• 대한건축학회논문집:계획계
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.45-52
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• 2018

Currently, apartments have become an important research subject for the overall area of politics, economics, and culture as well as urban architectural study. However, there are few analyses of the research trends related to the current interest in the apartment research and prediction of the future changes of an apartment in politics and industry. In this study, the research information related to the apartment has classified, and the changes in the research trends have analyzed. Based on the classified data, the first thesis and dissertation related to the apartment and changes of academic notation have discovered. In addition, future interests and future research directions through Frequency of Appearance, Degree Centrality Analysis, and Betweenness Centrality Analysis of author keywords were predicted. As a result of the analysis, 'Space,' 'Residential Mobility' and 'Apartment Complex' studies were found to be important research topics throughout the entire period. 'Han Gang Apartment,' 'Small Size Apartment,' 'Civic Apartments,' 'Jamsil,' and 'Child' were newly interested topics until 70's era. '(Super) High-rise Apartment,' 'Perception,' 'Jugong Apartment,' 'Housing Environment,' 'Housewife,' 'Apartment Layout,' and 'Busan' were newly interested topics during the 80's and 90's era. 'Apartment Price,' 'Energy,' 'Remodeling,' 'Noise,' 'Resident Satisfaction,' 'Community,' and 'Apartment Lotting-out' were newly interested topics after the year 2000. New concerns for last decade are found to be 'Super High-rise Apartment', 'Remodeling', 'Indoor'(2007), 'Apartment Reconstruction Project', 'Brand', 'AHP', 'Housing Environment'(2008), 'Ventilation'(2009), 'Apartment Lotting-out'(2010), 'Economic Assessment'(2011), 'Cost'(2012), 'Green Building', 'Apartment Sales', 'Law', 'Society'(2013), 'Floor Impact Noise', 'Seoul'(2014), 'Noise'(2015), 'Hedonic Model'(2016). In addition, following research topics are expected to be active in the future: In maturity stage of the research development is going to be 'Apartment Price', 'Space', 'Management of Apartment Housing'; the hedonic model, which is research growth and development stage, is going to be '(Floor Impact) Noise', 'Community', 'Energy.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.688-696
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• 2021

본 연구는 피부미용 프랜차이즈 시스템의 개발을 위한 기초자료를 제공할 목적으로 한국과 미국의 피부미용 프랜차이즈 현황, 개설비용 및 서비스 내용을 조사하고 비교 분석하였다. 피부미용 프랜차이즈 현황 비교 분석 결과 한국과 미국 모두 주력 아이템은 페이셜 케어와 바디 케어이며 가맹점 수는 한국이 평균 54개로 미국의 평균 361개보다 적으나 이것은 프랜차이즈 시장 규모, 국토의 면적과 인구 등의 영향이 크다고 판단되었다. 개설 비용 비교 분석 결과 미국의 가맹비는 한국의 최대 가맹비보다 약1.5배 높으며 로열티는 한국이 20-60만원(월), 미국은 연간 매출액의 5-6%를 지급하며 Net Worth Requirement, Cash Requirement 등 개인 자산 확인을 필요로 하였다. 미국은 스파를 운영하는 업체가 많아 비용적인 부분에서 한국과 차이가 있었고, 교육 시스템에 대해 한국은 비용, 미국은 시간으로 정해져 있었다. 프랜차이즈에서 제공하는 서비스 내용 비교 결과 양국 모든 업체에서 페이셜 케어와 바디 케어를 중심으로 하고 있으며 한국은 대부분 브라이달 케어, 연구소를 운영하며 미국은 왁싱과 남성 관리, 핫 스톤, 스파 서비스를 추가로 운영하고 있었다. 양국 간의 기후나 인종 등의 차이와 함께 사회문화적인 분위기와 피부미용을 대하는 양국 간의 인식의 차이, 특히 개방도의 차이가 반영된 결과라고 판단된다. 향후 본 연구의 결과를 바탕으로 국내 피부미용 프랜차이즈 시스템을 발전적으로 보완한다면 해외 미용산업 프랜차이즈 시장에서 성장 가능할 것으로 전망된다.

