• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.16-25
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• 2020

Vegetation segmentation in a field color image is a process of distinguishing vegetation objects of interests like crops and weeds from a background of soil and/or other residues. The performance of the process is crucial in automatic precision agriculture which includes weed control and crop status monitoring. To facilitate the segmentation, color indices have predominantly been used to transform the color image into its gray-scale image. A thresholding technique like the Otsu method is then applied to distinguish vegetation parts from the background. An obvious demerit of the thresholding based segmentation will be that classification of each pixel into vegetation or background is carried out solely by using the color feature of the pixel itself without taking into account color features of its neighboring pixels. This paper presents a new pixel-based segmentation method which employs a multi-layer perceptron neural network to classify the gray-scale image into vegetation and nonvegetation pixels. The input data of the neural network for each pixel are 2-dimensional gray-level values surrounding the pixel. To generate a gray-scale image from a raw RGB color image, a well-known color index called Excess Green minus Excess Red Index was used. Experimental results using 80 field images of 4 vegetation species demonstrate the superiority of the neural network to existing threshold-based segmentation methods in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, and harmonic mean.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2008년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.158-167
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• 2008

The quality control of compacted fills has been carried out by evaluating relative densities and coefficients of soil reaction. These measures have several limitations regarding repeatability and reliability of field measurements, and difficulties to use in the fills including large grain size as gravels and boulders. Also, the density is not directly related to the design parameter such as resilient modulus. A preliminary investigation for the usage of the stiffness as a control measure has been carried out. In the laboratory, the stiffness (P-wave velocity) was measured during compaction tests. The stiffness at the optimal moisture content was proposed to use a target control parameter likewise maximum dry density. A field method to match the target stiffness was also proposed by considering easiness of the method and availability of equipment. The most phenomenal feature of the method is that the control parameter (stiffness) is closely related to resilient modulus and can be consistently used from the design stage to the field control during construction.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제21권5_2호
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• pp.501-518
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• 1998

Mt. Paektu(2,749.6m)m the biggest mountain in Northeast Asia, located on the border line of Korea and China is characterized as an aspite with broad gentle mountain area and rich biota. however, it seems that the study of forest vegetational feature or vegetation zones in the whole area of this mountain is not yet sufficient in spite of contribution by many investigators. in this paper thermal climatic approach was carried out for the determination of vegetation zones of the mountain with the meteorological data of four stations including Cheonjj and various vegetational data. the application of Warmth Index and/or coldness Index(Kira 1977) for the determination of forest vegetation boundary was useful also here, and their boundaries largely coincided with those of thermal indicies obtained in the Korean Peninsula(Yim and Kira, 1975), including the lapse rate of air temperature along increasing elevation. However, in the mountain the boundary of vegetation zones in not clear like those of mountains in Korea. It may be due so the topographic differences between this area and the Korean Peninsula. Besides, the broad ecotones between different vegetations in this area support the vegetation continum concept rather than the unit concept, and the limit of timber line or tree line reflects various hypothesis(Steven and fox 1991). Therefore, for the explantion of vegetation zone of this area should be considered topography or soil condition, for example, as known the hierachy of ecological units (zonobiomes, orobiomes and pedobiomes, Walter, 1973).

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.109-122
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• 2001

This study was performed to identify the roles of residents for the environmentally sound and sustainable development, taco-polis(kologisches Bauen), eco-village and Symbiotic Housing. These buildings will achieve energy efficiency through design strategies such as passive solar heating system, natural cooling and day lighting. Their infrastructure will feature parking on the periphery, extensive pedestrian paths, outdoor ground lights that preserve stellar visibility, and environmentally sensitive technologies such as low writer use fixtures. And they will restore biodiversity while protecting the wildlife, wetlands, forests, soil, air and water. Their houses wile be designed to support home-based occupations, offering high-speed Internet access and other options to promote a localized, sustainable economy. To support and encourage the evolution of sustainable settlements, it is necessary to prepare constructing the physical facilities and the social functions relating with residents. The roles of residents are important to provide a high Quality lifestyle and to integrate a supportive social environment with a low-impact way of life. This study concluded the four main roles of residents for the sustainable of Eco-polis and Ecovillage. 1. Residents assist transition towards a sustainable society as eco-conscious consumers in the planning stage. 2. Residents live in a ecological way for the sustainable ecovillage. 3. Residents exchange information and education for increasing the community glue as a communication network. 4. Residents support and transmit their cultural vitality and tradition for the next generation. So, users are expected to encourage resident's participation in the planning, design, ongoing management and maintenance of the sustainable ecovillage.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제22권9호
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• pp.403-413
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• 2022

