• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.49-56
• /
• 2011

To investigate the toxicological effects of ${\beta}$-glucan, we performed basic studying on ${\beta}$-glucan in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Standard endpoints in this study included mortality, clinical observations, changes of body weights, analysis on food consumption, ophthalmoscopic examination, hematologic examination, serum biochemistry, analysis of organ weights, gross anatomic pathology and histopathology. No clinical signs and mortality were observed in animals treated with beta-glucan throughout the experimental period. The average body weight of each treatment groups showed similar levels at end of experiment. There were no treatment-related changes in mortality, body weights changes, food consumption, ophthalmoscopic examination. Although there were statistically significant differences between the control and treated groups in some relative and absolute organ weights, and hematological and biochemical analysis, the data were in biologically normal ranges and did not show a dose-dependent manner. In the morphological change, hepatic tissue were not showed ballooning degeneration and irregular arrangement of hepatic cell in ${\beta}$-glucan treatment groups with control group. Also, organs weights (liver, heart, kidney and stomach) and hematological indices (WBC, RBC, Hb, Hct and Platelet) did not show statistically significant differences among the experimental groups. In summary of these results, there were no changes in mortality, mean body weight, clinical signs, food consumption. There were no changes in ophthalmological examination, hematology, blood chemistry, necropsy and histopathology. In conclusion, although further investigation of glucan should be performed in the functions registered in many ancient literatures, ${\beta}$-glucan is physiologically safe and may have potential as candidate food for human health.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.45 no.3
• /
• pp.574-582
• /
• 1998

Background: Bronchofiberscopy is a procedure with a chance of airway irritation and it may cause pathophysiologic changes of respiratory system. So we tried to evaluate the influence of bronchofibercopy on $O_2$ saturation, ABGA and PIT by patient's basal status and procedure type. Method: $O_2$ saturation was measured every 1 minute from the left index finger tip with percutaneous oximetry. ABGA was done before and right after the bronchofiberscopy and PIT was done before and within 10 minutes after the bronchofiberscopy. Results: The mean time for bronchofiberscopy procedure was 14.5mim and $SaO_2$ maximally fall to 89.0 below 8% of the baseline after mean time of 8.4min, which was recovered at the end of the procedure. $SaO_2$ change amount was 8.4 % on Non-$O_2$ supply group, which was lower compared to 6.4 % of the $O_2$-supply group without statistically significance. Biopsy Group and BAL group showed more $SaO_2$ fall than washing only group. The level of $PaO_2$ and FEV1 of the patient didn't influence significantly on $SaO_2$ fall during the procedure. ABGA taken before and after the bronchofiberscopy showed mild fall of $PaO_2$ and mild rise of $PaCO_2$. Whereas PFT showed decrease of FEV1(P<0.05) and increase of RV without changes in airway resistance and pulmonary diffusion capacity. Comparing before and after the bronchofiberscopy, the washing group showed no significant changes on PIT, while the biopsy group and the BAL group showed increase of RV & decrease of $FEV_1$ after the bronchofiberscopy. BAL group showed more changing tendency rather than biopsy group although not statistically significant. Conclusion: Bronchofiberscopy is considered as a relatively safe procedure, but it would be better to be done with $O_2$ supply especially in the patient with low $PaO_2$ and in the case of biopsy and BAL.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.354-360
• /
• 2015

In recent years, Allium victorialis has been extensively used as a pharmacological agent for various diseases in the form of anti-arteriosclerotic, anti-diabetic and anti-cancer. Allium victorialis is severely affected by various fungal diseases since it naturally grow in the shady and humid environments in Korea. In this case, different types of fungicides are applied to control the fungal diseases in Allium victorialis. The present study was aimed to determine the residual characteristics of two fungicides namely tebuconazole and fludioxonil on Allium victorialis. For this study, the fungicides were drenched soil on Allium victorialis in the cultivation area Pyeongchang by the standard (two thousand fold) and double (thousand fold) dilutions. At the end of $15^{th}$, $30^{th}$ and $40^{th}$ days samples were collected for residue analysis. Residues of tebuconazole and fludioxonil were analyzed using GC/NPD (Gas Chromatography/Nitrogen Phosphorus Detector) and their recovery were found to be 108.8~119.5% and 91.3~104.8%, respectively. The method of limits of quantification for both fungicides was $0.01mg\;kg^{-1}$. Further, the results of this study shows that the residue levels of both fungicides on Allium victorialis were <$0.01{\sim}0.12mg\;kg^{-1}$ and $0.01{\sim}0.09mg\;kg^{-1}$ and their % ADI (% Acceptable Daily Intake) were 17.44% and 25.75%, respectively. Based on the results obtained in this study, we suggest that the residue levels of both of the fungicides on Allium victorialis are safe and these fungicides can also be used to control fungal diseases in Allium victorialis.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.57 no.3
• /
• pp.209-220
• /
• 2018

