• Speech Sciences
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.63-72
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• 2008

Various acoustic features were extracted and analyzed to estimate the inter- and intra-speaker variability of emotional speech. Tokens of vowel /a/ from sentences spoken with different modes of emotion (sadness, neutral, happiness, fear and anger) were analyzed. All of the acoustic features (fundamental frequency, spectral slope, HNR, H1-A1 and formant frequency) indicated greater contribution to inter- than intra-speaker variability across all emotions. Each acoustic feature of speech signal showed a different degree of contribution to speaker discrimination in different emotional modes. Sadness and neutral indicated greater speaker discrimination than other emotional modes (happiness, fear, anger in descending order of F-ratio). In other words, the speaker specificity was better represented in sadness and neutral than in happiness, fear and anger with any of the acoustic features.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.29-43
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• 2004

The purpose of the current study was to investigate peer conflict situations and age differences in preschoolers' emotional behavior of happiness, sadness, and anger. Participants were twenty-two 3-year-olds and twenty 5-year-olds, and each pair of the same age interacted in two standardized conflict situations: object possession conflict and behavioural/interpersonal conflict. Participants' emotional behaviors of happiness, sadness, and anger were obsewationally coded through facial expression, verbal intonation, gesture, and physical contact. Preschoolers expressed more sadness and anger emotional behavior in object possession conflict than in behavioural/interpersonal conflict. In object possession conflict, 3-year-olds expressed more anger emotional behavior than 5-year-olds did. In behavioural/interpersonal conflict,5-year-olds expressed more happiness emotional behavior than 3-year-olds did.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.195-204
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• 2018

This study is to explore the function of white hair motif in Gosijo. And to use the results in literature therapy programs. The white hair motif in the Gosijo of the study ignites the sadness. And every time we read this work repeatedly, the sadness is amplified. This amplification of sadness plays a role in healing the human body. This white hair motif of Gosijo covers the death motif and become energy to support life. In the future, if we study the literary physiological functions of Gosijo in the future, it seems that literature will give us a more healing life.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.253-258
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• 2012

Facial expression was an important communication methods. In oriental medicine, according to the emotion the face has changed shape and difference occurs in physiology and pathology. To verify such a theory, we studied the correlation between emotional facial expressions and meridian and collateral flow. The facial region divided by meridian, outer brow was Gallbladder meridian, inner brow was Bladder meridian, medial canthus was Bladder meridian, lateral canthus was Gallbladder meridian, upper eyelid was Bladder meridian, lower eyelid was Stomach meridian, central cheeks was Stomach meridian, lateral cheeks was Small intestine meridian, upper and lower lips, lip corner, chin were Small and Large intestine meridian. Meridian and collateral associated with happiness was six. This proves happiness is a high importance on facial expression. Meridian and collateral associated with anger was five. Meridian and Collateral associated with fear and sadness was four. This shows fear and sadness are a low importance on facial expression than different emotion. Based on yang meridian which originally descending flow in the body, the ratio of anterograde and retrograde were happiness 3:4, angry 2:5, sadness 5:3, fear 4:1. Based on face of the meridian flow, the ratio of anterograde and retrograde were happiness 5:2, angry 3:4, sadness 3:5, fear 4:1. We found out that practical meridian and collateral flow change by emotion does not correspond to the expected meridian and collateral flow change by emotion.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.31-37
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• 2017

This study was initiated with the aim of suggesting a further step in the program of literary therapy by revealing the mechanism by which the body heals through the discharge of neural network codes. Sentence is encoded as neural signals in our body as it is being read. If the neural networks in the human body are activated and created, the code in which the neural networks are encoded is a code composed of sentences. That is, Sentence is a code. And if the Sentence connects to the human body again and activates the human neural networks, it can be said that Sentence is encoded. At this time, the relation of "neural network codes = Sentence codes" is established. In other words, human narrative and literary narratives are the mediums that convey the same kinds of neural network codes. Cho Ji-Hoon's Poem "White Night" draws sadness through the path of loneliness in 1strophe. Through the Sentence of Loneliness, it activates neural network codes of sadness. 2strophe for the 'pure white snow' is the encoding of the Sentence. In 3strophe, the sentence for 'sadness' is encoded. This flow causes a healing mechanism in this Poem, because the neural network codes about the loneliness, sadness, and eyes of the human body are passed to the other. Here, the other is "White Night". In the future, it is expected that more effective healing results will be obtained if a literary therapy program on the encoding of the sentence of Cho Ji-Hoon's Poem is performed in the future.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.71-88
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• 2017

