• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.263-268
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• 2010

This investigation was focused on the low temperature tensile properties, phase change, changes in nitrogen content and corrosion resistance in the 22Cr-5Ni-3Mo duplex stainless steel after high temperature gas nitriding and solution annealing (HTGN-SA). From the HTGN-SA treatment, the duplex (ferrite + austenite) phase changed into austenite single phase. The nitrogen content of austenite single-phase steel showed a value of ~0.54%. For the HTGN-SA treated austenitic steel, tensile strength increased with lowering test temperature, on the other hand elongation showed the maximum value of 28.2% at $-100^{\circ}C$. The strain-induced martensitic transformation gave rise to lead the maximum elongation. After HTGN-SA treatment, corrosion resistance of the austenite single-phase steel increased remarkably compared with HTGN- treated steel.

• ALGAE
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.189-200
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• 2020

Pyropia yezoensis has been used as functional food in East Asia, especially in Korea and Japan, for more than five hundred years. This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant effect of polyphenols and proteins-rich extracts from P. yezoensis (PPPs) against 2,2'-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced oxidative cell damage. Among six Korean local strains obtained from Jinhae (JiH), Haenam (HN), Jangheung (JaH), Jindo (JD), Wando (WD), and Sinan (SA) areas, the extracts of P. yezoensis from SA and JD are relatively higher in polyphenols and proteins contents. SA showed the lowest IC₅₀ scavenging activities against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl and alkyl radicals and displayed protective effects against reactive oxygen species (ROS) in AAPH-induced Vero cells. Especially, the PPPs extracts from SA and JD showed protective activities against AAPH-induced apoptosis, as observed by nuclear staining with Hoechst 33342. Furthermore, in vivo studies of the SA extract in zebrafish showed significantly reduced ROS generation, lipid peroxidation, and cell damage. This is the first study, to our knowledge, to evaluate the antioxidant bioactivity of PPP in the Korean Peninsula using a zebrafish model. Due to SA and JD both located in the west coast of Korea, we deduced that the chemical content of the different PPP extracts was mildly influenced by their geographic location, and this alga has potential of protective activity against AAPH-induced ROS both in vitro and in vivo.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.57-63
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• 2011

Changes in food preferences and dietary habits of Korean prone to decrease consumption of the traditional energy source, rice. The exceeding condition of rice production in Korea is now not only impacting on the profit structure of farmers but also threatening food security. Although there have been several efforts to increase rice consumption rate, by developing various processed foods using rice flour, grain hardness of rice has been the most significant limiting factor. In this study, we addressed the suitability of the Namil(SA)-flo1, a mutant rice line has floury endosperm, in terms of producing rice flour by using dry-milling method, which is lower cost and more eco-friendly than other available methods such as wet-milling. Rice flour of the Namil(SA)-flo1 exhibited superior physico-chemical characteristics to any other check varieties including the wild type, Namil, in terms of distribution of granule sizes and content of damaged starch.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 1987

There is evidence that the effect of extracellular $Ca^{2+}$ on heart rate is temperature-dependent: at $38^{\circ}C$ excess $Ca^{2+}$ induces positive chronotropic response, whereas at $30^{\circ}C$ there is no significant chronotropic effect of $Ca^{2+}$. The cause of this temperature-dependency, however, remains still unclear. Therefore, this study was undertaken to investigate the chronotropic effect of external $Ca^{2+}$ at different temperature in the isolated rabbit atria and in the small strips of SA node cut perpendicularly to crista terminalis. In the isolated atria, the $Ca^{2+}$ effect was temperature-dependent: at $35^{\circ}C$ excess $Ca^{2+}$ evoked positive chronotropic response, while at $30^{\circ}C$ there was no significant changes in sinus rate. On the contrary, in the small SA strips external $Ca^{2+}$ induced negative chronotropic effect. At $35^{\circ}C$ changes in $Ca^{2+}$ concentration from 2 to 4, 6, and 10 mM decreased the sinus rate by $2.7{\pm}1.6%$, $11.2{\pm}3.7%$ and $23.2{\pm}8.1%$ respectively. Lowering the temperature to $30^{\circ}C$, the negative chronotropic effect of $Ca^{2+}$ became greater. With intracellular microelectrodes transmembrane potential was recorded in the small SA strips at $30^{\circ}C$, $35^{\circ}C$ and $38^{\circ}C$. As temperature increased from 30 to $38^{\circ}C$, sinus rate was accelerated by $13/min/^{\circ}C$, $APD_{50}$(action ptential duration from peak to 50% repolarization) decreased by $5\;msec/^{\circ}C$, and amplitude of action potential was slightly decreased. With an increase in $Ca^{2+}$ concentrations from 0.5 to 6 mM, overshoot increased and MDP decreased. These $Ca^{2+}$ effects on the overshoot and MDP of action potentials were not altered by temperature. But the $Ca^{2+}$ effects on the rates of diastolic depolarization, systolic depolarization and repolarization were modified by temperature. Discrpancy of the chronotropic effects of $Ca^{2+}$ between isolated atria and small SA strips was discussed.

• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.4
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• pp.189-209
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• 1995

The purpose of this study is to understand a term of 'Jangbu theory 臟腑論' in 'Dong-Eui-Su-Se-Bo-Won 東醫壽世保元'. The conclusion would be summerized as follows. 1. 'Jangbu theory 臟腑論' of 'Sa-Sang medicine 四象醫學' is based on 'Sa-Sang structure 四象構造'. 2. 'Mind 心' of 'Sa-Sang medicine 四象醫學' is recognised as the Lord of body. 3. 'four-Jang 四臟' and 'four-Bu 四腑' constitute 'Sa-Sang structure 四象構造' which is based on the deviation of 'vital energy 氣', and 'four-Jang 四臟' plays a loading role. 4. 'Sacho 四焦' explains the whole function of human body including one's heart's desire, physical constitution and the visceral physiology. 5. 'ear-eye-nose-mouth 耳目口鼻' is connected with 'the profound secrets of nature 天機' and also has a close relation with creation of 'spirit-vital energy-blood-essence 神氣血精' and spiritual fuction. 6. 'SaHae theory 四海論' of 'Dong Mu 東武' is philosophical concept set on the basis of 'nature 天性' and 'life 人命'. 7. 'spirit-vital energy-blood-essence 神機血精' doesn't have the relation of mutual transformation. It's creation and consumption lies on 'the power of ear-eye-nose-mouth 耳目口鼻之力'. 8. 'Sa-Sang medicine 四象醫學' expands its theory centering on the deviation of 'vital energy 氣' and the transversal circulation of 'SaHae 四海' According to the above result, 'Jangbu theory 臟腑論' in 'Dong-Eui-Su-Se-Bo-Won 東醫壽世保元' should be understood on the basis of 'Sacho 四焦' and 'SaHae 四海' according to 'Sa-Sang structure 四象構造', accompanying philosophical thinking focused on human and society, the centural concept of 'Jangbu theory 臟腑論' could be said as 'Mind 心' to be the Lord of body.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.379-388
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• 1994

Background : In sleep apnea syndrome, arterial oxygen saturation($SaO_2$) decreases at a variable rate and to a variable degree for a given apneic period from patient to patient, and various kinds of cardiac arrythmia are known to occur. Factors supposed to affect arterial oxygen desaturation during apnea are duration of apnea, lung voulume at which apnea occurs, and oxygen consumption rate of the subject. The lung serves as preferential oxygen source during apnea, and there have been many reports related with the influence of lung volume on $SaO_2$ during apnea, but there are few, if any, studies about the influence of oxygen consumption rate of an individual on $SaO_2$ during breath holding or about the profile of arterial oxygen resaturation after breathing resumed. Methods : To investigate the changes of $SaO_2$ and heart rate(HR) during breath holding(BH) and rebreathing(RB) and to evaluate the physiologic factors responsible for the changes, lung volume measurements, and arterial blood gas analyses were performed in 17 healthy subjects. Nasal airflow by thermistor, $SaO_2$ by pulse oxymeter and ECG tracing were recorded on Polygraph(TA 4000, Gould, U.S.A.) during voluntary BH & RB at total lung capacity(TLC), at functional residual capacity(FRC) and at residual volume(RV), respectively, for the study subjects. Each subject's basal metabolic rate(BMR) was assumed on Harris-Benedict equation. Results: The time needed for $SaO_2$ to drop 2% from the basal level during breath holding(T2%) were $70.1{\pm}14.2$ sec(mean${\pm}$standard deviation) at TLC, $44.0{\pm}11.6$ sec at FRC, and $33.2{\pm}11.1$ sec at RV(TLC vs. FRC, p<0.05; FRC vs. RV, p<0.05). On rebreathing after $SaO_2$ decreased 2%, further decrement in $SaO_2$ was observed and it was significantly greater at RV($4.3{\pm}2.1%$) than at TLC($1.4{\pm}1.0%$)(p<0.05) or at FRC($1.9{\pm}1.4%$)(p<0.05). The time required for $SaO_2$ to return to the basal level after RB(Tr) at TLC was not significantly different from those at FRC or at RV. T2% had no significant correlation either with lung volumes or with BMR respectively. On the other hand, T2% had significant correlation with TLC/BMR(r=0.693, p<0.01) and FRC/BMR (r=0.615, p<0.025) but not with RV/BMR(r=0.227, p>0.05). The differences between maximal and minimal HR(${\Delta}HR$) during the BH-RB manuever were $27.5{\pm}9.2/min$ at TLC, $26.4{\pm}14.0/min$ at RV, and $19.1{\pm}6.0/min$ at FRC which was significantly smaller than those at TLC(p<0.05) or at RV(p<0.05). The mean difference of 5 p-p intervals before and after RB were $0.8{\pm}0.10$ sec and $0.72{\pm}0.09$ sec at TLC(p<0.001), $0.82{\pm}0.11$ sec and $0.73{\pm}0.09$ sec at FRC(p<0.025), and $0.77{\pm}0.09$ sec and $0.72{\pm}0.09$ sec at RV(p<0.05). Conclusion Healthy subjects showed arterial desaturation of various rates and extent during breath holding at different lung volumes. When breath held at lung volume greater than FRC, the rate of arterial desaturation significantly correlated with lung volume/basal metabolic rate, but when breath held at RV, the rate of arterial desaturation did not correlate linearly with RV/BMR. Sinus arrythmias occurred during breath holding and rebreathing manuever irrespective of the size of the lung volume at which breath holding started, and the amount of change was smallest when breath held at FRC and the change in vagal tone induced by alteration in respiratory movement might be the major responsible factor for the sinus arrythmia.

