• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.82-89
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• 2009

Two in vitro experiments were conducted to examine the effects of propionate precursors in the dicarboxylic acid pathway on ruminal fermentatation characteristics, $CH_4$ production and degradation of feed by rumen microbes. Fumarate or malate as sodium salts (Exp. 1) or acid type (Exp. 2) were added to the culture solution (150 ml, 50% strained rumen fluid and 50% artificial saliva) to achieve final concentrations of 0, 8, 16 and 24 mM, and incubated anaerobically for 0, 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 h at $39^{\circ}C$. For both experiments, two grams of feed consisting of 70% concentrate and 30% ground alfalfa (DM basis) were prepared in a nylon bag, and were placed in a bottle containing the culture solution. Addition of fumarate or malate in both sodium salt and acid form increased (p<0.0001) pH of culture solution at 3, 6, 9 and 12 h incubations. The pH (p<0.0001) and total volatile fatty acids (VFA, p<0.05) were enhanced by these precursors as sodium salt at 3, 6 and 9 h incubations, and pH (p<0.001) and total VFA (p<0.01) from fumarate or malate in acid form were enhanced at a late stage of fermentation (9 h and 12 h) as the addition level increased. pH was higher (p<0.001) for fumarate than for malate as sodium salt at 3 h and 6 h incubations. Propionate ($C_3$) proportion was increased (p<0.0001) but those of $C_2$ (p<0.05) and $C_4$ (p<0.01 - p<0.001) were reduced by the addition of sodium salt precursors from 3 h to 12 incubation times while both precursors in acid form enhanced (p<0.011 - p<0.0001) proportion of $C_3$ from 6h but reduced (p<0.018 - p<0.0005) $C_4$ proportion at incubation times of 1, 3, 9 and 12 h. Proportion of $C_3$ was increased (p<0.05 - p<0.0001) at all incubation times by both precursors as sodium salt while that of $C_3$ was increased (p<0.001) from 6h but $C_4$ proportion was decreased by both precursors in acid form as the addition level increased. Proportion of $C_3$ was higher (p<0.01 - p<0.001) for fumarate than malate as sodium salt from 6 h incubation but was higher for malate than fumarate in acid form at 9 h (p<0.05) and 12 h (p<0.01) incubation times. Increased levels (16 and 24 mM) of fumarate or malate as sodium salt (p<0.017) and both precursors in acid form (p<0.028) increased the total gas production, but no differences were found between precursors in both chemical types. Propionate precursors in both chemical types clearly reduced (p<0.0001 - p<0.0002) $CH_4$ production, and the reduction (p<0.001 - p<0.0001) was dose dependent as the addition level of precursors increased. The $CH_4$ generated was smaller (p<0.01 - p<0.0001) for fumarate than for malate in both chemical types. Addition of fumarate or malate as sodium type reduced (p<0.004) dry matter degradation while both precursors in both chemical types slightly increased neutral detergent fiber degradability of feed in the nylon bag.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.656-673
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• 2003

Statement of problem : Long-term exposure of dental porcelain to saliva during temporary cementation of a porcelain-fused to metal (PFM) restoration could affect mechanical strength of dental porcelain if the restoration is refired. Purpose : This work was performed to verify the effect of water on the mechanical strength in aged dental porcelain. Material and method : 63 specimens(Vintage Metalbond opaque and opal powder) were distributed to three experimental groups ; non-water immersed control, immersed and pedried, and immersed and non-predired groups. The changes in flexural strength and fracture toughness after specimen refiring related to Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Results : 1. The FT-IR reflectances assigned to molecular bonds of $H_2O$ were noted as significantly different between the first-fired group and three refired groups and between two water-immersed groups and control group after refiring(p<0.05). They were also significantly different between predried group and non-predried group after refiring(p<0.05) 2. For opal specimens, FT-IR absorbances for hydrogen bond of $H_2O$ and silanols were significantly higher in non-predried group than in predreid group(p<0.05). 3 Predried opal group showed the highest mean flexural strength(p<0.05). Non-predried group indicated higher mean flexural strength than control group(p<0.05). 4. The mean fracture toughness for predired group was higher than non-predried group(p<0.05). 5. The difference of leucite crystal size is noted between control group and water-immersed, predried group in scanning electron microscopic study(${\times}10000$).