• 아태비즈니스연구
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.135-149
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• 2021

Purpose - I analyzes risk-to-performance evaluated in the market using data from sale and lease back. Specifically, I analyze from the perspective of financial institutions that purchase sale and lease back based on the cases of investment by ship investment companies and acquisition of ships. Design/methodology/approach - I use 49 sale and lease back data from 2017 to 2019 for empirical analysis. Findings - The main results of this paper are as follows. First, after sale and lease back of domestic ships, the average amount of sales by the leased shipping company is 25.1 billion won, the average amount of investment by the purchased financial institution is 14.6 billion won (60%) and the average length of the ship is nine years. In ship finance, sale and lease back is deemed to be appropriately used as a means of restructuring for a large amount of money. Second, the main risk factor for sale and lease back of domestic ships is credit risk and can be measured in VaR in practice. As a result of the empirical analysis, the average credit risk burden ratio is 9%. As a major risk factor, low creditworthiness of restructuring companies is the key. Third, as a result of measuring the profitability of financial institutions that purchase sale and lease back of domestic ships at a net current price, it has an average value of 300 million won, but the deviation by case is very large. Fourth, the risk adjusted performance of sale and lease back of domestic ships is 0.54 on average compared to the total risk capital, and 0.52 compared to the stock-risk capital, and as with profitability earlier, the deviation of each case is very large and misaligned. In order to boost the sale and lease back market for large and long-term assets, in order to overcome low profitability as a prerequisite for future participation of commercial purchased financial institutions, it is expected that purchase decisions based on expectations versus risk will be necessary. Research implications or Originality - The results of this paper are expected to broaden the understanding of sale and lease back and foster the ability to assess long-term risk and performance. Based on this, it is believed that rapid restructuring of companies through sale and lease back of large amounts of long-term assets will greatly increase the utility of the domestic financial market.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.81-98
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• 2022

Purpose - This study aims to compare the requirements under the United Nations Convention on Contract for the International Sales of Goods (CISG) and the Korean Civil Act (KCA) regarding the buyer's right to require the delivery of substitute goods. The buyer's right to demand substitute delivery not only protect them from the seller's breach of contract but also preserves the contractual bond between the parties by providing an opportunity for sellers to protect their goodwill and circumvent the extreme remedy of avoidance. However, as substitute delivery entails additional efforts and costs for return and re-shipment, this right should not be allowed in every case of defect. Additionally, unlike the CISG, the KCA contains no specific provision related to the requirements for claiming substitute delivery. Therefore, it would be meaningful to examine and compare what requirements should be fulfilled before the buyer exercises the right in relation to non-conforming goods under the CISG and the KCA. Design/methodology - We conducted a comparative study of the requirements under the CISG and the KCA regarding the buyer's right to require delivery of substitute goods given a seller's delivery of non-conforming goods. Additionally, we referred to the opinions from the CISG Advisory Council, the draft of the KCA amendment, and related precedents, mainly focusing on the existence and severity of defects, reasonableness, and timely notice and requests as the major requirements for substitute delivery. Findings - The results of this study can be summarized as follows: First, the CISG provides more detailed requirements about the right to require delivery of substitute goods; by contrast, the KCA does not stipulate any such requirement. Thus, specific requirements for substitute delivery should be included when amending the KCA. Second, the CISG attempts to minimize overlapping and conflict with other remedies by specifying detailed requirements for the delivery of substitutes. Third, both the CISG and KCA require reasonableness for substitute delivery. Originality/value - Although there are no explicit legal requirements for substitute delivery under the KCA, there has been relatively little discussion of this issue to date. Therefore, the findings of our study can guide future revisions of the KCA to fill this loophole. Moreover, the recently released CISG Advisory Council opinion that clarifies the continuing confusion and debate, can help distinguish which remedy is suitable for a particular case. It may provide practical advice for businesspeople in international trade as well as legal implications for the future development of the KCA.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.1-19
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• 2022

Purpose - This study empirically investigates the effects of Official Development Assistance (ODA) on the economic activities of private actors in recipient countries. As a proxy for the economic activities of private actors, we utilize the job creation activities of foreign subsidiaries in recipient countries. The foreign subsidiaries provide a foundation for economic development by creating paying jobs. That is, if ODA has been successfully transferred to foreign subsidiaries, then these foreign subsidiaries should help economic growth and help create a boom in the local market by providing jobs. These jobs eventually lead to the achievement of the primary aims of foreign aid, including poverty reduction. Thus, this study empirically examines the relationship between ODA and the number of jobs created by foreign subsidiaries in recipient countries. Design/methodology - This is the first study to examine the effects of the ODA on the job creation of foreign subsidiaries because it has been hard to obtain internal information related to the employment status of foreign subsidiaries. Fortunately, we have a unique panel dataset provided by the Export-Import Bank of Korea (KEXIM) for 2006 to 2013. In terms of the empirical specification, we use the generalized least squares (GLS) method. The panel GLS estimator allows us to have an efficient estimation that overcomes the limitations of the panel data. It employs assumptions about the heteroscedasticity between the panels and makes an autocorrelation of the error term within each panel. Findings - We find that ODA influences job creation in foreign subsidiaries. In particular, we found that ODA creates more jobs in sales than in managerial or production positions. This study also shows that the effect of the ODA on the foreign subsidiaries' job creation activities depend on the purpose of the ODA. By examining ODA effects on the foreign subsidiaries' economic activities (e.g., job creation), this study fills a gap in the current literature. Originality/value - Existing studies that focus on the ODA effect have either a macroeconomic point or a microeconomic point of view. However, both approaches do not explain how well foreign aid has influenced private economic actors of recipient countries. In essence, previous researchers found it difficult to obtain the necessary data for internal employment status from foreign subsidiaries. However, thanks to the Korea Export-Import Bank, this study shows that ODA indeed influences the job creation activities of foreign subsidiaries even after controlling for other factors such as FDI, GDP growth rate, employment rate, household expenditure, mother firms' share, etc. By doing so, we can examine how ODA influences the job creation of foreign subsidiaries, which might help economic development and reduce the amount of poverty in recipient countries.