Mating disruption (MD) has been widely used to effectively control Grapholita molesta in apple orchards. A simultaneous mating disruption (SMD) techniques have been developed to control both G. molesta and G. dimorpha. This study was performed to determine the practical parameters to apply the SMD technique to field conditions. To determine the application amount of SMD lures, a dispenser containing 10 mg pheromone was placed at different numbers of trees in an orchard. Application at every other tree (= one dispenser per two trees) was relatively safe to expect effective MD efficiency in both wax and polyethylene (PE) formulations. One time application at the end of March was enough to maintain a year round MD efficacy against both species. A fence treatment using food trap was applied to prevent any immigratory mated females from nearby untreated regions. To enhance the food trap by adding host-derived secondary compounds, terpinyl acetate (TA) was screened to be effective to attract females of Grapholita molesta among six compounds contained in apple fruit extracts. Among different TA concentrations, 0.05% TA treatment was the most effective to attract the adults. A mixture of TA and sugar was effective to attract and kill females and called FAKT (female attract-to-kill techniques). FAKT was treated at approximately 6 m interval at the edge of the apple orchards. The females trapped by the FAKT included mated females possessing vitellogenic oocytes. SMD supplemented with FAKT maintained the high MD efficacy and significantly suppressed leaf damage induced by the two insect pests compared to control or single SMD treatment.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
• /
• v.32 no.3
• /
• pp.111-133
• /
• 2020

The purpose of this study is to analyze the contents of global citizenship education in the 2015 revision of Home Economics textbook and examine the relevance of global citizenship education in the subject of Home Economics. To this end, the contents of global citizenship education included in the 2015 revision of middle school Home Economics textbook were extracted and analyzed from the viewpoint of the UNESCO Topics and Learning Objectives (TLO), according to the procedure of the concurrent triangulation design. When the frequencies of inclusion of the 9 topics of TLOs were counted, about 54.6% of global citizenship education(GCED) content covered in the 2015 revision of Home Economics textbooks in total was related to the socio-emotional aspects. In particular, TLO 4 (Different levels of identity) showed the highest ratio, followed by TLO 5(Different communities people belong to and how these are connected) and TLO 1 (Local, national and global systems and structures). As a result of categorizing global citizenship education learning topics extracted from Home Economics textbooks of middle school by Home Economics sub-topic area, the child and family(94) area showed the greatest relevance to all learning topics. Food and nutrition(13), clothing(13), housing(15), and consumption (14) showed similar distributions of learning subjects. Child and family area is related to global citizenship education in the topics of adolescent development and its characteristics, family relations, sexual and domestic violences prevention, change in family structures and healthy families, aging society and work-family balance, and life planning and career exploration. The food and nutrition area is related to global citizenship education in the topics of nutrition and eating behavior, and adolescents' food selection and safe cooking. The topic of clothing management and recycling of clothing area, housing culture, residential space utilization, and residential life and safety of housing area, consumer life in adolescence of consumption area were related to the learning subject of global citizenship education. As such, high relations between GCED learning topics and Home Economics learning content elements were found. It is expected that the data of this study will be used as basic data for program development, class improvement, and textbook development with global citizenship education as a content element in Home Economics education.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.3263-3291
• /
• 1974