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.266-276
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• 2020

이 연구의 목적은 법랑질 인공우식병소에서 silver diamine fluoride (SDF)와 sodiun fluoride (NaF) 바니쉬의 재광화 효과를 비교하는 것이다. 소의 절치를 이용해 인공적으로 법랑질 초기 우식병소를 형성하고 38% SDF와 5% NaF 바니쉬를 도포한 후 인공 타액에 3주동안 보관하면서 pH-cycling을 시행하여 법랑질 표면과 3개 층의 깊이에서 micro-CT를 이용하여 무기질 밀도를 측정하고 SEM-EDS를 이용하여 법랑질 표면의 미세구조를 분석함으로써 두 제제의 재광화 효과를 비교, 평가하였다. 38% SDF군와 5% NaF 바니쉬군 모두 탈회된 법랑질의 무기질 밀도와 정상수준으로 재광화된 법랑질의 부피는 시간 경과에 따라 21일까지 지속적으로 증가하였다. 38% SDF군은 5% NaF 바니쉬군보다 법랑질의 모든 깊이와 경과한 시간대에서 무기질 밀도 증가량(△HUV) 및 정상수준으로 재광화된 법랑질의 부피 모두 컸다(p = 0.001). SEM을 이용해 관찰한 재광화된 법랑질 표면은 38% SDF군이 5% NaF 바니쉬군에 비해 더 부드러웠다. SEM 사진상에서 38% SDF를 도포한 법랑질 표면에서 은 화합물 침착이 관찰되었으며 EDS 분석에서는 은 이온이 검출되었다. 이상의 연구 결과를 종합하면 38% SDF의 법랑질 인공우식병소에서의 재광화 효과는 5% NaF 바니쉬보다 더 큼을 알 수 있었으며 이러한 결과는 앞으로 SDF가 진행된 우식의 처치에 있어서도 중요한 역할을 할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제24권10호
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• pp.1405-1412
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• 2014

Lysozyme is a protein found in egg white, tears, saliva, and other secretions. As a marketable natural alternative to preservatives, lysozyme can act as a natural antibiotic. In this study, we have isolated Bacillus licheniformis TIB320 from soil, which contains a lysozyme gene with various features. We have cloned and expressed the lysozyme in E. coli. The antimicrobial activity of the lysozyme showed that it had a broad antimicrobial spectrum against several standard strains. The lysozyme could maintain efficient activities in a pH range between 3 and 9 and from $20^{\circ}C$ to $60^{\circ}C$, respectively. The lysozyme was resistant to pepsin and trypsin to some extent at $40^{\circ}C$. Production of the lysozyme was optimized by using various expression strategies in B. subtilis WB800. The lysozyme from B. licheniformis TIB320 will be promising as a food or feed additive.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.819-826
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• 2009

An in vitro study was conducted to investigate the effect of malate or fumarate on fermentation characteristics, and production of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and methane ($CH_4$) by rumen microbes when incubated with linolenic acid (${\alpha}-C_{18:3}$). Sixty milligrams of ${\alpha}-C_{18:3}$ alone (LNA), or ${\alpha}-C_{18:3}$ with 24 mM malic acid (M-LNA) or ${\alpha}-C_{18:3}$ with 24 mM fumaric acid (F-LNA) were added to the 150 ml culture solution consisting of 75 ml strained rumen fluid and 75ml McDougall's artificial saliva. Culture solution for incubation was also made without malate, fumarate and ${\alpha}-C_{18:3}$ (Control). Two grams of feed consisting of 70% concentrate and 30% ground alfalfa (DM basis) were also added to the culture solution of each treatment. In vitro incubation was made anaerobically in a shaking incubator up to 12 h at $39^{\circ}C$. Supplementation of malate (M-LNA) or fumarate (F-LNA) increased pH at 6 h (p<0.01) and 12 h (p<0.001) incubation times compared to control and linolenic acid (LNA) treatments. Both malate and fumarate did not influence the ammonia-N concentration. Concentration of total VFA in culture solution was higher for M-LNA and F-LNA supplementation than for control and LNA treatments from 6 h (p<0.040) to 12 h (p<0.027) incubation times, but was not different between malate and fumarate for all incubation times. Molar proportion of $C_3$ was increased by F-LNA and M-LNA supplementation from 6 h (p<0.0001) to 12 h (p<0.004) incubation times compared to control and LNA treatments. No differences in $C_{3}$ proportion, however, were observed between M-LNA and F-LNA treatments. Accumulated total gas production for 12h incubation was increased (p<0.0002) by M-LNA or F-LNA compared to control or LNA treatment. Accumulated $CH_4$ production for 12 h incubation, however, was greatly reduced (p<0.0002) by supplementing malate or fumarate compared to the control, and its production from M-LNA or F-LNA treatment was smaller than that from LNA treatment. Methane production from LNA, M-LNA or F-LNA treatment was steadily lower (p<0.01 - p<0.001) from 3 h incubation time than that from the control, and was also lower for M-LNA or F-LNA treatment at incubation times of 6 h (p<0.01) and 9 h (p<0.001) than for LNA treatment. Methane production from LNA, however, was reduced (p<0.01 - p<0.001) from 3 h to 9 h incubation times compared to the control. Both malate and fumarate increased concentration of trans11-$C_{18:1}$ from 3 h to 12 h incubation (p<0.01), cis9,trans11-CLA up to 6 h incubation (p<0.01 - p<0.01), trans10,cis12-CLA at 3 h (p<0.05) and 12 h (p<0.01), and total CLA for all incubation times (p<0.05) compared to corresponding values for the ${\alpha}-C_{18:3}$ supplemented treatment (LNA). In conclusion, malate and fumarate rechanneled the metabolic $H_2 pathway to production of propionate and CLA, and depressed the process of biohydrogenation and methane generation. Linolenic acid alone would also be one of the optimistic alternatives to suppress the $CH_4$ generation.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.25-30
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• 2019

