• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.119-127
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• 2008

Transmission of video over Internet or wireless network requires coded stream capable of adapting to dynamic network conditions instantly. To meet this requirement, various scalable video coding schemes have been developed, among which the Scalable Video Coding (SVC) extension of the H.264/AVC is the most recent one. In comparison with the scalable profiles of previous video coding standards, the SVC achieves significant improvement on coding efficiency performance. For adapting to dynamic network bandwidth, the SVC employs inter-layer switching between different temporal, spatial or/and fidelity layers, which is currently supported with instantaneous decoding refresh (IDR) access unit. However, for real-time adaptability, the SVC has to frequently employ the IDR picture, which dramatically decreases the coding efficiency. Therefore, an extension of SP picture from the AVC to the SVC for an efficient inter-layer switching is investigated and presented in this paper. Simulations regarding the adaptability to dynamic network bandwidth are implemented. Results of experiment show that the SP picture added SVC provides an average 1.2 dB PSNR enhancement over the current SVC while providing similar adaptive functionality.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.194-202
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• 2003

To convert printed images into electronic ones automatically, it requires region analysis of document images and character recognition. In these, regional analysis segments document image into detailed regions and classifies thee regions into the types of text, picture, table and so on. But it is difficult to classify the text and the picture exactly, because the size, density and complexity of pixel distribution of some of these are similar. Thu, misclassification in region analysis is the main reason that makes automatic conversion difficult. In this paper, we propose region analysis method that segments document image into text and picture regions. The proposed method solves the referred problems using one dimensional median filter based method in text and picture classification. And the misclassification problems of boldface texts and picture regions like graphs or tables, caused by using median filtering, are solved by using of skin peeling filter and maximal text length. The performance, therefore, is better than previous methods containing commercial softwares.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.22-22
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• 2001

정보량이 많은 고화질의 동영상을 실시간으로 전송하기 위하여 압축 알고리즘을 필수적으로 사용하고 있으며, 시간적 중복성을 제거하는 동영상의 압축방법은 움직임 추정 알고리즘을 사용한다. 본 연구에서 설계하고자 하는 움직임 추정기는 블록정합 알고리즘이며, MPEG 부호기에서 사용되는 DCT 연산 결과인 DC 값을 이용하여 화면의 밝기를 판단한다. 움직임 추정기는 휘도 신호 8비트 모두를 사용하지 않고, 화면 밝기에 따른 비트 플레인(bit plane)에서 3비트만 선택하는 비교선택기를 이용한다. 본 연구에서 제안한 비교 선택기는 I-Picture만을 계산한다. I-Picture에 의해 계산된 선택 비트는 I, P와 B Picture의 움직임 추정 연산에 사용함으로서 움직임 추정기의 크기를 줄일 수 있는 구조를 제안하였다. 제안된 움직임 추정기의 고찰을 위하여 실험에 사용된 표준 동영상의 해상도는 352×288이며, DCT 연산의 처리 블록은 8×8이며, 탐색 영역은 23×23이다. 제안된 알고리즘은 C언어로 모델링하였으며, 기존 완전탐색방법과 PSNR을 비교한 결과 사람의 시각으로 거의 구별할 수 없는 작은 차이(0～0.83dB)가 나타남을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구에서 제안한 움직임 추정기의 하드웨어 크기는 기존 구조Ⅰ보다 38.3%, 기존 구조Ⅱ보다 30.7% 줄일 수 있었고, 메모리 크기는 기존 구조Ⅰ,Ⅱ보다 31.3% 줄일 수 있었다.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.387-397
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• 2002

Understanding the surrounding plants (SP) by the high school students was compared with their abilities of intelligence (SI) and attitude (SA) in science education. 276 students attending 11 grade high school in the city of Incheon selected for this work were tested for SP and their abilities of SI and SA. The rates of SP were observed to be not related to the personal properties of student but to the abilities of total or science achievement scores made throughout school life. The abilities of SP were, by linear regression, calculated to be dependent upon the some components or variables of SI or of SA. Particularly, the abilities of SP were closely related to the abilities of picture matrix and vocabulary, but not to those of scientific logics among variables of SI. Also, the abilities of SP were calculated to be positively related those of scientific attitude, but negatively to science anxiety in SA. As based on this work, the SP was strongly suggested to be helpful for students 'intelligences or for students' learning in their life.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.218-226
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• 2001

