• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2020년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.94-94
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• 2020

Safflower, a draught and salt tolerant oil seed crop of Compositae family, has been cultivated around the world mainly as source of edible oils and dyes, where India, the USA, Mexico, Australia, and Ethiopia contributing about 85% of the production altogether. In this study we have characterized some selected morphological properties of safflower plant and determined the the total phenolic content (TPC) and fatty acid composition in seeds of 237 genetic resources. All the seed coats were white colored while the petals had red, yellow and white pigments. The yellow was the predominant petal color being recorded in 182 accessions followed by red occurring in 49 accessions. The petal color of 47 of the accessions changed with development while the 190 accession showed no change of color. The leaves are ovate to obovate, mostly with dentate (21 moderate and 205 weak) and few smooth (11) margins. The plant length, leaf length, and leaf width were ranged between 65.7 and 160.8 cm, 14.3 and 37.0 cm, and 3.3 and 12.1 cm, respectively. The TPC was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu method and fatty acid compositions were evaluated using gas chromatography. The TPC content ranged from 23.71 to 132.72 µgGAE/mg dried extract (DE). The seeds of safflower genetic resources accounted an average crude fat content of 26.25% (14.84 to 41.70%). The total fatty acid is mainly comprised of 71.72% linoleic acid (18:2) and 20.08% oleic acid (18:1) on average, the remaining palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0) and linolenic acid (18:3) contributing 5.84, 2.23 and 0.15 %, respectively. The fatty acid composition of safflower seeds has shown great variability, where oleic and linoleic acid have a wide range of variation, from 9.23 to 83.35% and from 10.46 to 82.62%, respectively

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.557-560
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• 2007

The metabolic discrimination of safflowers from various geographical origins was performed using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy followed by principal components analysis. With a combination of these techniques, safflower samples from different origins could be discriminated using the first two principal components (PC) of the 1H NMR spectra of the 50% methanol fractions. PC1 and PC2 accounted cumulatively for 91.3% of the variation in all variables. The major peaks in the 1H NMR spectra that contributed to the discrimination were assigned to fatty acid (terminal CH3), lactic acid, acetic acid, choline derivatives, glycine, and safflower yellow derivatives. In this study, we suggest that various types of safflower can be discriminated using PCA and 1H NMR spectra.

• Mycobiology
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.51-53
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• 2000

The powdery mildew of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) extensively occurred at 1999 at the experimental farm of Kyongsangnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services. Both sides of the leaves and the older stems were covered with the fungus, and then the leaves and stems turned yellow. The conidia, conidiophores and perithecia were observed on the leaf lesion. Perithecia were ellipsoidal, $80-117\;{\mu}m$ in diameter. Asci were subglobose and $84{\sim}99{\times}59{\sim}73\;{\mu}m$ in size. Ascospore were ellipsoidal to ovoid, and $15{\sim}34{\times}11{\sim}23\;{\mu}m$ in size. Conidia were ellipsoid to barrel-shaped, $25{\sim}37{\times}11{\sim}22\;{\mu}m$ in size and formed in long chains. The causal organism was identified as Sphaerotheca fuliginea. This is the first report on powdery mildew of safflower caused by Sphaerotheca fuliginea in Korea.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제45권10호
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• pp.73-81
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to increase the ultraviolet-light (UV)-cut ability of cellulose fabrics (cotton, ramie, and rayon) dyed with safflower yellow colorants. For this purpose, samples treated with UV-cut agent and tannic-acid were compared with the untreated samples after UV exposure in terms of K/S value, color changes(${\Delta}E$), SEM, and strength retention. The K/S value rapidly decreased after 28 days exposure, whereas the K/S value of the samples treated with both UV-cut agent and tannic-acid decreased to less than that of the untreated samples. In color changes, $L^*$ increased while $a^*$ and $b^*$ decreased, indicating less red and yellow character in color. This induced a change in the hue, value and chroma values. However the color change(${\Delta}E$) of the samples treated with both UV-cut agent and tannic-acid was less than that of the untreated samples. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) pictures showed a severe degradation by exposure in all samples. Tensile strength rapidly decreased after 28 days for cotton and rayon, and after 21 days for ramie. However, the strength retention of the samples treated with UV-cut agent and tannic-acid was higher than that of the untreated samples.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.928-934
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• 2008

본 연구는 염색공정의 표준화와 재현성을 확립하기 위해 흥화 황색소의 견섬유에 대한 염색성을 조사하는데 목적 이 있다. 홍화 황색소는 물로 추출한 후 농축, 동결건조하여 분말상태로 만들어 사용하였다. 염색온도 및 시간, 염료농도, 염액의 pH 등에 따른 염착성과 색상 변화에 대해 조사하였으며, 세탁 및 광견뢰도를 평가하였다. 염색온도가 증가함에 따라 염착량은 증가하였으며 $30^{\circ}C$에서 염색할 때 가장 선명한 노랑색을 얻을 수 있었다. 염료농도가 증가함에 따라 염착량이 계속 증가하여 점점 진하고 어두운 노랑색이 되었다. pH 3.5에서 최대염착량을 보였으며, 최적조건에서 색차는 1.11-2.01로서 재현성은 양호하였다. 색소와 견섬유간의 결합은 pH 5.5 부근에서는 주로 수소결합에 의해, 등전점(pH 3.8-4.0) 이하에서는 수소결합과 함께 이온결합이 관여하는 것으로 판단되었다. 세탁(드라이크리닝)견뢰도는 4/5둥급으로 좋은 편이었으나 일광견뢰도는 2/3등급이었다.