Experimental work of grain bin was carried out to develop the methods of natural air in-bin drying and storage. The method is considered to be more economical, labour saving, and an effective countermeasure to grain loss. To examine the possibility of farm use of the grain bin and to analyze the related factors concerned with in-bin grain drying and storage, ambient air conditions (especially the change of air temperature and relative humidity) and grain quality during drying and storage periods were investigated. A laboratory model bin was constructed to investigate the effect of different forced air conditions on the drying characteristics of rice. In addition, a grain bin with 2.2m diameter and 1.8m height, considered to be the optimum size for the average Korean farm, was constructed and tested to examine the drying and storing characteristics of rice. The weather data analyzed in this study was the nine-year (from 1964 to 1972) record of air temperature and relative humidity in the Suweon area, and the thirty-year (from 1931 to 1960) record of pentad normal relative humidity and air temperature in the Seoul area. From the results of the weather data analyses, the adequate air delivery hours (which was arbitrary defined as the condition to give less than 75% relative humidity) to dry the rice during October were about nine hours (from approximately 10 A.M. to 7 P.M, ) a day, in which the average air temperature was about 15.9$^{\circ}C$ and average relative humidity was 66%. The occurence of days having three hours of such conditions was 1, 2, and 1-day within the 1st, 2nd add last 10-day periods for the month of October, respectively. Therefore, it may be considered that the weather condition in October was satisfactory for the forced natural air drying. The results of the laboratory model bin test were analyzed to obtain the drying curve and drying rate for different drying stages and grain layers in the bin corresponding to various conditions of forced natural air. A drying experiment with a prototype grain bin showed that an approximate 5 percent grain moisture gradient through a 1.6 meter grain deposit was observed after 80 hours of intermittent drying, giving an over dried zone in the lower grain layers and an extremely high grain moisture zone in the upper layers. This indicates that an effective measure should be taken to reduce this high moisture gradient. In order to investigate the drying characteristics of bulk grain in a layerturning operation a grain bin test was performed. This showed a significant improvement of uniform drying. In this test, approximate 107 hours were required to dry a depth of 1.6 meter of grain from an initial moisture content of 22.2 percent to a moisture content of 16.7 percent using an air delivery rate of 2.8 cubic meter per a minute per every cubic meter of grain. This resulted in a 2 percent moisture gradient from the top to the bottom of the bin. During storage period, till the end of June the average temperature of grain was 2~3$^{\circ}C$ higher than ambient air temperature. But during July when the grain moisture content went up slightly (less than 1 percent), the average temperature of the grain also increased to 3~5$^{\circ}C$ higher than ambient air temperature. It is therefore recommended that for safe grain storage, grain should not be stored in sheet metal bins after mid May. From the above results, in-bin rice drying and storage can be used effectively on Korean farms. It is strongly recommended that the use of grain-bin system should be implemented for farm use to improve farm drying and storage of rice.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.28 no.5
• /
• pp.605-614
• /
• 2018

Bee pollen has an outer wall which is resistant to both acidic and basic solutions and even the digestive enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, the oral bioavailability of bee pollen is only 10-15%. A previous study reported on wet-grinding technology which increased the extraction of active ingredients from bee pollen by 11 times. This study was designed to investigate the safety of wet-ground bee pollen. First, a single dose of wet-ground bee pollen was tested in both rats and beagle dogs at dosages of 5, 10, and 20 g/kg and 1.5, 3, and 6 g/kg, respectively. In rats, compound-colored stools were found in those administered 10 g/kg or more of wet-ground bee pollen. In beagle dogs, 6 g/kg of wet-ground bee pollen induced diarrhea in one male for four hours. However, no obvious clinical signs were found through the end of the experiment in rats and beagle dogs. In addition, no histological abnormality was found in all animals. The data indicates that a single dose of up to 20 g/kg of wet-ground bee pollen is safe. Next, the genetic toxicity of nano-sized bee pollen was tested. This study employed a bacterial reverse mutation test, a micronucleus assay, and a chromosomal aberration assay. In the micronucleus assay, there was no genetic toxicity up to the dosage of 2 g/kg. There was also no genetic toxicity in the bacterial reverse mutation test and chromosomal aberration assay. This data provides important information in developing nano-sized bee pollen into more advanced functional foods and herbal medicines.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.44 no.6
• /
• pp.40-50
• /
• 2016

