• Wind and Structures
• /
• 제8권6호
• /
• pp.427-442
• /
• 2005

Numerical and wind tunnel simulations of pollutant dispersion around rectangular obstacles with five aspect ratios have been conducted in order to identify the effects of flow patterns induced by buildings on plume dispersion in the near wake of buildings. An emission from a low source located upwind of obstacles was used in this simulation. The local flow patterns and concentrations around a cubical obstacle were initially investigated using three RANS turbulence models, (the standard $k-{\varepsilon}$, Shear Stress Transport (SST), Reynolds-Stress RSM turbulence model) and also using Large-eddy simulation (LES). The computed concentrations were compared with those measured in the wind tunnel. Among the three turbulence models, the SST model offered the best performance and thus was used in further investigations. The results show, for normal aspect ratios of width to height, that concentrations in the near wake are appreciably affected because of plume capture by the horseshoe vortex and convection by the vertical vortex pairs. These effects are less important for high aspect ratios. Vertical vortex pairs present a strong ability to exchange mass vertically and acts efficiently to reduce ground-level concentrations in the near wake.

• 한국추진공학회지
• /
• 제22권6호
• /
• pp.47-55
• /
• 2018

축 대칭 형상의 핀틀 노즐에서 3차원 효과 여부를 파악하기 위하여 3차원 수치해석을 수행하였다. 초음속 노즐을 통해 배출되는 압축성 유동을 정확히 예측하기 위해 k-${\omega}$ SST 난류 모델에 압축성 보정 모델을 결합하였다. 핀틀의 전단과 후단에서 재순환 영역이 관찰되었으며, 노즐을 통해 분출되는 유동은 복잡한 충격파 구조를 형성하였다. 각 핀틀 위치에서 2차원 축대칭과 3차원의 수치해석 결과를 실험데이터와 비교해 볼 때 3차원 결과가 접선 방향 유동의 3차원 효과로 인해 유동 박리 위치와 박리로 인한 압력 상승 변화과정을 정확히 예측하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
• /
• 제29권4호
• /
• pp.150-160
• /
• 2018

Objectives: This study investigated the effect of social skills training (SST) on facial emotion recognition and discrimination in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Methods: Twenty-three children aged 7 to 10 years participated in our SST. They included 15 children diagnosed with ADHD and 8 with ASD. The participants' parents completed the Korean version of the Child Behavior Checklist (K-CBCL), the ADHD Rating Scale, and Conner's Scale at baseline and post-treatment. The participants completed the Korean Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV (K-WISC-IV) and the Advanced Test of Attention at baseline and the Penn Emotion Recognition and Discrimination Task at baseline and post-treatment. Results: No significant changes in facial emotion recognition and discrimination occurred in either group before and after SST. However, when controlling for the processing speed of K-WISC and the social subscale of K-CBCL, the ADHD group showed more improvement in total (p=0.049), female (p=0.039), sad (p=0.002), mild (p=0.015), female extreme (p=0.005), male mild (p=0.038), and Caucasian (p=0.004) facial expressions than did the ASD group. Conclusion: SST improved facial expression recognition for children with ADHD more effectively than it did for children with ASD, in whom additional training to help emotion recognition and discrimination is needed.

• Journal of Smart Tourism
• /
• 제2권3호
• /
• pp.5-15
• /
• 2022

As the utilization of technology in the tourism field becomes familiar, it greatly impacts people's tourism activities. These changes could also affect the behavior of tourists during the pandemic. To investigate consumers' adaptation to the self-service technology (SST) environment during the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, we adopted a model of absorptive capacity as the main framework for empirical research. To track the social effects of COVID-19, consumers' behavioral intentions for four different points in time are collected. The analysis was conducted using latent growth and structural equation modeling. We set the organizational and environmental characteristics as the first step of the model, with assimilation and trust as a middle step. Intention to use a kiosk is placed at the final step as an exploit. Findings indicate that organizational characteristics and environmental characteristics positively influenced assimilation and trust, except for environmental characteristics. Consumers' assimilation in SST encourages immediate intention to use a kiosk. Consumers' trust in kiosks positively impacts both immediate and continuance intention to use a kiosk during COVID-19.

• 한국추진공학회지
• /
• 제15권5호
• /
• pp.10-18
• /
• 2011

스크램제트 연소기용 파일런 분사기를 공력가열로부터 보호하기 위한 새로운 냉각 방법을 제안하고, 이를 수치적으로 검증하였다. 비행 마하수가 8인 경우를 고려하였으며, 공기를 냉각 유체로 고려하였다. 수치연구를 위하여 3차원 Navier-Stokes 방정식과$k-{\omega}$ SST 난류 모델을 이용하였다. 냉각류를 파일런 위쪽에서 하향 분사하는 방법은, 냉각류를 파일런 바닥 쪽에서 상향 분사하는 방법에 비해 적은 유량으로 더 나은 냉각효과를 나타내었다. 또한, 순압력 구배 상황에서 냉각류를 분사함으로써 분사유동의 박리가 줄어들고 파일런 분사기 앞쪽에 유동장 교란이 줄어들어, 압력손실 저감 효과가 있음을 확인하였다.