• 복식
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• 제6권
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• pp.161-171
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• 1982

The idea of King Hungdok's prohibition of clothing was to restrict the use of chinese-made cloth on the one hand and to compell his people to use Korean-made cloth for their apparel on the other. The prohibition of clothing sprang from King Hungdok's aspiration to restore his dynasty that had been falling due to the repeated drought disaster and luxurious living of the aristocracy. Safflower, Rubeaceae roots and Sapan wood are well known as some of the earliest natural red-dyes, exhibiting beautiful red-color in our anciet cultural tradition. The color yellow was considered from ancient time to the Chosun Dynasty as the central color. Thus, this color became the royal color for the costumes in the palace. Those plants used to make the color yellow are: Gardenia, phellodendron amurense, Turmeric, coptis, safflower, Arthraxon hispidus, Styphnolobium japonicum. Shikon, root of violet plant, is well known as one of the earliest natural days. By repeating the difficult process of making various dyes constantly during many centuries, the Korean people developed the marvelous technique of making natural color.

• 한국염색가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국염색가공학회 2007년도 추계학술발표회
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• pp.97-98
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• 2007

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제31권12호
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• pp.1754-1760
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• 2007

홍화 황색소의 면, 마, 레이온과 같은 셀룰로오스 섬유에 대한 염착량을 증진시키기 위하여 키토산 전처리를 행하였다. 키토산 전처리가 염착성, 색상, 염색견뢰도에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 섬유 종류에 관계없이 키토산 전처리는 염착성을 증진시켰으며, 농도가 증가함에 따라 계속 증가하였다. 2% 처리농도에서 미처리와 비교할 때 면은 5.6배, 모시는 7.2배, 레이온은 3.7배 염착량이 증가하였다. 키토산 전처리한 면과 모시는 YR 색상에서 Y 색상으로 변화하였으며, 레이온의 경우에는 전처리와 상관없이 Y 계열의 색상을 보였다. 키토산 전처리에 의해 색상은 노란색이 강하여졌으며 더 진하고 깊은 색상으로 변하였다. 키토산 전처리 직물은 염색온도에 따라 색상이 변화하였는데 공통적으로 50, $70^{\circ}C$에서는 YR 색상을 30, $90^{\circ}C$에서는 Y 색상을 나타냈다. 염색온도가 높을수록 색상은 진하고 칙칙하였다. 세탁견뢰도는 아주 낮았으며, 일광에 매우 약한 홍화 황색소의 특성을 고려할 때 일광견뢰도는 양호한 편이었다. 기존의 자동 염색기로 염색하는 경우와 비교할 때 초음파 염색법이 면과 모시의 염착량을 30% 이상 증진시키는 효과가 있음을 확인하였다. 레이온의 경우, 두 방법간의 염착량 차이는 없었다.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제33권12호
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• pp.1971-1978
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• 2009

본 연구는 염색 공정의 표준화와 재현성을 확립하기 위해 홍화 황색소의 모섬유에 대한 염색성을 조사하는데 목적이 있다. 홍화 황색소는 물로 추출한 후 농축, 동결건조하여 분말상태로 만들어 사용하였다. 염색 온도 및 시간, 염료 농도, 염액의 pH 등에 따른 염착성과 색상 변화에 대해 조사하였으며, 세탁 및 일광견뢰도를 평가하였다. 염착량은 $50^{\circ}C$까지 서서히 증가하다가 이후 급격히 증가하여 $90^{\circ}C$에서 최고 값을 나타냈다. 염착은 초기 10분 이내에 빠르게 일어났으며 이후 서서히 증가하다가 40~60분 사이에 평형에 도달하였다. 염료 농도가 증가함에 따라 염착량이 계속 증가하여 점점 진하고 어두운 노랑색이 되었다. 산성 조건에서 염착이 잘 되었으며 pH 3.0에서 최대염착량을 보였다. 얻은 결과를 근거로 최적 염색 조건은 $90^{\circ}C$, 40분, pH 3.5으로 설정하였으며, 최적 조건에서 염색한 시료들 간의 색차는 0.53~1.75로서 재현성이 우수하였다. 후매염은 염착성 증진에 효과가 없었으나, 다양한 톤과 농담의 노랑색을 얻을 수 있었다. 세탁(드라이크리닝)견뢰도는 4/5등급으로 좋은 편이었으나 20시간 조사 후 일광견뢰도는 Fe과 Cu매염한 경우 3/4등급으로 색차가 가장 적었다. 결과를 종합해 볼 때 매염제가 색상톤을 다양하게 하는 효과는 있었지만, 염착량과 견뢰도 향상에 기여하지 못하였다. 홍화 황색소는 모염색에서 매염제 없이 만족스러운 결과를 얻을 수 있고, 따라서 환경에 피해를 주지 않을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.165-172
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• 2012

The stability of yellow and red dyes prepared from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in aqueous solution and in solid state was investigated. External factors such as light irradiation and temperature on the stability were examined during storage. Changes in absorbance of dye solutions and the color changes of fabrics dyed after long time storage were measured. Also, color reproducibility during storage was investigated by dyeing test on various fabrics. Red colorant in aqueous solution was very unstable to light, resulting that about 40% of absorbance were lost in 12hrs. The absorbance of yellow dye solutions was not decreased within 84hrs. In aqueous medium, yellow dye was much more stable than carthamin. Both dyes are relatively stable for long storage when they are stored in solid state compared to when in aqueous solution. Color changes are marginal in both dyes.