• Electronics and Telecommunications Trends
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.62-70
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• 2017

5G 네트워크 기술은 4G LTE 이동 통신 기술의 후속 기술로서, ITU-R, ITU-T, NGMN, 3GPP 등의 표준화 그룹을 중심으로 고성능, 저지연, 고가용성 등의 특성을 가지는 새로운 Clean-slate 형태의 이동 통신 시스템 및 네트워크 구조를 설계 중이다. 특히 다양한 5G 융합 서비스를 효율적으로 제공하기 위해 서비스 및 네트워크 자원의 독립성 및 유연성을 지향하는 네트워크 슬라이싱을 적용하고, ETSI NFV 네트워크 기능 가상화 기술을 포함하는 네트워크 관리 구조를 도입하고자 한다. 본고에서는 5G 네트워크 슬라이싱 기술 및 5G 네트워크 관리 기술의 개념 및 요구사항을 분석하고, 이에 대해 3GPP SA WG2 및 SA WG5에서 진행 중인 표준화 현황을 소개한다.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.5-29
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• 1992

In this study, the author researched the process in which the philosophical basis of 'Sa Sang Medicine (四象醫學)' and its methodology build up the principles of Sa Sang Medicine, and then, examined how the principles were applied to the theoretical system of Sa Sang Medicine. The conclusion would be summarized as follows. 1. 'Nae Kyung Medicine (內經醫學)' was developed under the concept that the cosmos's order and its moving rule could be directly applied to that of human body, which corresponded to the 'Theory of Hwang-No (黃老之學)'. On the contrary, Sa Sang Medicine is a thoroughly human-oriented theory formed in the Confucianism system. 2. Lee Jae-Ma's Substantialism can be briefed into 'Mind 心' (Tae Keuk 太極), 'Mind-Body 心身' (Yang Eui 兩儀) and 'Activity-Mind-Body-Matter 事心身物' (Sa Sang 四象), which respectively represents one-elemented substance, two-elemented substance and four-elemented substance. Especially, Sa Sang was used as a basic framework in which he recognized all the objects and phenomena. So, most critical significance of his substantialism consists in the intention of Sa Sang type classifying. 3. By the method of Sa Sang type classifying, Lee Jae-Ma not only redefined the main concepts of confucianism and developed a unique philosophy of his own, but also, in the field of medical science, resystemized and re-explained the structure and function of human body. 4. From the recognition that Activity-Mind-body-Matter (Sa Sang) are four different existence forms of energy 氣 (or four variation types of energy), Yi Jae-Ma thinks that the viscera of human body have a vertical structure of 'four parts 四焦' (upper, mid-upper, mid-lower and lower parts) and its physiological function is operated by the rising and falling action of four energy presentations (sorrow 哀, anger 怒, joy 喜 and pleasure 樂). 5. In "Gyuk Chi Go 格致藁", Lee Jae-Ma understood the concept of joy, anger, sorrow and pleasure on the basis of nature-emotion theory 性情論 from the philosophical viewpoint. But, from the medical viewpoint of "Dong Eui Su Se Bo Won 東醫壽世保元", he understood them on the basis of vital energy theory. That is, sorrow, anger, joy and pleasure are expression of advance or reverse of nature vital-energy 性氣 and emotion vital-energy 情氣. 6. The rising and falling action principle of four energy presentations (sorrow, anger, joy and pleasure) which produces and helps each other is an identical principles of Sa Sang Medicine, distinguished from the Oh-Haeng 五行 circulating principle in Nae Kyung Medicine. Through this principle, Lee Jae-Ma explained the viscera physiology of human body, pathology & diagnosis and pharmacology.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.337-380
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• 1996