• 예술인문사회 융합 멀티미디어 논문지
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.701-708
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• 2017

건축공사는 설계단계에서 도면을 바탕으로 예상되는 비용이 산정되며, 소요예산의 책정과 예산에 합당한 효율적 공사 방안을 찾게 된다. 정확한 물량산출과 예산책정은 공사의 수익성 여부를 판단하는 척도 중 하나로 매우 중요하다. 하지만 이러한 과정이 대부분 인력이나 2D 도면에 의존하여 수행되기 때문에 오차가 발생하기 쉬웠고, 자동화가 가능한 BIM(Build Information Modeling) 프로그램은 매우 고가이기 때문에 현장에서 적용하기 어려운 시점이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 3차원 모델링 소프트웨어인 스케치업을 이용하여 3D 건축모델링을 수행하고, 물량산출을 할 수 있는 방법론을 제시하고자 하였다. 연구 결과, 건축물의 2D 도면을 이용하여 효과적으로 3D 모델링을 수행하였으며, 모델링 결과를 기반으로 2D 도면과 3D 모델링을 통한 물량산출의 차이를 산출할 수 있었다. 연구를 통해 스케치업을 활용한 3D 모델링과 물량산출이 기존의 2D 산출식의 오류를 방지할 수 있다는 가능성을 제시하였다. 지속적인 연구를 통해 연구방법의 활용성이 검증된다면 건축 모델링과 물량산출 업무 효율성 증가에 크게 기여할 것이다.

• 한국프랜차이즈경영연구
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.7-19
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• 2018

Purpose - Recently, global management in Korea franchise industry is becoming an important keyword. As an important branch market, Chinese market plays a major role not only by making experience of the competitiveness among global brands which offers a foothold to become a top global brand, but also by actualizing an economies of scale in production, sales, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to identify key successful factor influencing customer evaluation and responses of Korean franchise restaurant targeting Chinese consumers in China context. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects for Korean franchise restaurant selection attributes on perceived value, customer satisfaction and customer loyalty in Chinese context with SmartPLS 3 and Artifical Neural Network(ANN). Research design, data, and methodology - For these purposes, the authors developed several hypotheses. A questionnaire survey was conducted on the panel of online survey companies for Chinese consumers who have visited Korean franchise restaurants. A total of 404 data were analyzed using structural equation modeling(SEM) and artifical neural network(ANN) with SPSS 22.0 and SmartPLS 3.0. Result - The findings of this study are as follows: First, the alternative model findings show that facilities & atmosphere, employee service, and menu influenced on utilitarian value, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty directly. Second, employee service influenced on customer satisfaction. Third, menu influenced on hedonic value. Fourth, brand reputation influenced on utilitarian value. Fifth, hedonic value increase customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. Sixth, hedonic value increase customer loyalty. Seventh, customer increase customer loyalty. And, the ANN analysis shows that utilitarian value is the first most important factor influencing customer satisfaction, followed by hedonic value, facilities & atmosphere, menu and employee service. However, the ANN analysis shows that customer satisfaction is the first most important factor influencing customer loyalty, followed by utilitarian value, hedonic value, brand reputation, menu, and employee service. Conclusions - This study provides practical implications for enhancing customer satisfaction and customer loyalty by applying the ANN technique that complements the limitations of the linear structural relationship analysis using the proposed model and the alternative model. In other words, the SEM-ANN model provides guidelines on how Korean franchise restaurants should formulate facilities & atmosphere, employee service, and menu mix strategies in China. In addition, ANN 's analysis shows that restaurant brand reputation plays a pivotal role in increasing customer loyalty. The fact suggests that Korean franchise companies should establish their domestic brand reputation prior to their entry into overseas markets such as China.

