• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.115-120
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• 2009

1990년대 이후부터 현재까지 일련의 사건들은 - 1995년 러시아 국립공원에서 매설된 오염폭탄발견, 2001년 9/11 테러, 2003년 알카에다 오염폭탄 실험 증거 발견등 - 방사성물질 (본 논문에서 언급한 "방사성물질"은 "핵물질 사용후핵연료 방사성동위원소"를 말함)을 이용한 핵테러 및 방사능테러 (본 논문에서는 "핵테러 및 방사능테러"를 간단히 "핵테러/방사능테러"로 표시함)가 공상과학소설이 아닌 실제적으로 발생가능할 심각한 위협임을 보여준다. 이에 따라 세계는 새롭게 대두된 위협에 효과적으로 대응하기 위해 방사성물질에 대한 보안(security)과 물리적방호(physical protection)를 강화하고 방사성물질 불법거래 예방 및 대응체제를 구축하도록 요구하고 있다. 우리나라는 이러한 국제적 추세에 부응하기 위해, 관련 법 체제를 제 개정하고 국제협약 혹은 기구에 합의하거나 가입하였다. 본 논문에서는 핵테러/방사능테러 예방의 일환으로 방사성동위원소에 비해 상대적으로 복잡한 붕괴 과정을 가진 핵물질의 물리적 특성을 살펴보고, 현재 운영되고 있는 핵테러/방사능테러 탐지 장비들의 특성을 파악한다. 검토된 장비들의 특성과 함께 국외에서 국내로 불법 유입된 방사성물질이 목표 지점까지 도달되는 과정, 국내 지형적 특정 그리고 다중 방어적 개념을 고려하여 핵테러/방사능테러 탐지체계 구축 방안을 제안한다. 본 논문은 핵테러/방사능테러로부터 국민의 건강, 안전 그리고 환경을 보호하는데 중요한 기여를 할 것으로 판단된다.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.209-217
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• 2006

유화란 서로 섞이지 않는 액체들간의 분산계이다. 화장품에 사용되는 원료에는 서로 잘 섞이지 않는 물질들이 많기 때문에 이들을 한 제제 내에 잘 혼합할 수 있는 유화기술이 매우 유용하게 이용되고 있다. 유화제제의 안정화 및 물성 변화를 위하여 유화제의 발달과 함께 여러 가지 다양한 형태의 유화기술이 개발되었다. 1950년대에 Griffin이 제안한 HLB법을 시작으로 PIT법, 겔(gel) 유화법, D상 유화법 등이 있으며, 최근에는 피부 친화성 또는 인체에 대한 안전성을 높이기 위한 수단으로 천연 유래의 유화제 및 고분자계 유화제의 사용이 늘고 있다. 이 외에도 제품의 외관 차별화 및 유효성분의 전달 효율을 높이기 위한 수단으로 나노 유화, 다중 유화, 액정 유화, 피커링 유화 등이 개발 적용되고 있으며, 리포좀이나 큐보좀 같은 나노 구조체 입자들의 응용에 관한 연구도 활발하게 진행되고 있다. 리포좀은 생체막의 주요 구성성분인 양친매성 인지질의 이중층으로 구성된 계이고, 큐보좀 역시 생체 유래 성분인 모노올레인 같은 물질로 만들어지는 나노 입자의 일종으로 그 분자 구조적 특성으로 인해 수용액 내에서 입방상 구조의 이연속적 수상 채널을 갖는다. 이러한 나노 입자에 효능물질을 봉입시켜 제제화 함으로서 생체 친화적이면서 물질의 전달 효율을 높일 수 있다. 여기서는 화장품용 유화물 및 나노 입자들의 제조 방법, 응용 등에 대하여 간략히 소개하였다.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.129-138
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• 2018

Purpose: This study was conducted to compare clinical outcomes and treatment-related toxicities after stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) with two different dose regimens for small hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) ${\leq}3cm$ in size. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 44 patients with liver-confined HCC treated between 2009 and 2014 with SBRT. Total doses of 45 Gy (n = 10) or 60 Gy (n = 34) in 3 fractions were prescribed to the 95% isodose line covering 95% of the planning target volume. Rates of local control (LC), intrahepatic failure-free survival (IHFFS), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), and overall survival (OS) were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: Median follow-up was 29 months (range, 8 to 64 months). Rates at 1 and 3 years were 97.7% and 95.0% for LC, 97.7% and 80.7% for OS, 76% and 40.5% for IHFFS, and 87.3% and 79.5% for DMFS. Five patients (11.4%) experienced degradation of albumin-bilirubin grade, 2 (4.5%) degradation of Child-Pugh score, and 4 (9.1%) grade 3 or greater laboratory abnormalities within 3 months after SBRT. No significant difference was seen in any oncological outcomes or treatment-related toxicities between the two dose regimens. Conclusions: SBRT was highly effective for local control without severe toxicities in patients with HCC smaller than 3 cm. The regimen of a total dose of 45 Gy in 3 fractions was comparable to 60 Gy in efficacy and safety of SBRT for small HCC.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.799-807
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• 2014

