the problem. Before conducting the conversion, experimental conditions for the conversion were determined by performing a thermodynamic equilibrium calculation. In this study, almost all of $UCl_3$ disappeared in the LiCl-KCl salt when the injection of $K_2CO_3$ reached theoretical equivalent for the conversion, and then $NdCl_3$ was effectively electrodeposited as a metal form using liquid zinc cathode. After that, the LiCl-KCl salt became transparent, and uranium oxides were precipitated to the bottom of the LiCl-KCl salt. These results will be utilized in designing a process to separate U and rare earths in LiCl-KCl salt.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.746-754
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• 2010

Response surface methodology was adopted to model and optimize the effects of microbial transglutaminase (TG) and calcium alginate (CA) systems of various ratios on the gelation characteristics of porcine myofibrillar protein (MP) at various salt levels. The CA system consisting of sodium alginate (SA), calcium carbonate (CC) and glucono-$\delta$-lactone (GdL) showed no remarkable changes in the salt-soluble fraction, and only minor effects on electrostatic interactions were observed. Increasing CA concentration caused acid-induced hydrophobic interactions in MPs, resulting in increased MP gel strength. The TG system, containing TG and sodium caseinate (SC), induced cold-set MP gelation by formation of covalent bonding. The main advantage of the combined system was a higher cooking yield when the MP gel was heated. These results indicated that 0.7% TG combined with 0.8% CA system can form a viscoelastic MP gel, regardless of salt levels.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.63-73
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• 2000

The objectives of this study are understanding on the type and the characteristic of the architecture in the saltern. At result, there are warehouse of the salt, residence of salt man and office building. These architectures are clearly different from Korean traditional architecture and constructed in special area (a saltern), on special purpose. These are not excellent architectural form, but materials and forms of these architectures are reasonably suitable for the regional characteristic and the function. Today, the architecture in the saltern, are gradually disappear, therefore the researches and the memories are meaningful in this study.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.1324-1331
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• 2023

In the present work, we carried out a molecular dynamics study of the kinetic properties of the FLiNaK molten salt, as well as a detailed study of the structure of this salt melt. The high value of the self-diffusion coefficient of fluorine ions is due to the large number of Coulomb repulsions between the most numerous negative ions. The calculated values of shear viscosity are in good agreement with the experimental data, as well as with the reference data obtained on the basis of finding the most reliable data. The total and partial functions of the radial distribution are calculated. According to the statistical analysis, fluorine ions have the greatest numerical diversity in the environment of similar ions, and sodium ions with the lowest representation in FLiNaK, have the least such diversity. For the subsystem of fluorine ions, the rotational symmetry of the fifth order is the most pronounced. Some of the fluorine ions form linear chains consisting of three atoms, which are not formed for positive ions. The results of the work give an understanding of the behavior molten FLiNaK under operating conditions in a molten salt reactor and will find application in future studies of this molten salt.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.82-89
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• 2009

Two in vitro experiments were conducted to examine the effects of propionate precursors in the dicarboxylic acid pathway on ruminal fermentatation characteristics, $CH_4$ production and degradation of feed by rumen microbes. Fumarate or malate as sodium salts (Exp. 1) or acid type (Exp. 2) were added to the culture solution (150 ml, 50% strained rumen fluid and 50% artificial saliva) to achieve final concentrations of 0, 8, 16 and 24 mM, and incubated anaerobically for 0, 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 h at $39^{\circ}C$. For both experiments, two grams of feed consisting of 70% concentrate and 30% ground alfalfa (DM basis) were prepared in a nylon bag, and were placed in a bottle containing the culture solution. Addition of fumarate or malate in both sodium salt and acid form increased (p<0.0001) pH of culture solution at 3, 6, 9 and 12 h incubations. The pH (p<0.0001) and total volatile fatty acids (VFA, p<0.05) were enhanced by these precursors as sodium salt at 3, 6 and 9 h incubations, and pH (p<0.001) and total VFA (p<0.01) from fumarate or malate in acid form were enhanced at a late stage of fermentation (9 h and 12 h) as the addition level increased. pH was higher (p<0.001) for fumarate than for malate as sodium salt at 3 h and 6 h incubations. Propionate ($C_3$) proportion was increased (p<0.0001) but those of $C_2$ (p<0.05) and $C_4$ (p<0.01 - p<0.001) were reduced by the addition of sodium salt precursors from 3 h to 12 incubation times while both precursors in acid form enhanced (p<0.011 - p<0.0001) proportion of $C_3$ from 6h but reduced (p<0.018 - p<0.0005) $C_4$ proportion at incubation times of 1, 3, 9 and 12 h. Proportion of $C_3$ was increased (p<0.05 - p<0.0001) at all incubation times by both precursors as sodium salt while that of $C_3$ was increased (p<0.001) from 6h but $C_4$ proportion was decreased by both precursors in acid form as the addition level increased. Proportion of $C_3$ was higher (p<0.01 - p<0.001) for fumarate than malate as sodium salt from 6 h incubation but was higher for malate than fumarate in acid form at 9 h (p<0.05) and 12 h (p<0.01) incubation times. Increased levels (16 and 24 mM) of fumarate or malate as sodium salt (p<0.017) and both precursors in acid form (p<0.028) increased the total gas production, but no differences were found between precursors in both chemical types. Propionate precursors in both chemical types clearly reduced (p<0.0001 - p<0.0002) $CH_4$ production, and the reduction (p<0.001 - p<0.0001) was dose dependent as the addition level of precursors increased. The $CH_4$ generated was smaller (p<0.01 - p<0.0001) for fumarate than for malate in both chemical types. Addition of fumarate or malate as sodium type reduced (p<0.004) dry matter degradation while both precursors in both chemical types slightly increased neutral detergent fiber degradability of feed in the nylon bag.