'Nei Jing(內徑)' first defined the interrelationship of the true and tile false between evil factor affecting health(雅氣) and vital essence energy(精氣). According to 「'Nei Jing(內徑)', the above interrelationship is explained as 'If state of evil domination is considered as sthenia-syndrome(雅氣盛則實), if the consumption of healthy energy Is considered as asenia-syndrome(精氣尊則虛): 'Nei Jing(內徑)', proposed major features of the medicall treatment by 'regluate the vatal energy of asthenia and sthenia, treat the sthenia-syndrome by purgation, and treat the asenia-syndrome by therapy of invigoration(調其氣之虛實, 實則瀉之, 虛則補之): The above interrelationship was interpreted as 'treat the asthenia-syndrome of child organ by invigorating the mother organ(虛者補其母)'in the 69th of 'The Classic on Difficulty',(難經 六十九難). Go-Mu(高武) of Myung-dynasty describe therapy for invigoration and purgation of itself-meridian(自經 補瀉法), which locating acupuncture points according to the Therorr of Five Element in the five shu points of itself-meridian(自經 五유穴), based on the generation in the ${\ulcorner}$A Synthetical Book of Acupuncture and Moxibustion(針灸聚英)${\lrcorner}$, Sae-hyun Jang(張世賢) further extended location acupuncture points of the five shu points to the other-meridian in the ${\ulcorner}$Gyeo Jung Do Ju Nan Gyung(校正圖註難經)${\lrcorner}$ Sa-Ahm's 5 Element Acupuncture Method(舍嚴五行鍼法) was originated in 1644, the middle of the Yi-dynasty. It linked the reinforcing and reducing in acupuncture therapy which incorporated tlle asthenia-syndrome and sthenia-syndrome of the hollow organs, based on principle of the Yin Yang 5 Element Theory(陰陽五行學說), not only to the generation in the 5 element(相生關係) but also to the restriction in the 5 element(相剋關係). Furthermore it was devised for the medical treatment by comning therapy for invigoration and purgation of itself-meridian(自經 補瀉法) with that of the other-meridian. Even though many original forms(正形) of the therapy for invigoration and purgation of the Yin Yang 5 Element Theory comply with the principle of the generation and the restriction based on the principle of the Yin Yang 5 Element Theory are abailable, variational forms(變形) are also recognized by examining the nature of the Sa-Ahm's 5 Element Acupuncture Method(舍嚴五行鍼法), For this reason, it is very difficult to understand the Sa-Ahm's 5 Element Acupuncture Method(舍嚴五行鍼法) thoroughly. therefore, those variational forms are obstacles for the beginners to study the Sa-Ahm's 5 Element Acupuncture Method. In order to understand the principle of the practical clinical application of the Sa-Ahm's 5 Element Acupuncture Method, this study investigated which principle was based on the variations of the locating acupuncture points' method for the acupuncture prescription.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.195-201
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• 1998

Anchor Engraulis japonica was fermented with $10\%$ and $20\%$ salt at $10^{\circ}C$ ($10\%$ 5A) and $20^{\circ}C$ ($20\%$ SA), respectively, and the changes in lipid content, fatty acid composition and lipid oxidation was observed for 105 days. Peroxide value (POV) in $10\%$ SA reached to the maximum (46.4 meq/kg) on 30 days of fermentation, while in $20\%$ SA, it reached the maximum (54.7 meq/kg) on 45 days of fermentation, and then decreased in both samples during fermentation. Thiobarbituric acid values revealed a similar tendency with the change of POV during the fermentation. These results indicated that lipid of the anchovy was oxidized faster in lower salt than high salt in the early stage. Total lipid (TL) content during the fermentation for 105 days decreased approximately $16\%$ in $10\%$ SA and approximately $33\%$ in $20\%$ SA. Phospholipid (PL) content also decreased in both samples and the content of neutral lipid (NL) was unchanged in $10\%$ SA, while it decreased in the same amount as PL in $20\%$ SA. The prominent fatty acids in TL of the anchovy sample were 14 : 0, 16 : 0, 16 : In-7, 18 : in-9, 20 5n-3 and 22 : 6n-3. After fermentation for 105 days, approximately $87\%$ and $67\%$ of the prominent fatty acids remained in $10\%$ SA and $20\%$ SA, respectively, but the kind of the fatty acids was unchanged.