Meat source fraud and adulteration scandals have led to consumer demands for accurate meat identification methods. Nucleotide amplification assays have been proposed as an alternative method to protein-based assays for meat identification. In this study, we designed Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays targeting species-specific mitochondrial DNA to identify and discriminate eight meat species; cattle, pig, horse, goat, sheep, chicken, duck, and turkey. The LAMP primer sets were designed and the target genes were discriminated according to their unique annealing temperature generated by annealing curve analysis. Their unique annealing temperatures were found to be $85.56{\pm}0.07^{\circ}C$ for cattle, $84.96{\pm}0.08^{\circ}C$ for pig, and $85.99{\pm}0.05^{\circ}C$ for horse in the BSE-LAMP set (Bos taurus, Sus scrofa domesticus and Equus caballus); $84.91{\pm}0.11^{\circ}C$ for goat and $83.90{\pm}0.11^{\circ}C$ for sheep in the CO-LAMP set (Capra hircus and Ovis aries); and $86.31{\pm}0.23^{\circ}C$ for chicken, $88.66{\pm}0.12^{\circ}C$ for duck, and $84.49{\pm}0.08^{\circ}C$ for turkey in the GAM-LAMP set (Gallus gallus, Anas platyrhynchos and Meleagris gallopavo). No cross-reactivity was observed in each set. The limits of detection (LODs) of the LAMP assays in raw and cooked meat were determined from $10pg/{\mu}L$ to $100fg/{\mu}L$ levels, and LODs in raw and cooked meat admixtures were determined from 0.01% to 0.0001% levels. The assays were performed within 30 min and showed greater sensitivity than that of the PCR assays. These novel LAMP assays provide a simple, rapid, accurate, and sensitive technology for discrimination of eight meat species.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.191-199
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• 2000

Genomics is providing targets faster than we can validate them and combinatorial chemistry is providing new chemical entities faster than we can screen them. Historically, the drug discovery cascade has been established as a sequential process initiated with a potency screening against a selected biological target. In this sequential process, pharmacokinetics was often regarded as a low-throughput activity. Typically, limited pharmacokinetics studies would be conducted prior to acceptance of a compound for safety evaluation and, as a result, compounds often failed to reach a clinical testing due to unfavorable pharmacokinetic characteristics. A new paradigm in drug discovery has emerged in which the entire sample collection is rapidly screened using robotized high-throughput assays at the outset of the program. Higher-throughput pharmacokinetics (HTPK) is being achieved through introduction of new techniques, including automation for sample preparation and new experimental approaches. A number of in vitro and in vivo methods are being developed for the HTPK. In vitro studies, in which many cell lines are used to screen absorption and metabolism, are generally faster than in vivo screening, and, in this sense, in vitro screening is often considered as a real HTPK. Despite the elegance of the in vitro models, however, in vivo screenings are always essential for the final confirmation. Among these in vivo methods, cassette dosing technique, is believed the methods that is applicable in the screening of pharmacokinetics of many compounds at a time. The widespread use of liquid chromatography (LC) interfaced to mass spectrometry (MS) or tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) allowed the feasibility of the cassette dosing technique. Another approach to increase the throughput of in vivo screening of pharmacokinetics is to reduce the number of sample analysis. Two common approaches are used for this purpose. First, samples from identical study designs but that contain different drug candidate can be pooled to produce single set of samples, thus, reducing sample to be analyzed. Second, for a single test compound, serial plasma samples can be pooled to produce a single composite sample for analysis. In this review, we validated the issue whether the second method can be applied to practical screening of in vivo pharmacokinetics using data from seven of our previous bioequivalence studies. For a given drug, equally spaced serial plasma samples were pooled to achieve a 'Pooled Concentration' for the drug. An area under the plasma drug concentration-time curve (AUC) was then calculated theoretically using the pooled concentration and the predicted AUC value was statistically compared with the traditionally calculated AUC value. The comparison revealed that the sample pooling method generated reasonably accurate AUC values when compared with those obtained by the traditional approach. It is especially noteworthy that the accuracy was obtained by the analysis of only one sample instead of analyses of a number of samples that necessitates a significant man-power and time. Thus, we propose the sample pooling method as an alternative to in vivo pharmacokinetic approach in the selection potential lead(s) from combinatorial libraries.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.441-452
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• 2011

