• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.144-150
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• 2015

Stems of Pinus thunbergii Parl. grown with high salinity were analyzed for chemical characteristics. Stem of 2 years was rich in soluble compounds and stem of 3 years reduced the amount of the soluble compound. But, the lignin content have not seen a large change. Also, Klason lignins of stem of 2 and 3 years has not changed in nitrogen and hydrogen content. In Klason process, it was significantly increased the carbon concentration due to the hydrolysis of the carbohydrate. In addition, the accumulation of xylan from Pinus thunbergii Parl. with salinity treatment were increased noticeably. Finally, functional group of Pinus thunbergii Parl. with salinity treatment were not changed.

• ALGAE
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.117-125
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• 2002

Five microalgal species isolated from the Jeju coast and four microalgal stock strains in hatchery were cultured in order to investigate their adapation to extreme changes in environmental factors such as salinity, water temperatue, adn nutrients. In case of salinity variation, Nitzschia sp. of Bacillariophyceae, Isochrysis galbana of Haptophyceae and Tetraselmis gracilis of Prasinophyceae showed optimum growth at the low salinity of 20 and 25 psu. Amphora coffeaeformis and Chetoceros simplex of Bacillariophyceae, and Pavlova lutheri of Haptophyceae adapted well at the relatively high salinities of 30 and 35 psu. However Phaeodactylum tricornutum of Bacillariophyceae and Chlorella sp. of Chlorophyceae showed euryhaline property In case of water temperature variation, most of all the species studied wer inhibited at 10℃. C. simplex, Nitzschia sp., p. tricornutum, Chlorella sp. and T. gracilis grew well at above 20℃. A. coffeaeformis, I. galbana and P. lutheri adapted also at the high temperature of 30℃. Each microalgal strain showed different growth rates and its maximum biomass. Generally microalgal populations from the Jeju coast grow well in relatively high salinity and high water temperature. Their growth were inhibited at low water temperature, but not likely affected at low salinity. This study indicates that the microalgal populations could not be affected by abnormally low salinity phenomena, which have happened occasionally around the west Jeju coast in summer and have led macrobenthic animals to mass mortality.

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.170-178
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• 2000

Low salinity water was observed during May in the Cheju Strait. Its structure and source were studied by using both the hydrographic data collected not only in the Cheju Strait during 1987-1989 but also in the wider area around Cheju Island extending to the Bank of Changjiang river in 1994 and the current data taken in the Strait during 1987-1989. The water had lower values of temperature, salinity, and density compared with the surrounding water and it was found in the surface layer outside of Tsushima Current Water 10-50 km off Cheju coast. The density of low salinity water was more dependent on salinity than on temperature. The low salinity water flowed into the Strait from the west as a series of intermittent waters whose size was variable in width and in thickness. The low salinity water was originated from the Chanajiang River Diluted Water. In the Cheju Strait, the water showed changes within 3 days on time and 30-50 km on space, and its sudden appearance was marked especially in May. Such strong variability and sudden appearance may be attributed to the beginning stage in May when the fresh water of Changjiang River Diluted Water starts to arrive in the Cheju Strait.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.513-526
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• 2009

It has long been that the unit of oceanic salinity changed from permil (%o) to other unit. However, the middle-and high- school textbooks of science and earth science have still used %o as salinity unit that was defined a long time ago. The objectives of this study are to briefly discuss about the historical development of change in salinity unit and measurement techniques, to present differences between the salinity units of psu (practical salinity unit) and %o, and to address the need and validity for the correction of salinity unit in the textbooks. Twenty-seven kinds of textbooks based on the 7th National Curriculum were analyzed to investigate the expression of salinity unit and the definition of salinity. The results were compared with the usage of salinity units in the articles published in Journal of Korean Society of Oceanography from 1967 to 2008. The percentages by the use of %o were 96.3% in the text and 83.8% in the graphs or tables of the textbooks. By contrast, the scientific papers began to use psu from 1994 and then %o has seldom been used since 2004.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.565-570
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• 2013

Physiological studies on the salinity tolerance with respect to survival rate and body composition changes of the abalone Haliotis discus hannai were conducted by rapidly changing the salinity in an indoor rearing system. The survival rate of the control (35 psu), 30 and 25 psu groups at $15^{\circ}C$ was 100%. The survival rate of the 20 psu group was $35{\pm}5.0%$. Survival rate of the 15 psu group was 0%. At $15^{\circ}C$ and 35, 30, 25, 20, 15 psu, the moisture contents of abalone muscle were $82.1{\pm}0.7$, $82.5{\pm}0.7$, $84.9{\pm}0.5$, $86.9{\pm}0.3$ and $86.6{\pm}0.4%$, respectively. Crude lipid contents were $0.47{\pm}0.03$, $0.47{\pm}0.03$, $0.47{\pm}0.09$, $0.77{\pm}0.09$ and $0.63{\pm}0.03%$, respectively and crude ash contents were $1.30{\pm}0.12$, $1.33{\pm}0.15$, $1.13{\pm}0.23$, $1.87{\pm}0.15$ and $1.40{\pm}0.31%$, respectively. At salinity below 20 psu, these values increased compared with the control. The general components of abalone muscles significantly increased below 20 psu, while amino acid composition showed no significant difference with salinity and water temperature.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.450-458
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• 2015