• 한국프랜차이즈경영연구
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.21-31
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• 2018

Purpose - Recently, the franchise business has made remarkable progress, but many conflicts have occurred. From this perspective, this paper explains how to improve the long - term relationship between franchisor and franchisee by integrating the relationship between franchisor of franchise business and franchisee. This study aims to identify the franchisee's economic and social satisfaction and to examine their influences on calculative and affective commitment, and loyalty. At the end of this paper, theoretical and managerial implication were suggested. Research design, data, and methodology - The data were collected from owners and store managers in franchisees located in Seoul, Korea. The trained researchers contacted owners and managers of the franchise stores. The questionaires were distributed to owners and managers consented to respond. The collected questionnaires were used for the final analysis of 324 copies(243 store owners and 81 store managers), except for 26 copies of the untrustworthy response out of 350 copies. The data were analyzed with SPSS, 21.0 and SmartPls 3.0 Result - The results of the study are as follows. First, economic satisfaction effects both calculative and affective commitment, but social satisfaction does not. Second, both calculative and affective commitment have positive effects on loyalty. Third, economic satisfaction has a positive impact on loyalty, but social satisfaction does not. Conclusions - The implications of this study are following as: From the theoretical perspective, this study analyze the satisfaction and commitment of the franchisee from the multidimensional perspective by analyzing the effects of the franchisee on two dimensions of economic and social satisfaction and on calculative and affective commitment. That is, this study explains the trade-off between economica and social satisfaction, and between calculative and affective commitment. From the managerial perspective, the results of this study suggest that the economic satisfaction of the franchise headquarters felt by franchisees should be prioritized over social satisfaction. Especially at the early stage of the contract, economic satisfaction should be given priority over social satisfaction. However, since affective and calculative commitment have a significant effect on loyalty, social satisfaction factors should not be excluded by focusing on only economic ones. In other words, the franchisors should not only think of franchisees as a source of sales and profits, but should respect franchisees and maintain loyal relationships with friends.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.303-308
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• 2023

본 연구의 목적은 중소기업이 실질적으로 적용할 수 있는 BSC 구축을 위한 실무 가이드를 제공하는 것이며, 이를 위해 사례분석으로 텐트 폴대 제조회사인 J사의 현장요구형 균형성과표(BSC)를 통한 성과평가시스템를 구축하고 경영전략체계도를 제공하고자 하였다. 조사방법으로 1단계 BSC관련 제안요구서 비교를 통해 발주기관의 요구사항을 정리하였으며, 2단계 결과보고서 정리를 통해 BSC 구축방법을 정리하고, 3단계 BSC 4가지 관점별 중소기업 요구형 KPI 지표를 도출하고, 4단계 SWOT 분석을 통한 기업비전을 도출하고, 5단계 현장 요구형 KPI, 가중치 설정, BSC를 통한 전략맵 개발, 6단계 최종 전략체계도 작성하였다. 연구결과 BSC 4가지 관점을 부서별로 재구성하였다. 즉 재원(재무)관점은 임원관점, 고객관점은 영업부관점, 내부프로세스 관점은 설계부·생산품질부 관점, 학습·혁신관점은 관리부관점으로 간주할 수 있었다. 또한 J기업의 요구형 CSF는 총11개, KPI는 총49개 도출하였다. 연구의 한계는 해당 기업의 BSC를 통한 최종 전략체계도 까지만 진행되었으며, 향후 회사의 보상제도와 연계할 필요가 있다.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.365-370
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• 2023

로열티는 대체 불가능 토큰(non-fungible tokens, NFT)이 거래가 일어날 때마다 판매 금액의 일부를 창작자에게 지급하는 보상 시스템으로써 NFT 생태계 발전에 기여하였다. 본 연구는 일부 NFT 마켓플레이스가 시작하여 확대되고 있는 로열티 폐지가 NFT 시장에 미치는 영향을 정량적으로 분석하고, 그 영향의 결과를 정성적으로 분석한다. 분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 창작자의 NFT 시장 이탈을 야기하고, 신규 진입을 줄임으로써 NFT 발행량이 감소하고 있다. 둘째, 주요 NFT 프로젝트들이 로열티를 폐지한 마켓플레이스와의 거래를 거부함으로써 거래 횟수 감소로 이어지고 있다. 셋째, 로열티 폐지로 인해 NFT 창작자들이 프로젝트를 지속 발전시키고자 하는 동기가 저하되었고, 이는 NFT 최저 가격 하락으로 이어지고 있다. 본 연구는 NFT 마켓플레이스의 정책과는 독립적으로 로열티를 자진해서 지급하는 소유자들에게 NFT 커뮤니티가 우대책을 제공하는 방법을 제안하여 현재의 부정적인 영향을 단기적으로 줄이는데 기여할 것으로 기대된다. 또한, 장기적으로는 로열티 지급 문제에 대한 근본적인 해결을 위해 로열티 지급과 관련된 기술의 개선, NFT 마켓플레이스와 NFT 창작자들의 협력과 로열티 관련 제도적 지원이 필요함을 제시한다.