Classification and analysis are improved factors for the realtime automation system. In the field of agriculture, the cultivation of different paddy crop depends on the atmosphere and the soil nature. We need to analyze the moisture level in the area to predict the type of paddy that can be cultivated. For this process, Ensemble Modulation Pattern system and Block Probability Neural Network based classification models are used to analyze the moisture and temperature of land area. The dataset consists of the collections of moisture and temperature at various data samples for a land. The Ensemble Modulation Pattern based feature analysis method, the extract of the moisture and temperature in various day patterns are analyzed and framed as the pattern for given dataset. Then from that, an improved neural network architecture based on the block probability analysis are used to classify the data pattern to predict the class of paddy crop according to the features of dataset. From that classification result, the measurement of data represents the type of paddy according to the weather condition and other features. This type of classification model assists where to plant the crop and also prevents the damage to crop due to the excess of water or excess of temperature. The result analysis presents the comparison result of proposed work with the other state-of-art methods of data classification.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.265-275
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• 2006

대구 인접지역 삼림식생에 대한 진행천이의 메카니즘과 잠재자연식생을 추정하였다. DCA 에 의한 요인 분석에서는 해발 고도 및 습도구배에 따라 각 군락의 특성이 결정되는 것으로 나타났으며, 토양의 수분 함량과 유기물 함량 및 전질 소량은 군락이 발달함에 따라 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 종관 연관분석에서는 2개의 종집단으로 크게 구분되었으며, 이들 두 집단의 유형을 결정하는 요인은 기온 및 토양의 수분 요인으로 판단되었다. 특히, 두 종집단은 천이의 진행에 따라 종조성이 달라지는 군락의 발달단계를 보여주는 것으로 보이며, 생활형 조성도 이를 뒷받침하였다. 입지요인 및 종조성에 따라 소나무 군락, 굴참나무군락, 상수리나무군락 및 떡갈나무군락은 졸참나무군락이나 신갈나무군락으로 각각 천이가 진행될 것으로 예측되었다. 본 조사지역의 잠재자연식생은 종조성, 토양환경 및 지형요인에 의하여 산지 중 상부의 신갈나무군락, 계곡부의 고로쇠나무-까치박달군락, 산지 중 하부는 졸참나무군락 의 3개 유형으로 구분되었다. 그리고 신갈나무군락과 고로쇠나무-까치박탈군락은 현존 식생이면서 잠재자연식생이며, 소나무군락은 현재의 종조성 및 해발 영역을 토대로 신갈나무군락과 졸참나무군락으로 각각 발달할 것으로 예측되었다.

• 한국토양환경학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.89-102
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• 1996

지하의 유체 유동 및 물질 변환을 해석하기 위하여 다중다상이론을 이용한 통합 모형을 개발하였다 종합적 지배식은 4개의 상내의 화합물들의 물질 및 힘평형 관계를 고려하여 유도되었다. 복합한 이동 및 변환 현상을 설명하고, 공간적 차원을 변동적으로 나타내기 위하여 관계된 모든 변수 및 식들을 함축적이면서 조직적으로 표현하였다. 도출된 비선형시스템은 다차원 유한요소프로_I램으로서 해를 구하였다. 본 개발된 프로그램은 역동적으로 메모리 용량을 조절하여 일이삼차원 문제를 PC부터 SP2슈퍼컴퓨터까지 여러 종류의 기종에서 해석할 수 있다. 계산시간과 저장용량을 줄이기 위하여 시스템식을 분리시키고, 슈퍼컴의 벡터 및 병렬처리를 이용하여 띠행렬의 해를 구하였다. 유속이 우세한 경우의 수치해석상의 불안정한 문제를 해결하기 위하여 상류가중, 질량묶음, 요소별 파라미터 평가법 등을 적용하였다. 일차원 이동문제에 대하여 유한요소법과 유한차분법의 수치해의 안정성 조건을 검토하였다. 구체적인 지하수 유동 및 오염문제에 대한 모델링 예는 본 논문집의 연계 논문에 수록하였다.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.7-14
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• 1968