농경지 중 내분비계장애 추정농약의 잔류 실태를 조사하기 위하여 시설재배 토양을 경기도 가평 등 전국 40개 지역에서 총 40점을 채취하여 현재 우리나라에서 분류한 내분비계장애추정농약 40종 중 등록되어 사용중인 alachlor를 포함한 16종의 농약을 대상으로 GC-ECD 및 HPLC-DAD/FLD를 이용한 다성분동시분석법 및 개별분석법으로 분석하였다. 시험농약의 검출한계는 0.0004-0.005 mg/kg이었으며, 각 시험농약의 회수율 72.69-115.28%의 범위였다. 조사대상 토양 40점 중 16점의 시료에서 cypermethrin 등 4종의 내분비계장애추정농약이 검출되어 37.5%의 검출율을 보였다. 그 중 endosulfna은 12지역에서 검출되어 가장 높은 검출빈도를 보였다. 또한 GUS로 판단할 때 대부분의 검출 농약은 지하수를 오염시킬 가능성이 거의 없었으나 살균제 vinclozolin은 약간의 지하수를 오염시킬 가능성이 있는 것으로 추정되었는데 이는 수용성이 높고 토양 흡착성이 낮은 특성 때문인 것으로 보인다.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.45-53
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• 2013

Purpose - The environment-friendly agricultural product market in Korea sees continual high growth. Recently, the Korean government has been actively fostering environment-friendly agriculture as an engine of future growth. Korean people have increasingly become more health-conscious and interested in food safety issues. Many distribution and retailing companies have responded with various promotional activities. However, most of these are not strategic and appear to have unsatisfactory outcomes. The main purpose of this paper is to suggest effective marketing strategies for environment-friendly agricultural products. To achieve this aim, the study empirically investigates the effects of consumer characteristics and trust on the purchase intention of environment-friendly agricultural products. Research design, data, methodology - Based on the theory of planned behavior, and previous studies related to the purchase intention and consumption of environment-friendly agricultural products, we set up five study hypotheses. These related to the demographic characteristics of consumers, purchase intention, and behavior of the products. We then set up a study model and four study hypotheses relating to health consciousness, environmental consciousness, consumer trust level, purchase intention, and behavior of the products. The data were collected using a questionnaire given to consumers living in Seoul and southern Geonggi Province. The final sample size is 403 and mean age is 44.3. SPSS 15.0 for Windows and Amos 7.0 were used as statistical analysis tools. Meaningful results were derived using frequency analysis, correlation analysis, a t-test, and structural equation modeling. Results - Empirical results of this research are as follows. (1) First, it is shown that consumers consider such attributes as intimacy and health to be important when they buy environment-friendly agricultural products. (2) We also found that consumers recognize the value of environment-friendly agricultural products as high, but their trust level as low. (3) Consumer groups consisting of married couples, with higher education, higher income, and higher age are shown to have a higher intention of buying environment-friendly agricultural products than any other consumer group. (4) It is estimated that the level of consumer trust positively affects the purchase intention of environment-friendly agricultural products. The path coefficient (.138) between consumer trust and purchase intention is statistically significant at the α = .05 level. (5). It is also estimated that environmental consciousness positively affects purchase intention. The path coefficient (.245) between environmental consciousness and purchase intention is statistically significant at the α = 0.05 level. The standardized path coefficients of consumer trust and environmental consciousness with purchase intention are .556 and .288 respectively. Therefore, consumer trust affects purchase intention more than environmental consciousness. (6) Finally, purchase intention is estimated to positively affect purchase behavior. Conclusions - Based upon empirical results, this research suggests that marketers of environment-friendly agricultural products should focus more on increasing consumer trust levels, emphasizing the training and education of employees. The government also should pay attention to a standardized certification system for environment-friendly agricultural products. Marketers of environment-friendly agricultural products should consider the consumer groups of married couples, with higher education, higher income, and higher age as a major target segment.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.321-331
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• 2011