The heat shock proteins (Hsps), one of the most highly conserved groups of proteins, play crucial roles in protecting cells against environmental stressors, such as temperature, salinity, heavy metals and pathogenic bacteria. The glutathione S-transferases (GST) have important role in detoxification of oxidative damage, environmental chemicals and environmental stress. The purpose of this study is to investigate the gene expression of Hsp70 and GST on change of temperature and salinity in Mytilus coruscus. The M. coruscus was cultured in incubator of separate temperature and salinity (8, 20, $30^{\circ}C{\times}20$‰, 25‰, 30‰) for 28 days. Ten individuals in each group were selected after each 14 and 28 days exposure. Results that the expression of Hsp70 mRNA was no significant changed in M. coruscus exposed to temperature ($8^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$, $30^{\circ}C$) and salinity (20‰, 25‰, 30‰) for 14 days. Whereas the expression of Hsp70 mRNA was increased in exposure to temperature $30^{\circ}C$ and salinity (20‰, 25‰, 30‰) for 28 days. The expression of GST mRNA was increased in exposure to temperature $30^{\circ}C$, salinity (25‰, 30‰) for 14 days and temperature ($8^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$, $30^{\circ}C$), salinity (20‰, 25‰, 30‰) for 28 days. These results suggest that Hsp70 and GST were played roles in biomarker gene on the thermal and salinity stress.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.426-433
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• 2013

This study was aimed to classify soil desalination area for cultivation using NDVI (Normalized difference vegetation index) of high-resolution satellite image because the soil salinity affects the change of plant community in reclaimed lands. We measured the soil salinity and NDVI at 28 sites in the Saemangeum reclaimed land in June 2013. In halophyte and non-vegetation sites, no relation was found between NDVI and soil salinity. In glycophyte sites, however, we found that the soil salinity was below 0.1% and NDVI ranged from 0.11 to 0.57 which was greater than the other sites. So, we could distinguish the glycophyte sites from the halophyte sites and non-vegetation, and classify the area that soil salinty was below 0.1%. This technique could save the time and labor to measure the soil salinity in large area for agricultural utilization.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.177-181
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• 2012

To understand the effects of lower pH levels due to elevated $CO_2$ and salinity, we designed and constructed a pH-control system that included automatic $CO_2$ infusion and measured the hatching rate of a crustacean model species, Artemia franciscana. The pH-control system was cost-effective and capable of performing animal tests in which pH fluctuated around $8.0{\pm}0.1$, with the temperature around $27{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$. Hatching rate was observed under four different pH levels (7.0, 7.3, 7.6, and untreated control) combined with three salinity ranges (15, 25, and 35 ppt). The results demonstrated that lower pH levels led to decreased hatching rates regardless of salinity, and the minimum hatching rate was detected at pH 7.0 compared to the control (pH $8.0{\pm}0.1$), supporting the idea that OA has adverse effects on hatching rates and increases the risk of juveniles being introduced in the ecosystem. In contrast, salinity changes exhibited no synergistic effects with pH and had independent effects.

• ALGAE
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.223-233
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• 2017

Kelp forests and the many vital ecosystem services they provide are threatened as the severity of climate change and other anthropogenic stressors continues to mount. Particularly in the North Pacific, sea surface temperature is warming and glacial melt is decreasing salinity. This study explored the resiliency of early life-history stages of these foundation species through a factorial laboratory experiment. The effects of rising sea surface temperature under low salinity conditions on kelp spore settlement and initial gametophyte growth in Eualaria fistulosa, Nereocystis luetkeana, and Saccharina latissima were investigated. Decreased settlement and growth were observed in these species at elevated temperatures and at low salinity. Eualaria fistulosa spores and gametophytes were the most negatively impacted, compared to the more widely distributed N. luetkeana and S. latissima. These results suggest that N. luetkeana and S. latissima could potentially outperform E. fistulosa under projected conditions. However, despite decreased performance among all species, our findings indicate that these species are largely resilient to temperature changes when exposed to a low salinity, even when the temperature changes are immediate and extreme. By exploring how early life-history stages of several key kelp species are impacted by dual stressors, this research enhances our understanding of how kelp forests will respond to projected and extreme changes in temperature when already stressed by low salinity.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.271-286
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• 2016

We evaluate the temperature and salinity fields in the East Sea reproduced by the global ocean reanalysis data using HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM for short). Temporal correlation of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) change between HYCOM and the Group for High Resolution Sea Surface Temperature (GHRSST) are higher in summer than winter. Though distributions of temperature and salinity in the HYCOM are similar to those from historical data (World Ocean Atlas 2013 V2), salinity in the HYCOM is lower (highter) in the region where the salinity is high (low). Temperature fields in the Ulleung basin of HYCOM are quite similar to those derived from Pressure-recording Inverted Echo Sounder (PIES), such as the correlation coefficient is higher than 0.7. This indicates that the HYCOM represents well the circulation and meso-scale phenomena in the Ulleung basin.