The objective of this study is to suggest basic data for establishing future urban agriculture vitalization policies, by analyzing the preference of urban agriculture types in accordance with lifestyle as the standard of living for urban residents is improved. A survey was conducted targeting residents of nine autonomous regions that have established grounds for supporting the urban agriculture vitalization by enacting an urban agriculture ordinance, among 25 autonomous regions of Seoul. It aimed to verify a causal relationship between lifestyle and preferred activity of urban agriculture. In the results of the study first, a 'Health pursuit-type' was significant within the 'urban type' urban agriculture. These urban residents, pursuing safe food and health, actively participated in urban agriculture educational programs, and also preferred urban agricultural activities such as planting plants, landscape crops for the improvement of natural scenery in the downtown, and also participating in urban agriculture fairs. Second, 'Leisure activity-type' was significant with the 'House advantage type' urban agriculture. Urban residents mostly emphasizing hobby and leisure activities preferred the 'House advantage type' urban agricultural activities such as tending a vegetable garden in indoor life or using the veranda space of an apartment. Third, 'Health pursuit-type' was significant with the 'Schooling type' urban agriculture and 'Farm and Park type' urban agriculture. Urban residents pursuing health preferred tending an educational-type vegetable garden and educational farm connected to schools, running private farms outside of the downtown, and actively participating in urban agriculture park. Fourth, 'The neighborhood type' was significant with the 'Schooling type' urban agriculture. 'The neighborhood type' urban residents preferred actively participating in diverse urban agriculture education activities. The significance of this study is to examine the tendency and preferred activities of end users of urban agriculture by suggesting the necessity of viewing urban agriculture from the aspect of a consumer, and then examining the influential relationship between lifestyle and preference of urban agriculture-types.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.34 no.8
• /
• pp.1164-1168
• /
• 2005

Korean traditional deer decoction (Nogjungtang), composed of oriental herbs and almost deer parts, has been used as an important resource for human health. For basic studying on Nogjungtang, this experiment was conducted to evaluate nutritional effects of Nogjungtang, and estimate its effect on growth, food efficiency, organ development and hematological indices in growing and adult Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were divided into three groups as follows; control: non-supplementation, Notiungtang I: recommended dose, and Nogjungtang II: thrice recommended dose. Nogjungtang was composed of various general nutrients with up 93$\%$ moisture.Crude protein is the highest value as 22.78$ \%$, Mg is a major mineral as 0.48$\%$ compared to other minerals, and methionine and proline are higher by 1.31 and 1.67$\%$ than other amino acids based on dry matter, re-spectively. In both growing and adult rats, there were no significant difference in body weight gain and feed intake between the control and Nogjungtang groups. Also, organs weights (liver, heart, kidney and stomach) and hematological indices (WBC, RBC, Hb, Hct and Platelet) did not show statistically significant differences among the experimental groups. However, all of experimental rats were normal growth without hypertrophy or negative development of organs by Nogjungtang. Hematological indices maintained in normal value by thrice recommended dose of Nogjungtang. The average body weight of each treatment groups showed similar levels at end of experiment. In case of the feed efficiency ratio (feed intake/body gain), the growing rats showed 6.00, 5.81 and 5.99 and adult rats showed 9.03, 8.98 and 9.10 in control, Nogjungtang I and Nogjungtang II, respectively. In conclusion, although further investigation of Nogjungtang should be performed in the functions registered in many ancient literatures, Nogjungtang is physiologically safe and may have potential as candidate food for human health.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.35 no.1
• /
• pp.65-72
• /
• 2009

Skin aging appears to be principally attributed to a decrease in both levels of Type I collagen and regeneration ability of dermal fibroblasts. It is important to introduce an efficient and safe agent for effective management of skin aging. To this end, we performed screening for anti-ageing agents and then found that vegetable peptones (pea and wheat) promoted cell proliferation of adult stem cells. Vegetable peptones may be considered as useful medium additives because it can supply nutrients, peptides, amino acids or growth factor analogues. This study was designed to investigate effects of vegetable peptones on cell proliferation/collagen production and their possible mechanisms in human dermal fibroblasts. In cell proliferation assay, vegetable peptones significantly promoted cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, human COL1A2 promoter luciferase and type I procollagen synthesis assays showed that vegetable peptones induce type I procollagen production through the activation of COLlA2 promoter. In both TGF-${\beta}1$ luciferase reporter and ELISA assays, vegetable peptones was found to induce TGF-${\beta}1$ production, suggesting that vegetable peptones induce type I procollagen production through the activation of TGF-${\beta}1$. When applied topically in a human skin twice a day for an 4-week period of time, vegetable peptones did not induce any adverse reactions. Theretore, based on these results, we suggest the possibility that vegetable peptones may be considered as an attractive, wrinkle-reducing candidate for topical application.