Mycobacterium bovis, a member of the M. tuberculosis complex (MTC), is the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis. Detection of M. bovis and M. tuberculosis using conventional culture- and biochemical-based assays is time-consuming. Therefore, a simple and sensitive molecular assay for rapid detection would be of great help in specific situations such as faster diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) infection in the abattoirs. We developed a novel multiplex real-time PCR assay which was applied directly to biological samples with evidence of bTB and it was allowed to differentiate between M. bovis and M. tuberculosis. The primers and TaqMan probes were designed to target the IS1081 gene, the multi-copy insertion element in the MTC and the 12.7-kb fragment which presents in M. tuberculosis, not in the M. bovis genome. The assay was optimized and validated by testing 10 species of mycobacteria including M. bovis and M. tuberculosis, and 10 other bacterial species such as Escherichia coli, and cattle lymph nodes (n=113). The tests identified 96.4% (27/28) as M. bovis from the MTC-positive bTB samples using conventional PCR for specific insertion elements IS1081. And MTC-negative bTB samples (n=85) were tested using conventional PCR and the real-time PCR. When comparative analyses were conducted on all bovine samples, using conventional PCR as the gold standard, the relative accuracy of real-time PCR was 99.1%, the relative specificity was 100%, and the agreement quotient (kappa) was 0.976. The detection limits of the real-time PCR assays for M. bovis and M. tuberculosis genomic DNA were 10 fg and 0.1 pg per PCR reaction, respectively. Consequently, this multiplex real-time PCR assay is a useful diagnotic tool for the identification of MTC and differentiation of M. bovis and M. tuberculosis, as well as the epidemiologic surveillance of animals slaughtered in abattoir.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.449-457
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• 2002

The main purpose of this study is to examine the concepts appeared on researches and provide the future research directions in field of child health nursing. A descriptive study was conducted. 205 studies were included in an analysis the concepts in terms of the domain of client for a total 321 researches. All were originally published between 1990 and 2000 in Korea. An analysis of concepts for this study was used the metaparadigm framework for nursing proposed by H.S. Kim(2000). The concepts for this study were categorized by essentialistic concepts, problematic concepts, health-care experiential concepts with the following results. 1. Based on the four domains suggested Kim (2000), 205 studies(63.9％) belong to the domain of client ; 109 studies(34％) belong to the practice domain of nursing; 3 studies(0.9％) belong to the client-nurse domain; and 4 studies belong to the domain of environment, respectively. 2. In the domain of client, 117(57.1％) studies used concept of parent. Among them, mother was the prevailing research population(103 studies). 64 studies(31.2％) used child population and the developmental stage of children varied from preterm to puberty but school aged children was the most target population(28 studies). Family as a concept of client was used in 20 studies(9.8％) but most primary care provider was the mother. 3. In terms of research design, non-experimental design(83.5％) is the most and among them survey was 159 studies(77.6％). Qualitative research(23 studies) and experimental research(10 studies) methods were used relatively few. 4. In terms of the categories of concepts, 196 (61.4％) studies included the essentialistic concepts like stress and coping(20.4％), mothering role and child care(7.8％), health (5.6％), breast feeding(4.7％). 31 studies included problematic concepts like power-lessness, safety, obesity, pain, anxiety. And 65 studies included health-care experiential concepts like compliance, growth, hope, environment but relatively few. The findings of this study provide the evidence that research related problematic concept and health-care experiential concept should be conducted actively to improve the practice of child health nursing. Also to deeply understand the phenomena of client in field of child health nursing, interpretive research methods should be conducted actively, too.

• 정보처리학회논문지:소프트웨어 및 데이터공학
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• 제2권8호
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• pp.571-578
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• 2013

국제수로기구(IHO)의 공간지리 공통 데이터 모델에 관한 표준인 S-100을 기반으로 하는 S-10x 데이터 제품사양(Product Specification)은 해양의 특정 분야 데이터를 제작, 배포하는 기준에 관한 표준이다. 전자해도 데이터와 같은 피처 중심의 데이터는 피처 카탈로그를 S-10x 데이터 제품사양의 주요 구성 요소로 포함한다. 피처 카탈로그는 대상 분야 및 대상 분야의 데이터에 관한 전문 지식을 갖춘 도메인 전문가에 의해 제작되어 진다. 그러나 도메인 전문가가 피처 카탈로그를 구조화된 XML 문서로 오류 없이 작성하는 것은 쉬운 일이 아니다. 국제수로기구의 TSMAD 워킹그룹 회의에서도 카탈로그의 제작을 지원하는 시스템 개발의 필요성을 제기하였다. 이에 본 논문에서는 도메인 전문가가 S-10x 제품사양의 피처 카탈로그를 일관되고 구조화된 XML 문서로 제작할 수 있도록 지원하는 시스템 도구로 피처 카탈로그 빌더를 설계, 구현하였다. 피처 카탈로그 빌더는 자바 기반의 그래픽 유저 인터페이스(GUI) 프로그램으로 개발하였다. 그리고 피처 개념 사전(Feature Concept Dictionary) 레지스터의 등록 아이템 간의 관계를 확인하고 대상 분야에 적합한 아이템을 선택할 수 있도록 피처 카탈로그 빌더를 개발하였다.