Purpose: The exact causes of burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is unclear so far. There are many studies to elucidate the relation between oral disease and genetic predisposition. In this study, we first tried to investigate salivary exosomal genetic components that could play an important role for diagnosing and elucidating the progression of BMS. Methods: We compared salivary exosomal micro RNAs (miRNAs) of BMS Patients to those of control using next generation sequencing (NGS). Unstimulated whole saliva from 15 patients with BMS and 10 control subjects were divided into two sets. Isolated exosomes and their total RNAs were subject to NGS for the screening of miRNAs. Results: There were up-regulated 10 exosomal miRNAs (hsa-miR-1273h-5p, hsa-miR-1273a, hsa-miR-1304-3p, hsa-miR-4449, hsa-miR-1285-3p, hsa-miR-6802-5p, hsa-miR-1268a, hsa-miR-1273d, hsa-miR-1273f, and hsa-miR-423-5p) and down-regulated 18 exosomal miRNAs (hsa-miR-27b-3p, hsa-miR-16-5p, hsa-miR-186-5p, hsa-miR-142-3p, hsa-miR-141-3p, hsa-miR-150-5p, hsa-miR-374a-5p, hsa-miR-93-5p, hsa-miR-29c-3p, hsa-miR-29a-3p, hsa-miR-148a-3p, hsa-miR-22-3p, hsa-miR-27a-3p, hsa-miR-424-5p, hsa-miR-19b-3p, hsa-miR-99a-5p, hsa-miR-548d-3p, and hsa-miR-19a-3p) in BMS patients comparing with those of control subjects. Conclusions: We show that there are 28 differential expression of miRNAs between the patients with BMS and those of control subjects. The specific function of indicated miRNAs should be further elucidated.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.521-528
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• 2023

Objective: This study investigated the effects of surgical castration on behavior, physiological and inflammatory indicators, and leukocyte cytokine mRNA levels in Korean cattle bull calves. Methods: Nineteen Korean cattle bull calves (average body weight, 254.5 kg; average age, 8.2 months) were divided into two treatment groups: control (n = 9) and castration (n = 10). Surgical castration was performed using Newberry knives and a Henderson castrating tool. Blood was obtained just before castration (0 h) and at 0.5 h, 6 h, 1 d, 3 d, 7 d, and 14 d after castration. Plasma cortisol (PC), saliva cortisol (SC), plasma substance P, and plasma haptoglobin concentrations, and the leucocyte mRNA levels of the interleukin-1-alpha (IL1A), interleukin-1-beta (IL1B), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), and interleukin-6 (IL6) genes were analyzed. Results: Castration decreased (p<0.01) the average daily gain and gain/feed ratio. Castration reduced the time spent eating (p<0.001) and the eating frequency (p<0.01) and increased (p<0.001) the lying frequency. Castration temporarily increased (p<0.05) circulating PC and SC concentrations at 0.5 h after castration. Castration temporarily increased (p<0.05) plasma substance P concentrations at 1 d after castration. Castration increased (p<0.05) plasma haptoglobin concentrations at 1 and 3 d after castration. Castration increased (p<0.05) leukocyte mRNA levels of the IL1A, IL1B, IL1RN, and IL6 genes at 6 h after castration. Conclusion: Castration temporarily induced stress and expression of leucocyte inflammatory cytokine genes in Korean cattle bull calves.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.32-39
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• 2003

