• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.191-199
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• 2002

In this study, eight primers were used to detect genetic variability and phylogenetic relationships among the eighteen Salmonella strains by the arbitrary-primed PCR(AP-PCR) techniques. Five strains of Salmonella typhimurium, four strains of S entertidis, three strains of S choleraeuis, three strains of S gallinarum and three strains of S pullorum were typed by AP-PCR. The number of AP-PCR bands detected per each primer varied from 39 to 52, with an average of 43.6. A total of 349 AP-PCR bands were generated and among them, 185 bands(53.0%) were polymorphic. Among the primers, GEN 703 and GEN 708 primer showed a high level of polymorphism with 0.682 and 0.676, respectively. But GEN 603, GEN 604 and GEN 607 primer showed a low level of polymorphism with 0.404, 0.460 and 0.472, respectively. Therefore, the these primers will be the most effective for AP-PCR analysis of Salmonella strains. The level of polymorphism of S typhimurium CU 2001(0.77) was similar to that of S typhimurium CU 2002(0.77) and lower than those of other strains such as S typhimurium CU 2003(0.63), S typhimurium ATCC 14028(0.50) and S typhimurium CU 2004(0.43). The level of polymorphism of S enteritidis ATCC 13076(0.83) was similar to that of S enteritidis CU 2005(0.83) and lower than those of other strains such as S enteritidis CU 2006(0.63) and S enteritidis CU 2007(0.58). The level of polymorphism of S choleraeuis CU 2009(0.67) was similar to that of S choleraeuis CU 2010(0.67) and higher than those of other strains such as S choleraeuis CU 2008(0.53). The level of polymorphism of S gallinarum CU 2011(0.70) was similar to that of S gallinarum CU 2012(0.70) and higher than those of other strains Such as S gallinarum ATCC 9184(0.60). The level of polymorphism of S pullorum CU 2013(0.80) was similar to that of S pullorum CU 2014(0.80) and higher than those of other strains such as S pullorum No 11(0.53). Therefore, the AP-PCR analysis will be used a powerful tool for estimating genetic variation and phylogenetic relationships among Salmonella strains.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.27-32
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• 2004

The antagonistic microorganisms against Salmonella gallinarum causing fowl typhoid were isolated from the gut of wild pheasant. The isolated L19, L33, L50 strains were showed the characteristics of isolated Gram negative, rods, catalase positive and oxidase negative. Finally, all strains were identified as Sphingomonas sanguis by $Biolog^{\circledR}$ system. The optimal carbon sources of Sphingomonas sanguis L19, L33 and L50 for the these growth ~ere glucose, saccharose, and fructose respectively. But the optimal carbon sources of S. sanguis L19,L33, L50 for the antagonistic material production were maltose, galactose, and saccharose respectively. The optimal nitrogen sources of S. sanguis L19, L33, L50 for the growth were yeast extract, yeast extract, and $NH_4H_2PO_4$ respectively. But the optimal nitrogen sources of S. sanguis L19, L33 and L50 for the antagonistic material production were $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ urea, $(NH_4)_2S_2O_8$ espectively.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.222-227
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• 2007

In order to produce the antibody rich eggs against Salmonella gallinarum(S.G.) causing fowl typhoid, the productions of immunoglobulin in eggs were compared and examined with the feed additives, the variety of adjuvants in vaccines to layers, and the existence of additive antigens other than target microorganism. The examination of the average contents of specific IgY in immunized group by supplying hardwood charcoal showed that the group supplied with 0.5% hardwood charcoal had the highest contents, implying that the supply of hardwood charcoal promoted the production of specific IgY. Adjuvant appeared to have little effect on the average contents of total IgY, but specific IgY contents increased in the immunized group with Freund's adjuvant. Addition of BCG in adjuvant treatment increased specific IgY however, this feature was not seen in aluminum hydroxide treated group. Immunization at 15 week layers resulted in higher laying rate than immunization at 21 week and addition of hardwood charcoal in feed recovered laying rate. It was therefore, concluded that the feed supplement, such as hardwood charcoal followed by a proper immunization program concerning adjuvant, vaccination period and supplementary microorganism hastened the production of IgY.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.637-646
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• 2005