Buckwheat seeds produced in previous year (1965) in an experimental pot culture in which nine levels of P-32 ranging from $1.4{\times}10-4 to 3.3{\times}104$\mu$c/pot(as of 27 July 1965)$, with the same specific activity, had been applied to the corresponding pots respectively, were used this year(1996) in water and soil culture as well as in germination test to investigate the feature and extent of possible residual effects of P-32 incorporated upon germination and plant growth, and the following results were obtained: 1. Under the given experimental conditions both stimulative and inhibitory effects of radiation were observed. 2. The germination rate of the seeds was lower at the higher level of P-32 aplication ranging from $3.0{\times}103 to 3.3{\times}104$\mu$c/pot$ and higher at 0.2 $\mu$c P/pot than the control. 3. Among the seeds produced at the higher level of application about 80% was failed to germinate, owing to the radiation injury. The remaining 80% was failed to germinate, owing to the radiation injury. The remaining 80% survived the damaging effect and showed vigorous growth and increased yield. The latter group of seeds thus proved themselves to be more radioresistant than the former. 4. The survived seeds produced later more straw and root on dry weight basis. The higher the level of P-32 applied, the stronger the stimulative effect showed in vegetative growth. 5. No radiation effect on linear growth of the plants was observed in the soil culture. 6. The dry weight of straw produced showed little difference at the moderate range compared with that of control in the soil culture. At high level of application, i.e. over $\mu$c P32/pot, however, the production was increased by 12-37% of control. 7. As for the dry weight of root harvested, the P-32 treatment over 24$\mu$c P32/pot produced 82-155% more than the control, whereas little difference was observed under 2.2$\mu$c P32/pot. 8. The seed production increased in general by the P-32 treatments. Particularly at the moderate level of application the rate of increase amounted to 70% of the control. 9. Those individual plants which survived damaging effects of radiation at the germinating stage shwoed remarkable stimulative effects both in vegetative and in reproductive stage of growth.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.25-34
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• 2005

1. 트랙터 삼점히치탑재형 지중살포기 가. 5련 치즐푸라우에 의해 토양 파쇄가 이루어지고 용적식 워블판 펌프에 의해 지중에 압송 살포하는 구조로 설계 제작되었다. 나 슬러리 가축분뇨살포기의 지중깊이별 축분살포기 견인력은 토앙파쇄 깊이 50mm에 비해 100mm일 때 550kgf에서 600kgf로 조금 증가하였으나 토양파쇄 깊이 150mm에서는 약 800kgf로 급격히 증가하였다. 다. 슬러리가축분뇨 송출장치로 오수펌프와 토출관 사이 압력조절탱크 설치로 분뇨토출 분지관의 살포균일성을 높일 수가 있었다. 2. 트랙터 견인형 지중살포기 가. 5련 치즐플라우에 의한 토양파쇄 후베인형 진공펌프에 의해 슬러리 가축분뇨를 지중에 압송 살포하는 장치로 제작되었다. 나. 슬러리 가축분뇨 지중살포기의 살포 깊이별 견인력은 반 건조 상태인 논 토양의 경우 지표살포 683kgf, 살포 깊이 l0cm에서 1,062kgf, 깊이15cm에서 1,214kgf로 나타났으며, 살포 깊이 20cm에서는 트랙터의 슬립발생 증가하여 작업이 곤란하였다. 다. 시작기의 밭 토양에서 견인력은 지표살포 784kgf, 살포 깊이 l0cm에서 997kgf, 깊이 15cm에서 1,320kgf, 깊이 20cm에서 1,670kgf로 나타나 살포 깊이가 증가함에 따라 견인력이 크게 증가하는 경향이었다. 라. 슬러리가축분뇨를 토양에 압송$\cdot$살포하는 송출관에 분배관 설치로 토출관간 슬러리가 축분뇨의 토출균일성을 높일 수 있었고, 송출관의 압력조절밸브를 조정하면 10a당 살포량 조절이 가능하였으며, 지중살포 깊이는 10${\~}$15 cm 수준이 적합한 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제31권9호
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• pp.1210-1217
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• 2021

Two gram-negative, catalase-positive, strictly aerobic, and white colony-forming bacteria, strains H242^T and B156^T, were isolated from soil in South Korea. Cells of strain H242^T were oxidase-positive and non-motile short rods, while those of strain B156^T were oxidase-negative and long non-motile rods. Ubiquinone-8 was identified as the sole isoprenoid quinone in both strains. C_16:0, cyclo-C_17:0, andsummed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c and/or C_16:1 ω6c) and phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and diphosphatidylglycerol were identified in both strains as the major cellular fatty acids and polar lipids, respectively. The DNA G+C contents of strains H242^T and B156^T were 69.4 mol% and 69.3 mol%, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA and 92 concatenated core gene sequences revealed that strains H242^T and B156^T formed distinct phylogenic lineages from other Ramlibacter type strains. The DNA-DNA hybridization (DDH) value between strains H242^T and B156^T was 24.6%. Strains H242^T and B156^T were most closely related to Ramlibacter ginsenosidimutans BXN5-27^T and Ramlibacter monticola G-3-2^T with 98.4% and 98.6% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, respectively. Digital DDH values between strain H242^T and R. ginsenosidimutans and between strain B156^T and R. monticola were 23.5% and 26.1%, respectively. Phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and molecular analyses indicated that strains H242^T and B156^T represent two novel species of the genus Ramlibacter, for which the names Ramlibacter terrae sp. nov. and Ramlibacter montanisoli sp. nov., respectively, are proposed. The type strains of R. terrae and R. montanisoli are H242^T (=KACC 21667^T=JCM 33922^T) and B156^T (=KACC 21665^T=JCM 33920^T), respectively.