• 대한통합의학회지
• /
• 제2권4호
• /
• pp.69-81
• /
• 2014

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of early muscle strengthening exercise on pain, shoulder function and sleep quality for rotator cuff tear patients. Method : The subjects of this study, partial tear of the rotator cuff diagnosed patients, four patients were picked up, who were agreed with this research. This experiment is comprised two experimental groups, with two control groups. The experimental groups recieved early muscle strengthening exercise for 6 weeks, which consisted of 4 times per week, 40 min of supervised exercise program. The control groups received a general movement treatment of 6 weeks which consisted of 4 times per week, 40 min, Pain, shoulder function and sleep quality measured by VAS, PPT and ROM, CMS, SST and PSQI. Result : In comparison of VAS, PPT and CMS, SST and PSQI was the experimental group showed a more improved. Conclusion : Therefore, early muscle strengthening exercise is useful to improve the pain, shoulder function and sleep quality for rotator cuff tear patients.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국전산유체공학회 2005년도 추계 학술대회논문집
• /
• pp.287-292
• /
• 2005

The flowfields generated by gaseous slot injection into a supersonic flow at a Mach number of 3.75 and a Reynolds number of $2.07{\times}10^7$ are simulated numerically. Fine-scale turbulence effects are represented by a two-equation(k-w SST model) closure model which includes $y^+$ effects on the turbulence model. Grid convergence index(GCI) is also considered to provide a measure of uncertainty of the grid convergence. Comparison is made with experimental data and other turbulence model in term of surface static pressure distributions, the length of the upstream separation region, and the penetration height. Results indicate that the k-w SST model correctly predicts mean surface pressure distribution and upstream separation length. However, it is also observed that the numerical simulation over predicts the pressure spike and penetration height compared with experimental data. All these results are taken within $1\%$ error band of grid convergence.

• 한국전산유체공학회지
• /
• 제17권4호
• /
• pp.24-31
• /
• 2012

Effects of the subgrid length-scale in the Delayed-Detached Eddy Simulation(DDES) are investigated based on the Spalart-Allmaras(S-A) and the k-$\omega$ Shear Stress Transport(SST) turbulence models. Driver & Seegmiller's experimental results are used to validate numerical results. Grid convergence with grid resolution and subgrid length-scale is investigated. The simulation results show that the volume method for the subgrid length-scale is more resistant to unfavorable effects of the grid size in the periodic direction than the maximum method. Using a sufficient grid resolution and an appropriate subgrid length-scale, both S-A based DDES and SST based DDES methods can provide a good correlation with the experimental data.

• 대기
• /
• 제30권3호
• /
• pp.311-318
• /
• 2020

Impacts on the atmospheric circulation and ocean system over the Mediterranean during boreal summer are investigated using Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) historical simulations (from 1911 to 2005). As the climate warms, global and remote effects lead to a strengthening in descending motion, an increase in sea surface temperature (SST) and surface dryness, but a decrease in marine primary production over the Western Mediterranean. The global effect is estimated from interannual variability over the global mean SST and the remote effect is driven by diabatic forcing generated from the South and East Asian summer monsoons. On the other hand, a local contribution leads to the strengthened descending motion and increased surface dryness over the Eastern Mediterranean, whereas the marine primary production over this region tends to increase due to possibly the urban wastewater and sewage. Our result suggests that particular attention needs to be paid to conserve the marine ecosystem over the Mediterranean.

• 한국해양환경ㆍ에너지학회지
• /
• 제13권3호
• /
• pp.165-173
• /
• 2010

본 연구에서는 TeraScan시스템에서 산출되는 NOAA/AVHRR 해수면온도(SST) 자료의 신뢰도를 부여하기 위한 방법으로 구름 영향 정도를 단계별로 나누는 방법을 소개한다. TeraScan시스템에서 구름탐지는 주간과 야간에 따라 다른 파라미터와 경계값을 사용한다. 주간 구름탐지에서는 채널 2번(가시채널)과 4번(적외채널)을 이용하며, 채널 4번 휘도온도의 공간일관성(ch4_delta)과 채널 2번 알베도의 공간일관성(ch2_delta) 및 알베도 경계값(ch2_max) 검사를 수행한다. 야간의 경우, 가시채널을 사용할 수 없기 때문에 채널 3번(단파적외채널)과 4번(적외채널)을 사용하여 각 화소에 대한 차이값(ch3_minus_ch4)을 비교하고, 채널 4번 휘도온도 공간일관성(ch4_delta) 및 경계값(min_ch4_temp) 평가가 이루어진다. 여기서는 주야에 따른 변화를 보기 위해 2009년 5월 13일 00시 48분(UTC)과 21시 00분(UTC) 에 수신된 자료를 사용했다. TeraScan시스템을 통해 총 6가지 경계치를 검토했고, ch4_delta는 우리나라 주변 수온 전선에서 발생하는 구름 탐지 오류가 발생하지 않는 값으로 주야간 각각 5와 3.5로 결정되었다. 주간 파라미터로 사용되는 ch2_delta는 여러 값에 대한 적용 결과 2로, ch2_max는 3부터 8까지의 범위가 적절한 것으로 나타났다. 야간에 사용되는 ch3_minus_ch4는 -2부터 2까지의 범위, min_ch4_temp는 0으로 결정되었다. 즉, 구름의 영향 정도는 주간 ch2_max와 야간 ch3_minus_ch4의 경계값을 4 단계로 나눠 해수면온도자료를 산출하였다. 본 연구에서 사용한 경계값은 5월 자료에 대해 설정된 값이며, 향후 한반도 주변 해역의 특성과 시간별, 공간별, 계절별로 적절한 경계값을 설정하는 연구가 장기적으로 필요하며, 위의 특성들을 감안한 자료동화용 SST 생산프로세스 정립 및 결과분석 연구가 필요하다.