The MPEG-2 Test Model 5 (TM5) algorithm is widely used for bit rate control. In TM5, however, the target number of bits and the number of actual coding bits for each picture do not match well. Therefore, buffer overflow and picture quality degradation may occur at the end of the GOP. In this paper, we propose a new bit rate control algorithm for matching the target and the actual coding bits based on accurate bit allocation. The key idea of the proposed algorithm is to determine quantization Parameters which enable us to generate the number of actual coding bits close to the target number of bits for each picture, while maintaining uniform picture quality and supporting real-time processing. The proposed algorithm exploits the relationship between the number of actual coding bits and the number of estimated bits of the previous macroblock.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.30-36
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• 2008

The multimedia that is characterized by multi-media, multi-features, multi-representations, huge volume, and varieties, is rapidly spreading out due to the increasing of application domains. Thus, it is urgently needed to develop a multimedia information system that can retrieve the needed information rapidly and accurately from the huge amount of multimedia data. For the content-based retrieval of moving picture, picture information is generally used. It is generally used when video is segmented. Through that, it can be a structural video browsing. The tasking that divides video to shot is called video segmentation, and detecting the cut for video segmentation is called cut detection. The goal of this paper is to divide moving picture using HMMD(Hue-Mar-Min-Diff) color model and edge histogram descriptor among the MPEG-7 visual descriptors. HMMD color model is more familiar to human's perception than the other color spaces. Finally, the proposed retrieval system is implemented as hardware.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.315-321
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• 1998

Two new marine gastrotrichs of the family Thaumastodermatidae are described from South Korea. Tetranchyroderma gracilium n. sp. bears pestle organs, tetrancres, and two pairs of large dorsolateral tubes. It seems most closely related to T. massiliense Swedmark, T. heterotubulatum Hummon, Todaro and Tongiorgi, and T. boreale Clausen. Thaumastoderma copiophorum n. sp. has five pairs of dorsal cirrata, the overall picture of which differs clearly from that of all known species. In the presence of accessory cirrata, it relates to T. appendiculatum Chang, Lee and Clausen.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.258-268
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• 2001

The compression method is necessarily used to send the high quality moving picture that contains a number of data in image processing. In the field of moving picture compression method, the motion estimation algorithm is used to reduce the temporal redundancy. Block matching algorithm to be usually used is distinguished partial search algorithm with full search algorithm. Full search algorithm be used in this paper is the method to compare the reference block with entire block in the search window. It is very efficient and has simple data flow and control circuit. But the bigger the search window, the larger hardware size, because large computational operation is needed. In this paper, we design the full search block matching motion estimator. Using the DCT DC values, we decide luminance. And we apply 3 bit compare-selector using bit plane to I(Intra coded) picture, not using 8 bit luminance signals. Also it is suggested that use the same selective bit for the P(Predicted coded) and B(Bidirectional coded) picture. We compare based full search method with PSNR(Peak Signal to Noise Ratio) for C language modeling. Its condition is the reference block 8$\times$8, the search window 24$\times$24 and 352$\times$288 gray scale standard video images. The result has small difference that we cannot see. And we design the suggested motion estimator that hardware size is proved to reduce 38.3％ for structure I and 30.7％ for structure II. The memory is proved to reduce 31.3％ for structure I and II.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.120-125
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• 2009

For effective noise removal prior to video processing, noise power or noise variance of an input video sequence needs to be found exactly, but it is actually a very difficult process. This paper presents an accurate noise variance estimation algorithm based on motion compensation between two adjacent noisy pictures. Firstly, motion estimation is performed for each block in a picture, and the residue variance of the best motion-compensated block is calculated. Then, a noise variance estimate of the picture is obtained by adaptively averaging and properly scaling the variances close to the best variance. The simulation results show that the proposed noise estimation algorithm is very accurate and stable irrespective of noise level.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.191-198
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• 2001

As a method to compensate the deterioration of the picture quality which was caused by beam profile characteristic in the CRT and the projection screen of HD projection TV, a linear scan velocity modulation(SVM) method has been employed, whose modulation velocity is linearly proportional to the variation in the video signal amplitude. However, the effect of picture quality improvement is not uniform with video signal amplitude in the linear SVM. In this paper, for the optimum SVM effect, we analyze the beam profile characteristic on the HD projection screen and we analyze the SVM effect as function of the differentiated pulse width, the differentiated pulse amplitude and the input signal amplitude. Finally we confirm that the nonlinear SVM method is necessary to get uniform image compensation in the HD projection TV, and we implement the nonlinear SVM circuit. The performance of the realized SVM circuit with nonlinear amplitude transfer characteristic is confirmed as uniform improvements in picture quality.