Immunization of layers against Salmonella gallinarum(S.G.) which causes fowl typhoid resulted in production of anti-S.G. IgY rich eggs. Water soluble fraction was obtained from egg yolk using various gum solutions such as 0.1%(Sigma C-3889) λ-carrageenan; 1% and 2% cold water soluble carrageenan; 1% and 2% hot water soluble carrageenan; and 1% cold water soluble carrageenan with 1% hot water soluble carrageenan. Among them, λ-carrageenan 0.1% treatment showed a high recovery rate, possessing high IgY contents. In the range of pH 5-9, more than 70 percent of IgY was existent. Moreover, Anti-S.G. IgY was relatively heat-stable. This study revealed that immunoglobulin against fowl typhoid could be produced successfully by layers and the IgY was sustainable to further processing due to its pH and heat stability. IgY is promising to be utilized for prevention and treatment of fowl typhoid in industrial scale.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.95-101
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• 2013

The study was carried out to evaluate and compare the immune responses in mice experimentally infected with either wild-type or isogenic mutants of Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis (SE), Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) and Gallinarum (SG). The mutant strains were constructed by allelic replacement of some virulence-associated genes in the wild-type strains. Seven-week-old female BALB/c mice were orally or intraperitoneally inoculated by injecting bacterial suspension. To evaluate the immune responses, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay were conducted with serum and fecal samples. As a result, the mice group infected orally with the SE mutant strain showed the highest level of specific IgA-secreting splenocytes, compared to the other groups. The peritoneally injected groups showed the greater levels of IgG1 than the orally injected groups, which was in a good agreement with the previous studies. In addition, the mutant infected groups had the similar secretion levels of antibodies with the wild-type infected groups. These results demonstrated that the SE mutant strain elicited humoral immune response as much as wild-type, implying that it can be useful as a delivery vehicle as well as a candidate of a live attenuated vaccine.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.303-314
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• 2023

Protective efficacy of trivalent Salmonella inactivated vaccine containing Chlorhexidine-inactivated S. Enterltidis (SE), S. Typhimurium (ST), and S. Gallinarum (SG) strains, was evaluated in this study. A total of 70 brown nick layers were divided into 7 groups, A to G, containing 10 hens per group. All hens in groups B to D were intramuscularly immunized with approximately 7×10⁸ cells (3×10⁸ cells of SE+1×10⁸ SE+1×10⁸ cells of ST+3×10⁸ cells of SG) of the trivalent vaccine in 0.5 mL of PBS. All chickens in groups E to G were injected with sterile PBS. All hens of groups B and E, groups C and F, and groups D and G were orally challenged with approximately 2 ×10⁹ CFU of wild-type SE, ST, and SG, respectively. Serum IgG titers and CD3⁺CD4⁺ T-cells, and CD3⁺CD8⁺ T-cells levels of groups B to D significantly higher than those of group A. In addition, all animals in groups A to C, E and F showed no clinical symptoms and survived after the virulent challenges, whereas one chicken in group D died and all chickens in group G died following the challenge. The protection against wild-type SE and ST in liver, spleen, cecum, and cloaca of groups B and C chickens was significant effective as compared with those in groups E and F. These indicate that the trivalent inactivated vaccine can be an effective tool for prevention of Salmonella infections by inducing robustly protective immune responses and cellular immune response in chickens.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2002.06a
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• pp.184.1-184
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• 2002

• KOREAN POULTRY JOURNAL
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• v.43 no.7
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• pp.130-132
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• 2011

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Veterinary Service Conference
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• 1995.04a
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• pp.89.2-90
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• 1995

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.9
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• pp.1332-1339
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• 2017

Objective: This study investigated the effects of Bacillus subtilis CSL2 (B. subtilis CSL2) administration before Salmonella challenge on the fecal microbiota and microbial functionality of Hy-line Brown (HLB) laying hens. Methods: Fecal samples were collected from control (CON), Salmonella-infected (SAL) and Salmonella-infected, probiotic-treated (PRO) groups before and after Salmonella challenge for microbiome analysis using 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing. Results: Infection with Salmonella led to decreased microbial diversity in hen feces; diversity was recovered with Bacillus administration. In addition, Salmonella infection triggered significant alterations in the composition of the fecal microbiota. The abundance of the phylum Firmicutes decreased while that of Proteobacteria, which includes a wide variety of pathogens, increased significantly. Bacillus administration resulted in normal levels of abundance of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Analysis of bacterial genera showed that Salmonella challenge decreased the population of Lactobacillus, the most abundant genus, and increased populations of Pseudomonas and Flavobacterium genera by a factor of 3 to 5. On the other hand, Bacillus administration caused the abundance of the Lactobacillus genus to recover to control levels and decreased the population of Pseudomonas significantly. Further analysis of operational taxonomic units revealed a high abundance of genes associated with two-component systems and secretion systems in the SAL group, whereas the PRO group had more genes associated with ribosomes. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that B. subtilis CSL2 administration can modulate the microbiota in HLB laying hens, potentially acting as a probiotic to protect against Salmonella Gallinarum infection.