This paper compared self-validation and regulatory focus between consumers who felt happy vs. sad prior to decision and explored the effects of self-validation on regulatory focus and information distortion. The results of empirical analysis are as follows. First, consumers who felt happy beforehand revealed larger self-validation and stronger promotion focus than those who felt sad in advance. Second, compared to sadness, just-felt happiness was found to have partially positive impact on promotion focus by means of self-validation and exercise entirely positive impact on information distortion through mediation of self-validation. This study has made theoretic contributions by identifying the differences in the extent of self-validation and promotion focus between happiness and sadness as ambient emotion felt prior to the impending decision making as well as by investigating the effects of self-validation upon information distortion.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.11 no.10
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• pp.377-385
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• 2020

This study aimed to identify the factors associated with distorted body image in adolescents according to sex. The data obtained from the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey (2019). The subjects included 9,635 adolescents who perceived their body type as overweight, despite having a normal body mass index. The main finding indicated that high levels of fast food consumption were associated with significantly higher feelings of stress, sadness, and despair in both males and females. In addition, both males and females experienced elevated levels of stress, sadness, and despair when they perceived that they were not sufficiently physically active. The results of this study can be used for the development of interventions for adolescents with distorted body image.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.21-34
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• 2016

In the design and develop a virtual character, it is important to correctly deliver target emotions generated by the combination of facial expression and gesture. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of congruent/incongruent between gesture and facial expression on target emotion. In this study four emotions, joy, sadness, fear, and anger, are applied. The results of study showed that sadness emotion were incorrectly perceived. Moreover, it was perceived as anger instead of sadness. Sadness can be easily confused when facial expression and gestures were simultaneously presented. However, in the other emotional status, the intended emotional expressions were correctly perceived. The overall evaluation of virtual character's emotional expression was significantly low when joy gesture was combined with sad facial expression. The results of this study suggested that emotional gesture is more influential correctly to deliver target emotions to users. This study suggested that social cues like gender or age of virtual character should be further studied.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.391-400
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• 2015

This research analyzes the actual condition and trend in 119 research papers about sadness mediation program for senior citizens, which were published from 1990 to 2014, to find an expansive way for seniors. And the result is as in the following: publish year of subjects is 2010 to 2014, research plan was done by experimental-control group plan, and we quoted the most of the yardstick from foreign research, in the case of the seniors stays in their own house. Art therapy is the most common way of mediation, and most programs were done less than 10 times, once in a week, and less than 60 minutes in once. And variable of efficacy is verified in the order of physical ability, self-worth, and cognitive function. As the first research that analyzes the trend of sadness mediation program for senior citizens, this research is expected to help setting the direction of future research. that is related to convergence.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.42 no.8
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• pp.147-167
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the nonnative expectations of anger, sadness, fear, and shame in Korean culture by analyzing the textbooks for children's education in the Chosen Dynasty period. The method of this study was document analysis and the materials for analysis were the following four textbooks for children's education that involved individual ethics in everyday life based on Confucianism： 'Dongmongsenspj, 'Gyukmongyogyulj, 'Myungsimbogamj, and 'Sohakj. The analysis was focused on the antecedent events, emotional consequences, and emotional regulations in the emotional processes of anger, sadness, fear, and shame. According to the analysis, anger was caused by ought violations, especially sociomoral violations, and the expression of anger brought about undesirable results, and the inhibition of anger was expected as the regulation rule. Also, many methods of regulating anger were encouraged in the textbooks. For example, one of the regulating methods was to appraise a situation in such a way that anger would not arise. in other hand, sadness was allowed to be expressed only at the death of parents, and the expression of sadness stood for filial piety. Meanwhile, the antecedents of fear were the events to threaten self-esteem, which was mainly focused on keeping moral and social standards. Also the social consequence of fear led to observance of the social norms, and thereby could gain social approval. Therefore, the regulation rule was the enhancement of fear because of anticipated advantageous effects. Finally, the main cause of shame arousal was negative evaluation of self caused by bad performance of ethical or social standards. Accordingly, having shame could prevent wrong behaviors or transgressions which might break interpersonal connectedness, and the regulation rule of shame was to enhance this because of contributing to collective relationship.