Phytoestrogens, especially soy-derived isoflavones, are receiving great scrutiny as a food supplement for preventing hormone dependent disease such as postmenopausal osteoporosis. Their beneficial effects are derived from aglycone form of isoflavones, such as daidzein, genistein or glycitein. In contrast to the common usage of soybean, black bean (Rhynchosia Molubilis : Yak-kong) has been used as a supplement for preventing postmenopausal osteoporosis in oriental medicine. To investigate the effects of the saliva, artificial stomach fluid, and digestive enzymes on the conversion of glycosidic isoflavone to aglycone form, soybean and black bean were extracted with 70% methanol and freeze-dried. The recovery yield of methanol extracts of black bean was 14.1% which was higher than that of soybean, 13.5%. In terms of total isoflavones, we routinely obtained larger amount of isoflavones from black bean than those from soybean. By incubating methanol extracts of soybean and black bean with IN HCI for 180 min, the proportions of aglycones relative to the total isoflavone were significantly increased (32.4% and 52.4%, respectively). In vitro conversion, digestive enzymes ($\beta$-glucosidase and $\alpha$-glucosidase) may hydrolyze glycosidic bond of isoflavone more effectively than saliva or artificial stomach fluid did. It seems to say that the activity of $\beta$-glucosidase was higher than those of $\alpha$-glucosidase. The rate of conversion of glucoside form to aglycone form in black bean and soybean was low in physiological condition (pH) tested, although the enzymatic hydrolysis of glucoside was active. These results demonstrated that the composition of aglycone in food may be the important factors in terms of the bioavailability of isoflavones. (Korean J Nutrition 36(1): 32-39, 2003)

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.525-530
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• 2014

Transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1) was originally found in sensory neurons. Recently, it has been reported that TRPV1 is expressed in salivary gland epithelial cells (SGEC). However, the physiological role of TRPV1 in salivary secretion remains to be elucidated. We found that TRPV1 is expressed in mouse and human submandibular glands (SMG) and HSG cells, originated from human submandibular gland ducts at both mRNA and protein levels. However, capsaicin (CAP), TRPV1 agonist, had little effect on intracellular free calcium concentration ($[Ca^{2+}]_i$) in these cells, although carbachol consistently increased $[Ca^{2+}]_i$. Exposure of cells to high temperature (> $43^{\circ}C$) or acidic bath solution (pH5.4) did not increase $[Ca^{2+}]_i$, either. We further examined the role of TRPV1 in salivary secretion using TRPV1 knock-out mice. There was no significant difference in the pilocarpine (PILO)-induced salivary flow rate between wild-type and TRPV1 knock-out mice. Saliva flow rate also showed insignificant change in the mice treated with PILO plus CAP compared with that in mice treated with PILO alone. Taken together, our results suggest that although TRPV1 is expressed in SGEC, it appears not to play any direct roles in saliva secretion via transcellular pathway.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.93-100
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• 2020

Xerostomia is a relatively common oral disease that causes various problems such as pain, discomforted, tissue damage, and infection. When the activity of AQPs, which plays an important role in the microbial channel transmembrane activity in tissues, decreases saliva secretion and the oral cavity dryness occurs. In this study, we observed whether there was a change in tissue through the expression level of AQP-5 in the submandibular gland in the 4-DAMP-induced xerostomia model. First, in order to construct a xerostomia model, 4-DAMP (1 mg/kg) and 20% urethane (0.5 mL/kg) were administered intraperitoneal (i.p.) to experimental animals. To observe the changes in the submandibular gland was excised, H&E staining was performed and protein quantitation analysis was performed using the submandibular tissue to observe the changes in AQP5 protein expression involved in changes in saliva secretion. Also, cinnamaldehyde (5, 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg) dissolved in 20% DMSO, in distilled water for each concentration, and then orally administered at a dose of 1 mL for biopsy and protein quantitative analysis. As a result, it was observed that the submandibular tissue, a model of xerostomia was wider than the naïve group. And then western blot analysis, the expression level of AQP5 decreased in the 4-DAMP group compared to the naïve group, and the expression increased in the group administered orally with cinnamaldehyde. Therefore, administration of 4-DAMP resulted in histological changes for xerostomia, and cinnamaldehyde would be a material that can be developed by reducing xerostomia.